美国经济大萧条英文版
GREAT DEPRESSION(美国1920年的经济危机)
By 1914, most developed countries had adopted the gold standard with a fixed exchange rate between the national currency and gold—and therefore between national currencies. In World War I, European nations went off the gold standard to print money, and the resulting price inflation drove large amounts of the world’s gold to banks in the United States. The United States remained on the gold standard without altering the gold value of the dollar. Investors and others who held gold sent their gold to the United States, where gold maintained its value as a safe and sound investment. At the end of World War I, a few countries, most notably the United States, continued on the gold standard while others temporarily adopted floating exchange rates. The world’s international finance center had shifted from London to New York City, and the British were anxious to regain their old status. Some countries pledged to return to the gold standard with devalued currencies, while others followed the British lead and aimed to return to gold at prewar exchange rates.
美国经济大萧条英文介绍
美国经济⼤萧条英⽂介绍Economic crisisIn October 24, 1929, American black Thursday, crazy stock trend suddenly appeared in the New York stock exchange, trading a total of nearly 13000000 shares of stock, beyond more than 10 times of the normal daily trading volume. In financial speculation and bubble economy, the soared stock price now moved so that it can not keep up with the speed of price quotes. With many people in bankruptcy with a mountain of debt, even 8 people killing themselves on the day because of Dutch act of debt, the financial panic started. However, this was the largest , the longest, and the worst start of economic crisis in the history of capitalism. In the following four years, the capitalist world sank into the global crisis economically, socially and politically , has been a huge impact, precarious.On the Black Thursday, at 12 o’clock noon, a number of Wall Street financial giants in the Morgan Foundation Office held an emergency meeting, deciding to raise money to save the market. Two days later, the situation temporarily stabilized. But on 28th, Monday, with the wind coming again, 9,250,000 stocks sprung out such as the flood and the financial giants finally were unable to resist with wealth exhaustion, and they issued a statement at night: give up the rescue and panic is unstoppable to come. The next day, Tuesday, at 10 o’clock in the morning, with the stock market opening and the Gong ringing, large amounts of stock was thrown out, even at any price, but not many people wanted to buy with the chaotic scene. At the beginning of stock opening, 3000000 shares were thrown out, reaching more than 8000000 shares two hours later, and more than 12,000,000 stocks closed at one thirty. when shares reached16,410,000 , the stock market finally collapsed and the stock marketfell by12.82%. Hundreds of billions of dollars instantly became nothing and economic crisis has opened a prelude. Later on, the stock continually plunged with stock index 100 points in 1926, 145 points in November 1929 , 102 points in December 1930, and falling to 54 points in December 1931. Until 1933, the situation was extremely serious, even falling to 34 points in June, finally the index had lost 5/6. Nearly one hundred billion U.S. assets burst miraculously disappeared such as soap bubbles. From September in 1929 to January 1933, thirty kinds of stocks fell by 82.8%, from the average of $364.9 to $62.7. In the meanwhile, 20 kinds of railway stock from an average of $180 per share to $28.1, decreasing by 84.4%.The crisis heavily hit the United States firstly, thousands of factories and banks collapsed. There were 26400 companies and 934 banks broken In 1930. In 1931, 28300 companies and 1440 banks failed; In 1932, 31300 companies and 1453 banks failed; In 1933, 20300 companies and 1783 banks also failed. People rushed into banks in a panic to draw a large number of deposits, which caused a great loss of gold reserves as well as capital output sharply decreased nearly being stopped..In early 1933, all banks in the United States were out of business basically . Finance was just the nerve center of modern economy,and its paralysis inevitably led to the entire national economic havoc and the economy in the United States almost collapses, which resulted in continuous decline in America's GDP. In 1929, GDP was $103.1 billion, $55.6 billion in 1933. During the past three years GDP has decreased by half. Ten years later, it went back to $99.6 billion in 1940.What is more , industrial production of USA in July 1932, has fallen to the bottom, contrast in May 1925, plummeted 55.6%, steel fell by nearly 80%, fell by 87% in the machine tool manufacturing, auto industry has declined by 95%.With the economic crisis leading to a large number of unemployed people, people's life became seriously poor and the unemployed in the United States had more than 400 in 1930 to 8 million people in 1931, breaking through the ten million mark in 1932. In 1933, the most serious unemployment went up to 17million, which means nearly a third of the workers in the United States. From October 1930 to March 1931, there were 223000 people out of work among 690,000 workers and 5,000 households losing their homes within only 6 days just were unable to pay the mortgage. The unemployed fully in urban and rural, cold, hunger, and homeless, have been admitted to the Hoover cottage made of wood, sheet metal or paper boxes and so on. The humble dwelling were called Hoover cottage, because when Hoover once was run for President of the United States, he had promised the workers that they could have the chicken to eat and cars to drive.Once in America, about 34,000,000 people had no income, accounting for 28% of the total population, and even a large number of schools went bust. In 1932, only New York, at one time, had more than 30 students out of school and millions of people relied on charity with fear and despair throughout the crisis. This is so called the history of the great tragedy of America.In the early twentieth century, there were a variety of latent crisis factors in America economic prosperity such as large gap between the rich and the poor, wealth is concentrated in a few rich people, so that the majority of people in lower class lacked purchasing power because of poverty. In 1929, the rich in USA, accounting for 5% of the population of the country, had a personal collection of 1/3. At thesame time, the poor households with the annual income of less than $2000 were up to 60% of the whole families. In addition, the number of the pre-crisis unemployment reached about 2,000,000. Another important factor is the rampant speculation, such as speculation frenzy of the stock and real estate , forming the bubble economy. The New York Stock Exchange listed shares increased to from 443,000,000 shares in January 1925 to more than 1,000,000,000 shares of stock in October 1929 , with the face value higher with 3 to 20 times, some even up to 50 times. The the doubled prices and a serious departure from the actual value, the stock eventually fell off a serious cliff on the Black Thursday in 1929.。
大萧条与罗斯福新政(英文版)
Importance:
It relaxed the economic crisis, made some concessions to the working people, stopped the nation from collapsing and especially prevented the U.S. from becoming a fascist state such as Germany, Italy and Japan. The Roosevelt Government carried out a progressive foreign policy against fascist aggression and wars.
