英语的六中逻辑识别词及倒装句句型
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一、表示强转折关系的词汇
表示强烈转折的常见词汇包括:but, yet, however, in fact, nevertheless, nonetheless, indeed, virtually, practically等等。出题者常常针对表示转折含义的语句出题,因此转折的词汇应当引起阅读者的注意,阅读者尤其应当把握好转折词后的文章信息。
二、表示因果关系的词汇
出题者十分热衷于针对文章中表示因果关系的语句出题,这样的语句应当引起阅读者的注意,阅读者应当把握原因和结果分别指代什么文章信息。表示因果关系的词可作如下分类:
1、名词:base, basis, result, consequence, reason
2、动词:cause, result in, result from, follow from, base on, be due to
3、介词或连词:because, since, for, as, therefore, so, thus, why, with
4、副词:as a result, consequently
并列关系
and, as well as, or, likewise (同样地), similarly, simultaneously, in the meanwhile, meanwhile (在这期间,同时), neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, more…than
递进关系
also, besides (注意区分except), additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what's more, indeed
*indeed与furthermore区别
indeed确实含强调的递进,指同一件事情程度的上升
furthermore此外、而且一般在前文论述的基础上,增加一个新论点
举例关系
such as, for example, for instance
such as与for example (instance)区别
such as前:名词复数后:单数或复数关系:总分或包括
for example (instance)状语性短语,后面一般不直接加n.,且前后有“,”隔开
列举关系
first-then, to begin with-to continue (next), on one hand-on the other hand, for one thing-for another thing, one-another, some-others-still others, in the first place-in the second place-finally, first-second-last of all
因果关系
● because● in that● due to● thanks to● owing to+原因● since● now that
● ever since● because of● on account of● in response to +原因● lead to
● contribute to● result in (前因后果)● so that● such that
● in order that (强调目的、结果的因果,+结果)● in view of● in the light of
● by virtue of鉴于、由于● put down to● ascribe to● attribute to
● owe to归因于,+原因● so● thus● hence● therefore
● consequently (consequence结果、后果)
for, as, as a result, with (由于,由于某种条件或原因的存在出现了某种结果)
让步关系
although, much as, though, even though (if), even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyhow (anyway)口语、常作干扰项, as, while (虽然、尽管、即使),still (尽管如此),He's treated you badly; still, he's your brother and you should help him.
*转折与让步的区别
A, but B强调B
Although A, B强调B
* while, as与whereas的区别
1.while引导句子若主句与从句的主语一致可省略成短语形式
while引导分句中的谓语动词若为-ing形式,则分句与主句同时进行;
若非-ing形式,多表示让步“尽管”
2.as, while时间上同时,含有强对比
3.三个词都往往含有相对立存在的事物性质――强对比,表示对比或相反的情况
as whereas while
* as与like的区别
as连词正如(连+句子)
介词作为
like介词正如、像unlike不像dislike不喜欢
倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。
注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。Here he comes.Away they went.
倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
1)句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。Never have I seen such a performance.
当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
注意:如否定词不在句首不倒装。I have never seen such a performance.
以否定词开头作部分倒装
如Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。
so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
注意:当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
only在句首要倒装的情况
如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。