Leadership领导力
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Three key components to this definition: - an interpersonal process between one person and a group - can‟t have „leaders‟ without „followers‟ - criterion for effective leadership = goal achievement
The Great Man Theory
Personal qualities of leaders
Personality traits, such as extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness. Intelligence and emotional intelligence (degree of social skill). Expertise, skill, and experience. Level of participation in discussion: the “babble effect.”
Fiedler’s contingency model: a
model designed to diagnose whether a leader is task-oriented or relationshiporiented and match leader style to the situation
Directive Supportive Participative Achievement-oriented
Path-Goal Situations and Preferred Leader Behaviors
Situation
Followers lack self-confidence
Who Will Lead?
Perspectives on leadership emergence
Trait Model: The great leader theory Situational Model Interactional Model: depends on the leader, followers, and the group situation.
Contingency Theory (Fiedler 1978)
The task-oriented leader will be effective in extremely favorable or extremely unfavorable situations The person-oriented leader will be more effective in moderately favorable situations Criticisms include most of research was in the lab
Reciprocal Transactional Transformational Cooperative Adaptive
Leadership Myths?
Leadership is power (with people rather than over people) Leaders are born (but leaders are also “made”) All groups have leaders (large groups tend to require a leader) People resist their leaders (most groups accept the need for a leader)
What is Leadership?
Leadership: guidance of others in their pursuits, often by organizing, directing, coordinating, supporting, and motivating their efforts.
The LPC Scale
Motivational Style
Measuring
Least Preferred Coworker Scale, or LPC scale. “Think of the person whom you least like to work with”
LPC Scale
Contingency Approaches
Contingency approaches:
approaches that seek to delineate the characteristics of situations and followers and examine the leadership styles that can be used effectively
Contingency Theory (Fiedler 1978)
Leadership effectiveness is determined by the interaction between the leader's personal characteristics and the characteristics of the situation Leaders are classified as person-oriented or task-oriented (which type will be more effective depends on the leader's degree of situational control) Control depends on relationship between leader/followers, the degree of task structure, and the leader's authority (position power)
The Great Man Theory
Early explanations of leadership studied the “traits” of great leaders
“Great man” theories (Gandhi, Lincoln, Napoleon) Belief that people were born with these traits and only the great people possessed them
LEADERSHIP
Chapter 11
Leadership Matters….
Intellectually
historically, psychologically, sociologically societally, culturally, globally, communally, & perhaps idealistically productively, economically, idealistically interpersonally, ethically, selfishly
Implicit leadership theories (ILTs): members general beliefs about the qualities of leaders Eagly‟s social role theory: ILTs are not consistent with intuitive expectations about men & women: “think leader, think male”
He or she may be someone you work with now or someone you knew in the past. This coworker does not have to be the person you like least but should be the person with whom you had the most difficulty in getting a job done.
Fiedler‟s Contingency Theory
LPC Scale
High LPC leaders most effective in “moderately” favorable situations Low LPC leaders most effective in very favorable or very unfavorable situations
Who Will Lead? (cont)
Demographic background of leaders
Height, weight, & age Ethnicity Sex: Bias against women (even thought women possess more skills needed to be a successful leader).
Increased effort; improved satisfaction and performance
Lack of job challenge
AchievementOriented Leadership
Set and strive for high goals
Incorrect reward
In moderate situations, correlation between LPC & Effectiveness is POSITIVE In highly favorable/ unfavorable situations, correlation between LPC & Effectiveness is NEGATIVE
Politically
Practically
Personally
Scientifically
empirically, conceptually
What is Leadership ?
“The process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement” (Stogdill, 1950, p. 3)
Leader Behavior
Supportive Leadership
Impact on Follower
Increases confidence to achieve work outcomes
Outcome
Ambiguous job
Directive Leadership
Clarifies path to reward
Leadership myths (cont.)