SYMBOL
Great Crash
精品PPT
USA annual real GDP from 1910–60, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted.
精品PPT
精品PPT
What were 4 effects of the Great Depression?
精品PPT
All the gains of the 1920s were washed away.
Unemployment rose sharply. The number of workers looking for a job jumped from 3% to more than 25% in just four years. One of every three or four workers was looking for a job in 1932.
The GNP is the total of all goods and services produced. During the three years following the stock market crash, the American GNP dropped by almost half. The wealth of the average American dropped to a level lower than it had been twenty-five years earlier.
美国经济大萧条全英文
美国经济大萧条全英文The Great Depression in the United StatesThe Great Depression was one of the most severe economic downturns in the history of the United States, leaving a profound and lasting impact on the nation and its people It began in 1929 and lasted for over a decade, causing widespread unemployment, poverty, and social unrestThe stock market crash of 1929 was the trigger that set off the Great Depression On October 24, 1929, known as ＂Black Thursday,＂ stock prices plummeted, and panic selling ensued This event marked the beginning of a financial crisis that spread throughout the economy The excessive speculation and overvaluation of stocks in the preceding years had created an unstable economic bubble that burst with devastating consequences The effects of the Great Depression were felt in every aspect of American life Unemployment rates soared to unprecedented levels, with millions of people losing their jobs Factories closed, businesses failed, and banks collapsed Many families lost their savings and homes as foreclosures became common The agricultural sector was also severely affected, with falling crop prices and farm foreclosuresThe economic hardships led to a significant decline in consumer spending People had less money to buy goods and services, which further exacerbated the economic downturn Businesses struggled to stay afloat, and many were forced to cut production and lay off workers This vicious cycleof reduced spending and increased unemployment created a deep and prolonged recessionOne of the most significant social consequences of the Great Depression was the increase in poverty and homelessness Families struggled to put food on the table, and soup kitchens and breadlines became a common sightMany people were forced to live in shantytowns, known as ＂Hoovervilles,＂named after President Herbert Hoover, who was widely criticized for his perceived inadequate response to the crisisThe Great Depression also had a profound impact on the mental healthof the population The stress and uncertainty of unemployment, poverty, and financial hardship took a toll on people's emotional wellbeing Suicide rates increased, and families were often torn apart by the strain of economic deprivationThe government's response to the Great Depression was initially limited and ineffective President Hoover's policies focused on voluntary measures and relied on the private sector to solve the economic problems However, these approaches proved insufficient, and it was not until the election of Franklin D Roosevelt in 1933 that more aggressive and interventionist policies were implementedRoosevelt's New Deal programs aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform Relief measures included direct assistance to the unemployed and those in need through programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration Recovery efforts focused on stimulating economic growth through public works projects and financial reforms Thereform component aimed to prevent a similar economic crisis in the future by regulating the financial sector and establishing social safety netsThe New Deal had a significant impact on the course of the Great Depression It provided jobs and income to millions of Americans, helped stabilize the economy, and restored public confidence However, it was not until the onset of World War II that the United States fully emerged from the economic slump The war created a massive demand for goods and services, leading to full employment and a revitalization of the industrial sectorThe Great Depression taught valuable lessons about the importance of economic regulation, the role of government in times of crisis, and the need for a social safety net It also led to significant changes in economic and social policies that have shaped the United States to this dayIn conclusion, the Great Depression was a defining period in American history It brought about immense suffering and hardship but also spurred important reforms and changes that have had a lasting impact on the nation's economic and social fabric Understanding this period is crucial for appreciating the challenges and opportunities that arise in times of economic uncertainty and for shaping effective policies to prevent and mitigate future crises。
美国经济大萧条英文
美国经济大萧条英文The Great Depression: A Dark Period in American Economic HistoryIntroduction:The Great Depression was one of the most devastating economic crises in American history. It occurred during the 1930s and had a profound impact on the lives of millions of Americans. This article will explore the causes, consequences, and the government's response to the Great Depression.Causes of the Great Depression:1. Stock Market Crash: The stock market crash of 1929 is often cited as the trigger for the Great Depression. On October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday, stock prices plummeted, leading to a collapse in confidence among investors. This event marked the beginning of the economic downturn.2. Overproduction and Underconsumption: The 1920s saw an era of excess, with rapid industrialization and mass production of goods. However, many ordinary Americans did not have the purchasing power to keep up with the pace, resulting in a surplus of goods and a decline in demand.3. Credit Expansion and Speculation: During the 1920s, there was a rapid expansion of credit, enabling people to borrow more money. This encouraged speculation, particularly in the stock market and real estate. When the market crashed, many people were left with substantial debts and no means to repay them.Consequences of the Great Depression:1. Massive Unemployment: As businesses went bankrupt and factories shut down, millions of Americans lost their jobs. Unemployment rates skyrocketed, reaching nearly 25% at the height of the depression. Many families faced severe poverty and struggled to provide for their basic needs.2. Bank Failures: The economic downturn took a toll on the