雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方20150725

雅思考试阅读考题回顾
朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期： 2015年7月25日
Reading Passage 1
Title: History of Refrigeration（制冷剂历史）
Question types: 配对题
句子匹配题
文章内容回顾一开始讲述美国没有制冷技术，只能把食物腌制。

后来城市化后，需要大量新鲜食物，于是人们开始利用天然冰块冷藏并运送食物。

有两个人分别改进了冰块运输技术和冰块切割技术。

后来天然冰块越来越少，有人开始利用机械制冷，一开始是铁路技术，有人改进了铁路冷藏技术，于是加州的新鲜水果可以运往各地了。

再然后有人改进公路技术，于是可以开始在公路上运送冷藏食物。

之后人们发现以前的冷藏剂有毒，于是有人开始开发冷藏剂。

最后总结说新冷藏剂虽然对臭氧层有害，但大大促进了冷藏技术在全球的推广。

题型难度分析1-4 配对题
1. 1949
2. 1799
3. 1930
4. 1830
第一篇比较简单，总共只有两种题型，第一种题型比较容易定位，可以在短时间内做完。

第二种题型是句子补充完整匹配题，难度比第一种题型大，难定位。

题型技巧分析特殊词匹配题型特点是特殊词不可替换，此题可以用时间直接定位，定位到文章之后，读定位点前后两句话，再回选项找正确答案。

句子补充完整匹配题需注意两点：第一，问题给的半句话是和文章定位点同义替换的。

第二，此题是句子补充完整，所以句子匹配后需符合整句话的逻辑意思。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑5 Test 2 Passage 1（体裁相似）
剑8 Test 1 Passage 1（体裁相似，题型相似）
Reading Passage 2
Title: an Alternative Approach of Farming in Honduras 洪都拉斯新农耕方法
Question types: 段落信息匹配题6题摘要填空题5题
多选题2题
文章内容回顾关于洪都拉斯农业耕种。

过去人们采用刀耕火种的方式：把一片树林砍伐成平地，半年以后再在上面种植植物，这就造成了土地肥力下降，所以人们就不得不再砍伐新的树林来开辟耕地。

后来政府推广了一种新的种植方法：在原耕地上种一种能快速生长的树。

优点是不用经常照料，之后把树的叶子砍下来作为肥料，一段时间之后在堆肥的地方挖洞种庄稼进去。

题型难度分析14-19 段落信息匹配题
14. Why does the previous mode of farming need constantly changing places? 选：A（村庄周围的土地资源早已枯竭，农民不得不长途跋涉2-3小时到山上去工作）
15. The new working mode does not care who the operator is. 选：F （农业可以让所有家庭成员都参与，并解释了为什么）
16. a kind of material that must be added 选：F (inexpensive nitrogen, cook fuel)
17. how the new mode of farming (IAC) imitates the process of forest 选：D（一个人发明了这种农耕方式，并说明在自然状态下树叶自然掉落在地上以后可以为土壤增加养分）
18. why farmers have to continue the unattainable farming on the infertile land 选：B（因为土地稀缺）
19. a description of the cost of using this new approach of planting crops 选：C（需要分离出一部分土地来种树，并且要等树长成，但不会影响农民的生计）
20-24 摘要题填空
The government and Dr. Hans promoted the approach of shifting agriculture and recycling of fertilizers without too much 20. attention, because it is lack of 21. light so that weeds and grass will not survive. The pruned branches would be put on the ground to form a thick layer of decomposing 22. leaves. The crops would get nutrients from the 23. holes. This approach poses no risk on farmers’ 24. livelihood. 25-26 多选题
What are the benefits of new approach of farming? 选：A&C
A. More family members are involved
B. This technology will increase new species of local plant
C. The same land can be recycled
D. The new approach requires more labor than the traditional one
本篇文章难度中等，第一个题型是阅读中最难的题型即段落信息匹配。

第二个题型是选词填空summary, 比较简单。

第三个题型是多项选择题，只要定位准确，也不会出错，而且选项也简单易理解。

题型技巧分析整篇文章三种题型，第一种题型是无序的，果断放到最后做，先做summary题和多项选择题。

Summary题注意以下几点：第一，先确定这道summary是对文章几个段落进行概括；第二，选词填空词性大部分是名词；第三，选词填空最重要是分析空格前后的修饰词，回文章找空格前后修饰词的同义词，比如说第20题，那么要找的是否定(without)
修饰的名词。

剑桥雅思推荐原文
练习
剑8 Test 4 Passage 2（体裁相似）Reading Passage 3
Title: Mechanism of Linguistic Change 语言变化机制原理
Question types: 填空题
判断题
长句匹配题
文章内容回顾语言的变化，有几个原因：1. 被别的语言影响；2. 被某些社会阶层影响，高层次的人总是被人模仿，其中又分为中产阶级的影响和小孩学父母不像造成的影响；3. 发音省力造成的影响。

