《跨文化交际》4

Session 4
Intercultural Non-verbal Communication
QUESTION: What?
Every culture has rules about the CORRECT use of space. The proxemic (relating to the study of space) rules are unwritten and never taught-- but they are very powerful a. She will ask them to sit somewhere else. b. She will stare at the space "invaders" defiantly, but she will not move . c. She will leave, saying nothing to the three people who invaded her personal space.
Flight
Flight is the most common response to spatial invasions, and only 2% of the "invaded" people in proxemics experiments ever say anything to those who invade their personal space. The invasion is stressful for the invaded, making an early departure is almost certain.
安德逊（Andersen)
（1）时间学(chronemics)——研究人们利用时间 的方式及其意义。 （2）空间学（proxemics）——研究人际距离 及空间使用方式及其意义。 （3）身势学（kinesics）——研究人们的面部 表情（facial expression）、身体动作（body movements）、手势（gestures）等。 （4）体触学（haptics）——研究身体接触所 传达的信息。
Definition: (2)
Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. (Samovar and Porter, 2004)
http://nonverbal.ucsc.edu/
No gesture has the same meaning!!
there is no 'international language' of gestures. Instead, cultures have developed systems of unique gestures, and it is almost never possible for us to understand intuitively the gestures from another culture.
Definition in Chinese
一个人（或多个人） 一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式或只利 用副语言形式所传达的信息被另一个人（ 用副语言形式所传达的信息被另一个人（或 多个人）接收的交际行为。 多个人）接收的交际行为。 非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生 的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有 的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际”， 的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际 ， 被称作”无声的语言“ 被称作”无声的语言“。非语言交际在人类 交际中非常重要。因为它最能反映一个人的 交际中非常重要。 情感或情绪状态。 情感或情绪状态。
Overview of Nonverbal Communication
1. Body Language General appearance and dress Gestures Eye contact Facial expression Posture Touching 2. Paralanguage Silence Pitch Volumn 3. Environment Language Space Time
French gesture for 'I don't believe you' ,
guess what this Iranian gesture mቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱans?
No. 1 for me/ Good luck / screw you
Screw you
This gesture teaches an extremely important lesson. This gesture is identical to the American/English gesture for ‘Good Luck to you.’ But it is an obscene (淫猥的) gesture, and an American traveling in Iran would outrage people there if the American performed this gesture. When in another culture or society, we should never 'mirror' a gesture that someone presents to us--without knowing it, we could be deeply offending that person and inviting conflict.
安德逊（Andersen)
（ 5）外表（physical appearance）——研究 人们的肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等。 （6）目光学（oculesics）——研究人们通过 目光接触（eye contact），眨眼（blinks），眼珠 转动（eye movements）及瞳孔放大（pupil dilation）等所传达的信息。 （7）副语言 （paralanguage／vocalics）— —研究声音的非言语成分 （nonverbal elements） 所传达的信息。 （8）嗅觉学（olfactics）——研究人们如何通 过气味来传达信息。
People turn to believe nonverbal codes when they contradict the verbal ones!
Definition: (1) “Metacommunication (beyond the usual commmunication), paralinguistics, second-order messages, the silent language, and the hidden dimension of communication.” (Hall, 1959)
Who won the game of one-onone basketball?
a. The man on the left b. The man on the right
The man on the right
He seems confident, poised and modest--all qualities that suggest he is the winner of the game.
Different categorization
对非言语交际方式，有种种不同的分类法， 而且各子系统往往出现相互交叉或包容现象 。下面将引述安德逊（Andersen，见 Samovar et al．，1991：287)的分类系统。 安德逊对非言语交际系统的划分比较全面， 并按照人们对其研究的深度，由深到浅地划 分出以下几个子系统：
1. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal codes refer to communicative messages which are not in word form. More than 55% messages are communicated nonverbally!
毕继万（1995）
体态语（ 体态语（body language，包括各种表情、动 作 ，包括各种表情、 姿态） 、姿态） 副语言（ 副语言（paralanguage，包括沉默与非语义声音 ， ） 客体语（ 客体语（object language，包括皮肤颜色、气味 ，包括皮肤颜色、 衣着化妆、家具等） 、衣着化妆、家具等） 环境语言（ 环境语言（environmental language，包括时间 ， 空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响等， ，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响等， 即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。 即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。