banking sector as well. Lack of confidence led to a wave of bank runs, where panicked customers withdrew their deposits. Consequently, many banks failed, wiping out the savings of countless individuals and exacerbating the economic crisis.3. Dust Bowl: The Great Depression coincided with a severe drought in the Midwest known as the Dust Bowl. Widespread soil erosion and dust storms destroyed crops and caused mass migration from rural farming areas to cities, adding to the already high levels of unemployment and poverty.Government Response:1. New Deal: In response to the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, a series of economic stimulus programs. It aimed to create jobs, provide relief to the poor, and reform the financial system. Programs such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Social Security Administration (SSA) were established under the New Deal.2. Bank and Financial Reforms: The government implemented measures to stabilize the financial sector and restore public confidence. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured bank deposits and prevented future bank runs.3. Regulation and Expansion of Government Power: The Great Depression prompted a significant expansion of government intervention in the economy. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established to regulate the stock market, and the Federal Reserve was given greater authority to manage monetary policy to prevent future economic crises.Conclusion:The Great Depression was a period of immense hardship and suffering for the American people. It resulted from a combination of factors, including the stock market crash, overproduction, and excessive credit expansion. The consequences of the Great Depression were far-reaching, leading to high unemployment rates, bank failures, and mass poverty. However, it also sparked significant government intervention and the implementation of programs that aimed to alleviate economic distress. The lessons learned from this dark period in American economic history continue to shape economic policies today.。
美国大萧条资料
罗斯福新政拯救美国
扩张财政政策刺激经济 复苏
1 、通过大力推进基础设施建设 , 增加固定
资产投资来缓解有效需求不足、劳动力供 给过剩的局面 2、对失业人群实行临时救济
罗斯福新政拯救美国
扶持工、农业发展
1 、农业调整法实行减产、缩减耕地面积 ,
以此保证农产品价格，农民减产的损失由 国家通过征收加工税给予补贴 2 、颁布一系列法令给农民低利信用贷款 , 照顾他们的实际困难,给农民的生活和农业 的生产提供了极大的帮助 3 、全国工业复兴法为工人创造就业 , 提高 购买力,取缔企业间的不良竞争。以工代赈 方针使闲散的工人得以就业而无需增加政 府负担,并使大规模的建设计划得以实施。
的虚假繁荣。这种繁荣不是社会实际消费能力的增长，而是一种提前消费 的形式，随之而来的必然是消费的疲软。而资本家为眼前利润驱使，盲目 扩大生产，使得生产和市场的矛盾日益尖锐。
纽约股市崩盘
无限制的股票投机活动 当时美国的股票投机活动非常猖獗，不但职业投机者，一些普通的美国人
也参与股票的投机，把它作为致富的捷径。人们不但把自己的积蓄全部投 入，甚至向银行贷款购买股票，结果造成这一时期股票价格被大幅度哄抬， 发展到令人难以相信的极端，股票以其帐面价值的 3倍到20 倍的价格卖出， 这就大大增加了金融市场的不稳定性，为货币和信贷系统的崩溃埋下了隐 患。
纽约股市崩盘
政府的错误管制 1、美联储从1929年实行过于严厉的紧缩银根政策来抑制过度投机。
2 、危机发生时，美联储没有扩大货币供应量来增加市场资金的流动性，
结果使大量银行倒闭，资金链断裂，货币量急剧萎缩。
3 、美联储降低名义利率，但考虑到严重的通货紧缩因素，实际利率在不
断上升，起到紧缩货币的作用。
美国遇到金融危机英语作文
The financial crisis that struck the United States in 2008 was a pivotal moment in modern economic history, one that I remember vividly from my high school days. It was a time when the world seemed to be on the brink of economic collapse, and the effects of the crisis were felt not just in the United States, but globally. As a high school student, I was just beginning to understand the complexities of the global economy, and the crisis served as a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of our world.The crisis began with the collapse of the housing market in the United States. Home prices, which had been steadily rising for years, suddenly plummeted, leaving many homeowners with mortgages that were worth more than their homes. This led to a wave of foreclosures, as people were unable to keep up with their mortgage payments. Banks and other financial institutions, which had invested heavily in these mortgages, found themselves in deep trouble. Many of these institutions had bundled these mortgages into complex financial products known as mortgagebacked securities, which were then sold to investors around the world. When the housing market collapsed, these securities lost much of their value, leading to massive losses for the banks and investors who held them.The crisis quickly spread beyond the housing market. As banks and other financial institutions began to fail, credit markets froze up. Businesses and individuals found it increasingly difficult to get loans, which in turn led to a slowdown in economic activity. Unemployment rates soared, and many people found themselves out of work and struggling to make ends meet. The crisis also had a profound impact on the stock market, with stock prices plummeting and trillions of dollars in wealth being wiped out.As a high school student, I was fascinated by the unfolding drama of the financial crisis. I remember watching the news and reading articles about the crisis, trying to understand what was happening and why. I remember feeling a sense of disbelief as I learned about the risky financial practices that had led to the crisis, such as the widespread use of subprime mortgages and the creation of complex financial products that few people truly understood.The governments response to the crisis was another aspect that captured my attention. In an effort to prevent a complete economic collapse, the U.S. government implemented a series of measures to stabilize the financial system. These included the Troubled Asset Relief Program TARP, which provided billions of dollars in bailout funds to struggling banks and other financial institutions. The Federal Reserve also took unprecedented stepsto inject liquidity into the financial system and lower interest rates.Despite these efforts, the recovery from the financial crisis was slow and uneven. Many people continued to struggle with unemployment and financial hardship long after the crisis had officially ended. The crisis also had a profound impact on public trust in the financial system and in government institutions. Many people felt that the government had bailed out the very institutions that had caused the crisis, while ordinary citizens were left to bear the brunt of the economic downturn.Looking back on the financial crisis now, I am struck by the lessons that it taught us about the importance of responsible financial practices and theneed for strong regulatory oversight. It also highlighted the interconnectedness of our global economy and the potential for a crisis in one part of the world to have farreaching consequences.As I continue to study economics and finance in college, I am grateful for the lessons that the financial crisis of 2008 taught me. It has given me a deeper understanding of the complexities of our financial system and the importance of being a responsible and informed consumer. It has also made me more aware of the potential risks and challenges that we may face in the future, and the need for us to be prepared to navigate them.。
