细胞器英文版
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27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 6
Ribosomes
• Very tiny
– invisible under light microscope
• Dense specks of ribosomal RNA • Free in cytoplasm or membrane-bound (ER)
27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 10
Peroxisomes
• Resemble lysosomes, but not from Golgi apparatus • Enzymes oxidize toxins and remove free-radicals.
27 Aug. 2012
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Organized units of the cytoplasm
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
1
Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Mitochondrion (-a) • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Golgi apparatus • Lysosomes • • • • • • Peroxisomes Cytoskeleton Centrioles Secretory vesicles Cilium, cilia Nucleus
27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 16
Nucleus
• Enclosed in nuclear envelope • Residence of chromosomes, DNA • Active in synthesis & export of RNA • Directs protein synthesis, development of cell
wk.baidu.com
Organelles.ppt
11
Cytoskeleton
• Protein "rods," filaments, and tubes running through cytosol • Maintain or change shape of cell • Move organelles
27 Aug. 2012
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
2
Mitochondrion
• Generates most ATP
– "power plant of the cell"
• Double membrane
– outer smooth, sausageshaped – inner folded with enzymes
Organelles.ppt
12
Centrioles
• Clusters of microtubules, usually paired near nucleus
– Organize mitotic spindle – Bases (“motors”) of cilia and flagella
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
13
Secretory vesicles
• Packages of chemicals for export (exocytosis)
– – – – hormones digestive enzymes sweat mucus
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
14
Cilium, cilia
• Short whip-like “appendage”
– move material past cell – linings of trachea & bronchi
• similar to flagellum (longer) on sperm cell
27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 15
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
7
Ribosomes
• Sites of protein synthesis
– mRNA specifies sequence of amino acids – some proteins packaged in vesicles by ER
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
8
Golgi apparatus
• Series of flat membranous sacs • Modifies, concentrates, & packages proteins for secretion, exocytosis • Movement to plasma membrane • Production of lysosomes.
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
5
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Smooth ER
– NO ribosomes, membranes with integral proteins, – Lipid metabolism & synthesis including steroid hormones, – Absorption & transport of fats, – Enzymatic detoxification of drugs, pesticides, etc. (natural & artificial), – Hydrolysis of stored glycogen to glucose, – Storage of Ca+2 ions in muscle cells.
27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 9
Lysosomes
• Membranous bags of digesting enzymes, • Destroy particles taken in by endocytosis and phagocytosis • Remove and destroy worn out organelles • Removal of excess cells & tissues – "cell suicide" • Removal of bone matrix to release Ca+2
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
4
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Rough ER
– Associated with ribosomes – Production of proteins for membranes or export (exocytosis, secretion).
• Contains own DNA, probably evolved from symbiotic bacteria
27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 3
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Network of membranes enclosing spaces (cisternae) separate from rest of cytosol.
Ribosomes
• Very tiny
– invisible under light microscope
• Dense specks of ribosomal RNA • Free in cytoplasm or membrane-bound (ER)
27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 10
Peroxisomes
• Resemble lysosomes, but not from Golgi apparatus • Enzymes oxidize toxins and remove free-radicals.
27 Aug. 2012
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Organized units of the cytoplasm
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
1
Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Mitochondrion (-a) • Ribosomes • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Golgi apparatus • Lysosomes • • • • • • Peroxisomes Cytoskeleton Centrioles Secretory vesicles Cilium, cilia Nucleus
27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 16
Nucleus
• Enclosed in nuclear envelope • Residence of chromosomes, DNA • Active in synthesis & export of RNA • Directs protein synthesis, development of cell
wk.baidu.com
Organelles.ppt
11
Cytoskeleton
• Protein "rods," filaments, and tubes running through cytosol • Maintain or change shape of cell • Move organelles
27 Aug. 2012
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
2
Mitochondrion
• Generates most ATP
– "power plant of the cell"
• Double membrane
– outer smooth, sausageshaped – inner folded with enzymes
Organelles.ppt
12
Centrioles
• Clusters of microtubules, usually paired near nucleus
– Organize mitotic spindle – Bases (“motors”) of cilia and flagella
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
13
Secretory vesicles
• Packages of chemicals for export (exocytosis)
– – – – hormones digestive enzymes sweat mucus
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
14
Cilium, cilia
• Short whip-like “appendage”
– move material past cell – linings of trachea & bronchi
• similar to flagellum (longer) on sperm cell
27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 15
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
7
Ribosomes
• Sites of protein synthesis
– mRNA specifies sequence of amino acids – some proteins packaged in vesicles by ER
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
8
Golgi apparatus
• Series of flat membranous sacs • Modifies, concentrates, & packages proteins for secretion, exocytosis • Movement to plasma membrane • Production of lysosomes.
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
5
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Smooth ER
– NO ribosomes, membranes with integral proteins, – Lipid metabolism & synthesis including steroid hormones, – Absorption & transport of fats, – Enzymatic detoxification of drugs, pesticides, etc. (natural & artificial), – Hydrolysis of stored glycogen to glucose, – Storage of Ca+2 ions in muscle cells.
27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 9
Lysosomes
• Membranous bags of digesting enzymes, • Destroy particles taken in by endocytosis and phagocytosis • Remove and destroy worn out organelles • Removal of excess cells & tissues – "cell suicide" • Removal of bone matrix to release Ca+2
27 Aug. 2012
Organelles.ppt
4
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Rough ER
– Associated with ribosomes – Production of proteins for membranes or export (exocytosis, secretion).
• Contains own DNA, probably evolved from symbiotic bacteria
27 Aug. 2012 Organelles.ppt 3
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Network of membranes enclosing spaces (cisternae) separate from rest of cytosol.