相关英文原文阅读
Mechanism of Linguistic Change
The changes that have caused the most disagreement are those in pronunciation. We have various sources of evidence for the pronunciations of earlier times, such as the spellings, the treatment of words borrowed from other languages or borrowed by them, the descriptions of contemporary grammarians and spelling-reformers, and the modern pronunciations in all the languages and dialects concerned. From the middle of the sixteenth century, there are in England writers who attempt to describe the position of the speech-organs for the production of English phonemes, and who invent what are in effect systems of phonetic symbols. These various kind of evidence, combined with a knowledge of the mechanisms of speech-production, can often give us a very good idea of the pronunciation of an earlier age, though absolute certainty is never possible.
When we study the pronunciation of a language over any period of a few generations or more, we find there are always large-scale regularities in the changes: for example, over a certain period of time, just about all the long [a:] vowels in a language may change into long [e:] vowels，or all the [b] consonants in a certain position (for example at the end of a word) may change into [p] consonants. Such regular changes are often called sound laws. There are no universal sound laws (even though sound laws often reflect universal tendencies), but simply particular sound laws for one given language (or dialect) at one given period.
It is also possible that fashion plays a part in the process of change. It certainly plays a part in the spread of change: one person imitates
another, and people with the most prestige are most likely to be imitated, so that a change that takes place in one social group may be imitated (more or less accurately) by speakers in another group. When a social group goes up or down in the world, its pronunciation may gain or lose prestige. It is said that, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the upper-class pronunciation of Russian, which had formerly been considered desirable, became on the contrary an undesirable kind of accent to have, so that people tried to disguise it. Some of the changes in accepted English pronunciation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have been shown to consist in the replacement of one style of pronunciation by another style already existing, and it is likely that such substitutions were a result of the great social changes of the period: the increased power and wealth of the middle classes, and their steady infiltration upwards into the ranks of the landed gentry, probably carried elements of middle-class pronunciation into upper-class speech.
A less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect: they copy their parents’ speech, but never reproduce it exactly. This is true, but it is also true that such deviations from adult speech are usually corrected in later childhood. Perhaps it is more significant that even adults show a certain amount of random variation in their pronunciation of a given phoneme, even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This, however, cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random deviations they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change in the language.
One such force which is often invoked is the principle of ease, or minimization of effort. The change from fussy to fuzzy would be an example of assimilation， which is a very common kind of change. Assimilation is the changing of a sound under the influence of a neighbouring one. For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the /m/ has been changed to /n/ under the influence of the following /t/. Greater efficiency has hereby been achieved, because /n/ and /t/ are articulated in the same place (with the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge), whereas /m/ is articulated elsewhere (with the two lips). So the place of articulation of the nasal consonant has been changed to conform with that of the following plosive. A more recent example of the same kind of thing is the common pronunciation of football as foopball.
Assimilation is not the only way in which we change our pronunciation
in order to increase efficiency. It is very common for consonants to be lost at the end of a word: in Middle English, word-final [-n] was often lost in unstressed syllables, so that baken ‘to bake’ changed from [ba:kən] to [ba:kə],and later to [ba:k]. Consonant-clusters are often simplified. At one time there was a [t] in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial [k] in words like knight and know. Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two successive syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were tempory.
题型难度分析题型难度中等，三种题型都是细节题，并且题型内部都是按照顺序原则，所需时间短。

题型技巧分析做这三种题型时，注意各个题型内部是按照顺序原则的，但是三种题型放在一起在文章中出现时可能并不是按顺序原则，比如说第一种题型的句子填空第一题在文章第二段，那么第二种题型的第一题可能出现在文章第一段。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑五Test 1 Passage 1（体裁相似）剑九Test 3 Passage 1（体裁相似）
考试趋势分析和备考指导：
本次考试题型属于中等难度，大部分都是细节题，有序题，还出现了雅思阅读中最难的题型即段落信息匹配题，考生平常备考时应熟练此题型的解题方法和技巧。

是非无判断题，这个题型是雅思考试的经典题型，几乎每场都考，所以考生们应该对这种题型格外注意，在备考时，应着重掌握此题型。

此次还考了两种填空题，即summary填空和句子填空题，填空题是阅读中比较简单的题型，考生在这种题型上应尽量做到快，准。

细节题考得是词汇和句子理解，所以考生们应在平常注重词汇的积累和句子结构的分析，才能在考场上做到游刃有余。

在接下来一个月的考试中，匹配题及段落大意题出题的频率应该会比较高，同学们备考时要多注意此类题型的特点及解题方法。