thegreatdepressioninformation经济萧条
1) General introduction about the Great Depression. (Definition/Background Introduction)2) The cause and the development of the Great Depression. How do all the nations deal with the Great Depression.3) The political, economic, and the social influence of the Great Depression on the world nations.The Great DepressionThe Great Depression was an economic slump in North America,Europe, and other industrialized areas of the world that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939.It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world.Though the . economy had gone into depression six months earlier, the Great Depression may be said to have begun with a catastrophic collapse of stock-market prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929.(During the next three years stock prices in the United States continued to fall, until by late 1932 they had dropped to only about 20 percent of their value in 1929 )Besides ruining many thousands of individual investors,(个人投资者) this precipitous decline in the value of assets greatly strained banks and other financial institutions, particularly those holding stocks in their portfolios. Many banks were consequently forced into insolvency（破产）; （by 1933, 11,000 of the United States' 25,000 banks had failed） The failure of so many banks, combined with a general and nationwide loss of confidence in the economy, led to much-reduced levels of spending and demand and hence of production, thusaggravating the downward spiral. The result was drastically falling output and drastically rising unemployment; (by 1932, . manufacturing output had fallen to 54 percent of its 1929 level, and unemployment had risen to between 12 and 15 million workers, or 25-30 percent of the work force.)The Great Depression began in the United States but quickly turned into a worldwide economic slump owing to the special and intimate relationships that had been forged between the United States and European economies after World War I.The United States had emerged from the war as the major creditor and financier of postwar Europe, whose national economies had been greatly weakened by the war itself, by war debts, and, in the case of Germany and other defeated nations, by the need to pay war reparations.So once the American economy slumped and the flow of American investment credits to Europe dried up, prosperity tended to collapse there as well. The Depression hit hardest those nations that were most deeply indebted to the United States, ., Germany and Great Britain.In Germany, unemployment rose sharply beginning in late 1929, and by early 1932 it had reached 6 million workers, or 25 percent of the work force. Britain was less severely affected, but its industrial and export sectors remained seriously depressed until World War II. Many other countries had been affected by the slump by 1931.Almost all nations sought to protect their domestic production by imposingtariffs, raising existing ones, and setting quotas on foreign imports. The effect of these restrictive measures was to greatly reduce the volume of international trade（ by 1932 the total value of world trade had fallen by more than half as country after country took measures against the importation of foreign goods.）The Great Depression had important consequences in the political sphere.In the United States, economic distress led to the election of the Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt to the presidency in late 1932. Roosevelt introduced a number of major changes in the structure of the American economy, using increased government regulation and massive public-works projects to promote a recovery.But despite this active intervention, mass unemployment and economic stagnation continued, though on a somewhat reduced scale, with about 15 percent of the work force still unemployed in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. After that, unemployment dropped rapidly as American factories were flooded with orders from overseas for armaments and munitions. The depression ended completely soon after the United States' entry into World War II in 1941.In Europe,the Great Depression strengthened extremist forces and lowered the prestige of liberal democracy.In Germany, economic distres s directly contributed to Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933. The Nazis' public-works projects and their rapid expansion of munitions production ended the Depression there by 1936.At least in part, the Great Depression was caused by underlying weaknesses and imbalances within the . economy that had been obscured by the boompsychology and speculative euphoria of the 1920s. The Depression exposed those weaknesses, as it did the inability of the nation's political and financial institutions to cope with the vicious downward economic cycle that had set in by 1930. Prior to the Great Depression, governments traditionally took little or no action in times of business downturn, relying instead on impersonal market forces to achieve the necessary economic correction. But market forces alone proved unable to achieve the desired recovery in the early years of the Great Depression, and this painful discovery eventually inspired some fundamental changes in the United States' economic structure. After the Great Depression, government action, whether in the form of taxation, industrial regulation, public works, social insurance, social-welfare services, or deficit spending, came to assume a principal role in ensuring economic stability in most industrial nations with market economies.The International DepressionThe Great Depression of 1929-33 was the most severe economic crisis of modern times. Millions of people lost their jobs, and many farmers and businesses were bankrupted. Industrialized nations and those supplying primary products (food and raw materials) were all affected in one way or another. In Germany the United States industrial output fell by about 50 per cent, and between 25 and 33 per cent of the industrial labour force was unemployed.The Depression was eventually to cause a complete turn-around in economic theory and government policy. In the 1920s governments and business people largely believed, as they had since the 19th century, that prosperity resulted from the least possible government intervention in the domestic economy, from open international relations with little trade