Leaders make or break their groups
The “romance of leadership” exaggerates the impact of a leader Leaders do make a difference (e.g., sports teams)
Path-Goal Theory (House 1971)
Fra Baidu bibliotek
Path-goal theory focuses on the kinds of leader behaviors that allow subordinates to achieve personal and organizational goals Four leadership styles can be adopted to facilitate employee attainment of goals
The Great Man Theory
Personal qualities of leaders
Personality traits, such as extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness. Intelligence and emotional intelligence (degree of social skill). Expertise, skill, and experience. Level of participation in discussion: the “babble effect.”
Fiedler’s contingency model: a
model designed to diagnose whether a leader is task-oriented or relationshiporiented and match leader style to the situation
Directive Supportive Participative Achievement-oriented
Path-Goal Situations and Preferred Leader Behaviors
Situation
Followers lack self-confidence
Who Will Lead?
Perspectives on leadership emergence
Trait Model: The great leader theory Situational Model Interactional Model: depends on the leader, followers, and the group situation.
Contingency Theory (Fiedler 1978)
The task-oriented leader will be effective in extremely favorable or extremely unfavorable situations The person-oriented leader will be more effective in moderately favorable situations Criticisms include most of research was in the lab
Reciprocal Transactional Transformational Cooperative Adaptive
Leadership Myths?
Leadership is power (with people rather than over people) Leaders are born (but leaders are also “made”) All groups have leaders (large groups tend to require a leader) People resist their leaders (most groups accept the need for a leader)
What is Leadership?
Leadership: guidance of others in their pursuits, often by organizing, directing, coordinating, supporting, and motivating their efforts.
The LPC Scale
Motivational Style
Measuring
Least Preferred Coworker Scale, or LPC scale. “Think of the person whom you least like to work with”
LPC Scale
Contingency Approaches
Contingency approaches:
approaches that seek to delineate the characteristics of situations and followers and examine the leadership styles that can be used effectively
Contingency Theory (Fiedler 1978)
Leadership effectiveness is determined by the interaction between the leader's personal characteristics and the characteristics of the situation Leaders are classified as person-oriented or task-oriented (which type will be more effective depends on the leader's degree of situational control) Control depends on relationship between leader/followers, the degree of task structure, and the leader's authority (position power)
The Great Man Theory
Early explanations of leadership studied the “traits” of great leaders
“Great man” theories (Gandhi, Lincoln, Napoleon) Belief that people were born with these traits and only the great people possessed them
LEADERSHIP
Chapter 11
Leadership Matters….
Intellectually
historically, psychologically, sociologically societally, culturally, globally, communally, & perhaps idealistically productively, economically, idealistically interpersonally, ethically, selfishly
Implicit leadership theories (ILTs): members general beliefs about the qualities of leaders Eagly‟s social role theory: ILTs are not consistent with intuitive expectations about men & women: “think leader, think male”
He or she may be someone you work with now or someone you knew in the past. This coworker does not have to be the person you like least but should be the person with whom you had the most difficulty in getting a job done.
Fiedler‟s Contingency Theory
LPC Scale
High LPC leaders most effective in “moderately” favorable situations Low LPC leaders most effective in very favorable or very unfavorable situations
Who Will Lead? (cont)
Demographic background of leaders
Height, weight, & age Ethnicity Sex: Bias against women (even thought women possess more skills needed to be a successful leader).
Increased effort; improved satisfaction and performance
Lack of job challenge
AchievementOriented Leadership
Set and strive for high goals
Incorrect reward
In moderate situations, correlation between LPC & Effectiveness is POSITIVE In highly favorable/ unfavorable situations, correlation between LPC & Effectiveness is NEGATIVE
Politically
Practically
Personally
Scientifically
empirically, conceptually
What is Leadership ?
“The process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement” (Stogdill, 1950, p. 3)
Leader Behavior
Supportive Leadership
Impact on Follower
Increases confidence to achieve work outcomes
Outcome
Ambiguous job
Directive Leadership
Clarifies path to reward
Leadership myths (cont.)
Leaders make or break their groups
The “romance of leadership” exaggerates the impact of a leader Leaders do make a difference (e.g., sports teams)
Path-Goal Theory (House 1971)
Fra Baidu bibliotek
Path-goal theory focuses on the kinds of leader behaviors that allow subordinates to achieve personal and organizational goals Four leadership styles can be adopted to facilitate employee attainment of goals