discrimination, and from currencies that were fixed in value and readily convertible. Few people would continue to believe this in the 1930s.THE MAIN AREAS OF DEPRESSIONThe US economy had experienced rapid economic growth and financial excess in the late 1920s, and initially the economic downturn was seen as simply part of the boom-bust-boom cycle. Unexpectedly, however, output continued to fall for three and a half years, by which time half of the population was in desperate circumstances (map1). It also became clear that there had been serious over-production in agriculture, leading to falling prices and a rising debt among farmers. At the same time there was a major banking crisis, including the "Wall Street Crash" in October 1929. The situation was aggravated by serious policy mistakes of the Federal Reserve Board, which led to a fall in money supply and further contraction of the economy.The economic situation in Germany (map2) was made worse by the enormous debt with which the country had been burdened following the First World War. It had been forced to borrow heavily in order to pay "reparations" to the victorious European powers, as demanded by the Treat of Versailles (1919), and also to pay for industrial reconstruction. When the Americaneconomy fell into depression, US banks recalled their loans, causing the German banking system to collapse.Countries that were dependent on the export of primary products, such as those in Latin America, were already suffering a depression in the late l920s. More efficient farming methods and technological changes meant that the supply of agricultural products was rising faster than demand, and prices were falling as a consequence. Initially, the governments of the producer countries stockpiled their products. but this depended on loans from the USA and Europe. When these were recalled, the stockpiles were released onto the market, causing prices to collapse and the income of the primary-producing countries to fall drastically (map3).NEW INTERVENTIONIST POLICIESThe Depression spread rapidly around the world because the responses made by governments were flawed. When faced with falling export earnings they overreacted and severely increased tariffs on imports, thus further reducing trade. Moreover, since deflation was the only policy supported by economic theory at the time, the initial response of every government was to cut their spending. As a result consumer demand fell even further. Deflationary policies were critically linked to exchange rates. Under the Gold Standard, which linked currencies to the value of gold, governments were committed to maintaining fixed exchange rates. However, during the Depression they were forced to keep interest rates high to persuade banks to buy and hold their currency. Since prices were falling, interest-rate repayments rose in real terms, making it too expensive for both businesses and individuals to borrow.The First World War had led to such political mistrust that international action to halt the Depression was impossible to achieve In 1931 banks in the United States started to withdraw funds from Europe, leading to the selling of European currencies and the collapse of many European banks. At this point governments either introduced exchange control (as in Germany) or devalued the currency (as in Britain) to stop further runs. As a consequence of this action the gold standard collapsed (map 4).POLITICAL IMPLICATIONSThe Depression had profound political implications. In countries such as Germany and Japan, reaction to the Depression brought about the rise to power of militarist governments who adopted the regressive foreign policies that led to the Second World War. In countries such as the United States and Britain, government intervention ultimately resulted in the creation of welfare systems and the managed economies of the period following the Second World War.In the United States Roosevelt became President in 1933 and promised a "New Deal" under which the government would intervene to reduce unemployment by work-creation schemes such as street cleaning and the painting of post offices. Both agriculture and industry were supported by policies (which turned out to be mistaken) to restrict output and increase prices. The most durable legacy of the New Deal was the great public works projects such as the Hoover Dam and the introduction by the Tennessee Valley Authority of flood control, electric power, fertilizer,and even education to a depressed agricultural region in the south.The New Deal was not, in the main, an early example of economic management, and it did not lead to rapid recovery. Income per capita was no higher in 1939 than in 1929, although the government welfare and public works policies did benefit many of the most needy people. The big growth in the US economy was, in fact, due to rearmament.In Germany Hitler adopted policies that were more interventionist, developing a massive work-creation scheme that had largely eradicated unemployment by 1936. In the same year rearmament, paid for by government borrowing, started in earnest. In order to keep down inflation, consumption was restricted by rationing and trade controls. By 1939 the Germans Gross National Product was 51 per cent higher than in 1929 an increase due mainly to the manufacture of armaments and machinery.THE COLLAPSE OF WORLD TRADEThe German case is an extreme example of what happened virtually everywhere in the 1930s. The international economy broke up into trading blocs determined by political allegiances and the currency in which they traded. Trade between the blocs was limited, with world trade in 1939 still below its 1929 level. Although the global economy did eventually recover from the Depression, it was at considerable cost to international economic relations and to political stability。
经济大萧条
THE MAKING OF A NATION - January 24, 2002: Great DepressionThe stock market crash of Nineteen-Twenty-Nine marked the beginning of the worst economic crisis in American history. Millions of people lost their jobs. Thousands lost their homes. During the next several years, a large part of the richest nation on Earth learned what it meant to be poor. Hard times found their way into every area, group, and job. Workers struggled as factories closed. Farmers, hit with falling prices and natural disasters, were forced to give up their farms. Businessmen lost their stores and sometimes their homes. It was a severe economic crisis -- a depression.VOICE TWO: Nobel Prize winner John Steinbeck, one of America's greatest writers, described the depression this way: "It was a terrible, troubled time. I can't think of any ten years in history when so much happened in so many directions. Violent change took place. Our country was shaped, our lives changed, our government rebuilt." Said John Steinbeck: "When the stock market fell, the factories, mines, and steelworks closed. And then no one could buy anything. Not even food."VOICE ONE: An unemployed auto worker in the manufacturing city of Detroit described the situation this way: "Before daylight, we were on the way to the Chevrolet factory to look for work. The police were already there, waving us away from the office. They were saying, 'Nothing doing! No jobs! No jobs!' So now we were walking slowly through the falling snow to the employment office for the Dodge auto company. A big, well-fed man in a heavy overcoat stood at the door. 'No! No!' he said. There was no work." Depression refugees from Oklahoma, now in California (Photo - Dorothea Lange/Library of Congress) One Texas farmer lost his farm and moved his family to California to look for work. "We can't send the children to school," he said, "because they have no clothes."VOICE TWO: The economic crisis began with the stock market crash in October, Nineteen-Twenty-Nine. For the first year, the economy fell very slowly. But it dropped sharply in Nineteen-Thirty-One and Nineteen-Thirty-Two. And by the end of Nineteen-Thirty-Two, the economy collapsed almost completely. The gross national product is the total of all goods and services produced. During the three years following the stock market crash, the American gross national product dropped by almost half. The wealth of the average American dropped to a level lower than it hadbeen twenty-five years earlier. All the gains of the Nineteen-Twenties were washed away. Unemployment rose sharply. The number of workers looking for a job jumped from three percent to more than twenty -five percent in just four years. One of every three or four workers Selling apples near the U.S. was looking for a job in Nineteen-Thirty-Two. Capitol, 1930VOICE ONE: Those employment numbers did not include farmers. The men and women who grew the nation's food suffered terribly during the Great Depression. This was especially true in the southwestern states of Oklahoma and Texas. Farmers there were losing money because of falling prices for their crops. Then natural disaster struck. Year after year, little or no rain fell. The ground dried up. And then the wind blew away the earth in huge clouds of dust. "All that dust made some of the farmers leave," one Oklahoma farmer remembered later. "But my family stayed. We fought to live. Despite all the dust and the wind, we were planting seeds. But we got no crops. We had five crop failures in five years."VOICE TWO: Falling production. Rising unemployment. Men begging in the streets. But there was more to the Great Depression. At that time, the federal government did not guarantee the money that people put in banks. When people could not repay loans, banks began to close. In Nineteen-Twenty-Nine, six-hundred fifty-nine banks with total holdings of two-hundred-million dollars went out of business. The next year, two times that number failed. And the year after that, almost twice that number of banks went out of business. Millions of persons lost all their savings. They had no money left.VOICE ONE: The depression caused serious public health problems. Hospitals across the country were filled with sick people whose main illness was a lack of food. The health department in New York City found that one of every five of the city's children did not get enough food. Ninety-nine percent of the children attending a school in a coal-mining area reportedly were underweight. In some places, people died of hunger. The quality of housing also fell. Families were forced to crowd into small houses or apartments to share costs. Many people had no homes at all. They slept on public streets, buses, or trains. One official in Chicago reported in Nineteen-Thirty-One that several hundred women without homes were sleeping in city parks. In a number ofcities, people without homes built their houses from whatever materials they could find. They used empty boxes or pieces of metal to build shelters in open areas.VOICE TWO: People called these areas of little temporary houses "Hoovervilles." They blamed President Hoover for their situation. So, too, did the men forced to sleep in public parks at night. They covered themselves with pieces of paper. And they called the paper "Hoover blankets." People without money in their pants called their empty pockets "Hoover flags." People blamed President Hoover because they thought he was not doing enough to help them. Hoover did take several actions to try to improve the economy. But he resisted proposals for the federal government to provide aid in a major way. And he refused to let the government spend more money than it earned. Hoover told the nation: "Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive decision." Many conservative Americans agreed with him. But not the millions of Americans who were hungry and tired of looking for a job. They accused Hoover of not caring about the common citizen. One congressman from Alabama said: "In the White House, we have a man more interested in the money of the rich than in the stomachs of the poor."VOICE ONE: On and on the Great Depression continued. Of course, some Americans were lucky. They kept their jobs. And they had enough money to enjoy the lower prices of most goods. Many people shared their earnings with friends in need. "We joined our money when we had some," remembered John Steinbeck. "It seems strange to say that we rarely had a job," Steinbeck wrote years later. "There just weren't any jobs. But we didn't have to steal much. Farmers and fruit growers in the nearby countryside could not sell their crops. They gave us all the food and fruit we could carry home.VOICE TWO: Other Americans reacted to the crisis by leading protests against the economic policies of the Hoover administration. In Nineteen-Thirty-Two, a large group of former soldiers gathered in Washington to demand help. More than eight-thousand of them built the nation's largest Hooverville near the White House. Federal troops finally removed them by force and burned their little shelters. Next week, we will look at how the Great Depression of the Nineteen-Thirties affected other countries.。
美国大萧条历史事件研究报告
美国大萧条历史事件研究报告一、简介美国大萧条（Great Depression），指的是1929年至1939年间美国经济陷入严重衰退的时期。
这个时期的经济危机也波及了全球，对美国以及其他国家产生了深远的影响。
二、起因1.股市崩盘：1929年10月29日，美国纽约证券交易所发生股市崩盘，导致股票价格暴跌，许多投资者破产。
这次崩盘被视为大萧条的起点。
2.经济过热：在股市崩盘之前，美国经济经历了一段过热的增长期。
投资过度、信用扩张和过度依赖股票市场导致了经济泡沫的形成。
三、影响1.失业率飙升：大萧条期间，美国的失业率飙升至25%，世界范围内失业率也大幅上升。
许多企业倒闭，大量工人失去了工作。
2.农业危机：农民遭受重创，农产品价格暴跌，农场破产。
3.贫困和艰难生活：许多家庭生活陷入贫困，缺乏食物、住房和基本生活用品。
4.国际贸易下滑：大萧条对全球经济造成了巨大冲击，国际贸易急剧下滑，许多国家陷入经济困境。
四、政府应对措施1.新政：美国总统富兰克林·德尔诺·罗斯福实施了一系列政策，被称为“新政”。
这些政策旨在通过经济刺激和改革来缓解大萧条的影响，包括建立社会保障体系和推行公共工程项目。
2.货币政策调整：美联储采取一系列货币政策措施，包括放松货币供应和降低利率，以刺激经济增长。
3.保护主义政策：为了保护国内产业和就业岗位，许多国家采取了贸易保护主义政策，限制进口并提高关税。
五、对未来的启示1.监管改革的重要性：大萧条暴露了金融市场监管不足的问题，对未来的金融监管提出了重要启示。
2.全球合作的必要性：大萧条时期，缺乏国际合作导致全球经济更加恶化。
因此，各国应加强合作，共同应对全球性经济危机。
六、结论美国大萧条是20世纪最严重的经济危机之一，给美国及世界带来了巨大的痛苦和困扰。
然而，借此经验，我们可以更加重视金融稳定和全球经济合作的重要性，以避免类似的危机再次发生。
美国遇到金融危机英语作文
美国遇到金融危机英语作文在金融危机这个话题上，网上下载的范文可能有很多种，但我会尽力提供一个高质量的仿写。
以下是我撰写的一篇英语作文，参考了一些常见的观点和论据，希望对你有所帮助：Title: The Impact of the Financial Crisis on the United States。
Introduction:The 2008 financial crisis, also known as the Global Financial Crisis, had far-reaching effects on the United States economy and the global financial system. Triggered by the collapse of the housing bubble, this crisis led to widespread economic turmoil and highlighted the vulnerabilities within the financial sector.Body:1. Causes of the Crisis:The roots of the financial crisis can be traced back to various factors. One of the primary causes was the proliferation of subprime mortgages and the subsequent housing market collapse. Financial institutions engaged in risky lending practices, fueling a housing bubble that eventually burst, causing widespread defaults and foreclosures.Additionally, deregulation of the financial industry allowed for the creation of complex financial instruments, such as mortgage-backed securities and collateralized debt obligations, which obscured the true risks and led to a mispricing of assets. This lack of transparency andoversight contributed to the severity of the crisis.2. Impact on the Economy:The consequences of the financial crisis were severe and long-lasting. The United States experienced a sharp contraction in economic activity, marked by a significant increase in unemployment and a decline in consumer spending.Many Americans lost their homes, retirement savings, and jobs, exacerbating income inequality and poverty levels.Moreover, the crisis had a ripple effect on the global economy, causing a synchronized downturn in other countries. International trade contracted, financial markets plummeted, and governments around the world implemented stimulus measures to mitigate the damage.3. Government Response:In response to the crisis, the U.S. government intervened with a series of unprecedented measures aimed at stabilizing the financial system and stimulating economic growth. The Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) provided funds to troubled financial institutions, while the Federal Reserve implemented monetary policies to lower interest rates and inject liquidity into the banking system.Additionally, Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which aimed to regulate the financial industry more effectively andprevent future crises. These policy interventions helped stabilize the economy in the short term but raised questions about the long-term sustainability of government debt and the effectiveness of regulatory reforms.4. Lessons Learned:The financial crisis of 2008 exposed fundamental flaws in the financial system and highlighted the need for stronger regulation and oversight. It underscored the interconnectedness of global financial markets and the risks associated with excessive leverage and speculative behavior.Moving forward, policymakers must remain vigilant and implement measures to address systemic risks and promote financial stability. This includes enhancing transparency, strengthening capital requirements, and monitoring emerging risks in the financial system.Conclusion:The 2008 financial crisis was a watershed moment in economic history, with profound implications for the United States and the global economy. While the immediate impacts have subsided, the lessons learned from this crisis continue to shape policy discussions and efforts to prevent future financial catastrophes. By learning from past mistakes and implementing prudent reforms, we can strive to build a more resilient and stable financial system for future generations.。
经济大萧条 英文资料 论文
Great Depression, in U.S. history, the severe economic crisis supposedly precipitated by the U.S. stock-market crash of 1929. Although it shared the basic characteristics of other such crises (see depression), the Great Depression was unprecedented in its length and in the wholesale poverty and tragedy it inflicted on society. Economists have disagreed over its causes, but certain causative factors are generally accepted. The prosperity of the 1920s was unevenly distributed among the various parts of the American economy—farmers and unskilled workers were notably excluded—with the result that the nation's productive capacity was greater than its capacity to consume. In addition, the tariff and war-debt policies of the Republican administrations of the 1920s had cut down the foreign market for American goods. Finally, easy-money policies led to an inordinate expansion of credit and installment buying and fantastic speculation in the stock mark et. The American depression produced severe effects abroad, especially in Europe, where many countries had not fully recovered from the aftermath of World War I; in Germany, the economic disaster and resulting social dislocation contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler. In the United States, at the depth (1932–33) of the depression, there were 16 million unemployed—about one third of the available labor force. The gross national product declined from the 1929 figure of $103,828,000,000 to $55,760,000,000 in 1933. The economic, agricultural, and relief policies of the New Deal administration under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt did a great deal to mitigate the effects of the depression and, most importantly, to restore a sense of confidence to the American people. Yet it is generally agreed that complete business recovery was not achieved and unemployment ended until the government began to spend heavily for defense in the early 1940s.大萧条时期，美国的历史，据说严重的经济危机促成了美国股市1929年崩溃。
29年经济大萧条的真正原因
29年经济大萧条（Great Depression）是美国历史上最严重的经济危机之一，也是世界范围内的经济衰退事件。
引发这场危机的原因复杂，涉及多个方面的因素。
下面将对一些主要的原因进行阐述。
第一个原因是股市过度繁荣。
20世纪20年代初，美国经济经历了一段高速增长，股市也随之繁荣。
人们认为股市是一个无限增长的地方，不断地涌入投资。
人们购买股票的热情迅速蔓延，使得股票价格迅速上升，许多人开始大规模借贷买股票，投机炒作盛行。
然而，这种炒作很大程度上是基于投机和借贷资金，而非真实的产业增长。
最终，股市在1929年10月24日（“黑色星期四”）和10月29日（“黑色星期五”）发生崩盘，导致投资者巨额损失。
第二个原因是信贷过度扩张。
20世纪20年代，银行业务蓬勃发展，银行间的贷款活动也迅速扩展。
很多银行为了支持投资者的股票交易，放宽了贷款的标准。
然而，这种信贷扩张并未与实际经济增长相匹配。
对贷款人的监管不足导致了许多不良贷款的出现，当经济形势恶化时，许多借款人无法偿还借款，银行面临巨大的违约风险，一些重要的银行不得不关闭。
第三个原因是农业问题。
20世纪20年代，美国农业生产力的迅速提高导致了农民过度生产大量农产品，尤其是麦类和棉花。
然而，由于全球经济放缓以及国内消费需求疲软，农产品的价格持续下跌。
这使得农民的收入大幅下降，许多农场破产。
农业衰退进一步削弱了经济的复苏和消费需求。
第四个原因是贸易保护主义。
为了保护国内产业，美国通过了一系列贸易保护主义政策，如斯穆特-霍利关税法。
这些政策导致了国际贸易的停滞，世界上其他国家也采取了类似的保护主义措施。
贸易停滞导致了全球产业链的断裂，许多国家的经济也受到了严重冲击。
第五个原因是金融系统的崩溃。
经济危机导致了大量借款人违约和银行破产。
银行系统陷入困境，无法为实体经济提供足够的信贷。
这进一步削弱了企业的生产能力和雇佣机会，导致失业率急剧上升。
失业问题进一步加剧了经济困境，陷入恶性循环。
美国经济大萧条原因及与中国当今经济状况相似点(英文)
Causes Of The Great Depression Facts•In the 1920s, sometimes referred to as “The Roaring Twenties,”there was a false sense of prosperity on the part of Americans. Approximately 60% of the population lived at a poverty level (earning less than $2,000 per year), yet credit was available, and people were using it. People were buying cars and radios on installment credit, and the automobile industry was the leading industry in the country.•Speculation in the stock market was one of the causes of the Great Depression, yet only about 1% of the American population were investors at the time of the stock market crash in October 1929.•In the stock market, people were buying stocks on margin (which is the same as borrowing money to pay for stocks), which sent the Dow Jones from 191 points at the beginning of 1928 to 381 points by September 1929 (shortly before Black Tuesday).•In 1929, approximately 200 corporations owned more than 50% of all American industry.•In 1929, approximately 1% of Americans controlled 40% of the wealth of the company. •Banks were failing long before the stock market crashed in 1929. In fact, during the 1920s, 600 banks failed each year, on average.•The Great Depression was caused by fearlessness and fearfulness, overconfidence and loss of confidence. The booms of the 1920s led to borrowing, speculation, and rampant spending. Once things started to go downhill (primarily throughout 1929), they spiraled quickly. The stock market crash of October 1929 caused a run on the banks, which led to a decrease in spending, which led to unemployment, which caused more of a run on banks and more decreases in spending.•From 1929 to 1933, the United States’Gross National Product (GNP) dropped by 33%.•Drought conditions in 1932, 1933, 1934, and 1935 led to Dust Bowl conditions during the Great Depression. A large part of America’s farmlands lost their topsoil due to extreme winds, which rendered millions of acres useless.The similarities between The Great Depression and China’s current economyHere I make some comparative analysis based on some official data about china’s stock market and economy development and The Great Depression,we can find that there are so many similarities right before the crash in 1929 and china nowadays.(1)Both have undergone a long period of rapid economic development.During the goldenage(1921-1929),the U.S. Economic growth rate stayed at a high level which is 4.4% in real terms,the fastest in history.Meanwhile,the rate of price change maintain stable within 5%.In China,the growth rate has been more than 9% for decades,and the price index keeps the rate around 3%.(2)There are imbalance problems,internal and external.In the 1920’s,the recession in Britain led to the inflow of gold to United States,so the government had to print more papers and lower the interest rate of dollar to ease the problem.China is facing the similar problem now,due to the trade surplus and foreign investment as well as some international hot money,a lot of dollars flows into China,so the Central Bank has to put more RMB to market passively,the rapid growth of foreign exchange reserve and the flooding of money caused by compulsive settlement of exchange aggravate the imbalance,at the same time ,the central bank has to reform the RMB exchange rate regime and raise interest rate to cope with these problems.（3）Before 1925,primarily the bubble of land speculation , then the stock market bubble after 1925.The bubble of land speculation burst in 1926 for Florida suffered severe hurricanes.China’s asset bubble problem,mainly in real estate prices and the stock market,China’s current levelof P/E ratio doubles the world average,seen in this indicator,there is a sign of stock bubble and a tendency to enlarge.At last,from my point of view,the government should implement the tight monetary policy to prevent inflation,at the same time,implementing a proactive fiscal policy to prevent economic recession,just to ensure the steady growth of the economy and the healthy development of stock market fundamentally.。
美国经济大萧条英文版课件
Protectionist trade policies during the 1920s created target barriers that hidden global trade, leading to a decrease in demand for US exports
Other solutions
International trade policies
Some countries implemented protectionist trade policies to protect their domestic industries This was done through tarriffs and quotas on imported
Socy and hard ship
The Great Depression led to widespread poverty and hard ship, with many families struggling to meet their basic needs
International discussions
Impact on world economy The Great Depression has a significant impact on the global economy, leading to a decrease in trade and investment
Policy reasons
Regulatory Failure
The laissez fair economic policies of the time did not provide sufficient regulation of the financial sector, allowing for exceptional calculation and risk investment practices
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The Great Depression
Brief introduction Effects Causes Measures
Brief introduction
The Great Depression(1929-1933)，originated in U.S. history, the severe（严重的） economic crisis supposedly precipitated by the U.S. stock-market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). From there, it quickly spread to almost every country in the world. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century.
1932年6月，美国东北各名牌大学的应届毕业生步21974名老学长的后尘，也在 拼命找工作了。那时连在纽约百货公司开电梯也要有学士学位，而且对他们当中好 些人说来，这已是最好的差使了 --摘自威廉.曼彻斯特· 《光荣与梦想》
Causes:
It had been the immense disparity between the country’s productive power and the American people’s ability to consume.
Effects:
Unemployment and homelessness increased Bank Closings -- the collapse of the nation’s financial system
Political Unrest
Farm Foreclosures
Herbert Clark Hoover (赫伯特· 克拉克· 胡佛)
New Deal:
Roosevelt's economic recovery plan, the New Deal, instituted unprecedented programs for relief, recovery and reform, and brought about a major realignment of American politics.
在布鲁克林区的“血汗工厂”里，15岁左右的童工每周只挣二元七角八 分。女工每周工作50小时，报酬是二元三角九分。
当然，人在街头流 浪久了，也能找到一些 窍门。譬如，花五分钱 要一杯咖啡，然后白要 一杯开水，把柜台上的 番茄酱倒一些同开水一 搅和，就算是番茄汤了。 --摘自威廉.曼彻斯 特· 《光荣与梦想》
Franklin D. Roosevelt (富兰克林· 罗斯福)