英国文学史Lecture 3

b. A narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimeter.抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音部诗行交替出现的四
行叙事诗。最常见的形式：一节四行，一、三行各有四个 重音，不押韵，二、四行各有三个重音，押韵。
Medieval Folk Literature:民间文学 The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.
The ballad became popular in England in the late 14th century and was adopted by Geoffrey Chaucer Popular Ballads: Robin Hood Ballads
border ballads: narrating incidents on the EnglishEnglish-Scottish border. The series of 37 ballads of different lengths in Child’s collection: telling the wonderful deeds of Robin Hood, the famous outlaw ( a man of gentle birth who had lost his money, then fled to the woods)and his men—show the victory of men— the poor and oppressed over the rich and powerful, full of humor Love theme in tender, romantic way
Romance: a literary genre popular in the Middle
Ages (5th-15th century), dealing in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous（love） subjects and characters. The name refers to Romance languages and originally denoted any lengthy composition in one of those languages. Later the term was applied to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry and courtly love.
English language→ → Anglo-Saxon + French
A:Gentle, jury, indict控告, verdict裁决; F: Mutton(moton), pork(porc), beef(buef), photo, madam(madame) Ballet, bourgeoisie, cafe
William The Conqueror Duke of Normandy
The battle of Hastings
ⅡThe Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language:(P6)
For almost 200 years, Old English, NormanFrench, and Latin existed side by side in England.
Ballad:
a. Origin of the word: the old French, referring to a song word: accompanying a dance. It is thought that ballads were originally oral forms of verse to be sung or recited by the lettered people. It belongs to the early periods of primitive societies such as that of the English- Scottish Englishborder region before written literature was highly developed.
Among the Borrowed Words in English Approximately: • 28.3% from French • 28.2% from Latin • 5% from German
Ⅲ Major Literary Form in this Period Medieval Romance:传奇文学
rhyme: abcb
c.Notes: c.Notes:诗歌的格律和韵律
1、 格律Meter指诗歌中重读音节和非重读音节的排列组合方式。它的基本单 格律Meter指诗歌中重读音节和非重读音节的排列组合方式。它的基本单 位叫音步Foot。 位叫音步Foot。 2、 以英诗为例，最常见的音步有： 以英诗为例，最常见的音步有 最常见的音步有： （1） 抑扬格(iamb)：由一个非重读音节和一个重读音节组成ˇ/。如：defeat 抑扬格(iamb)：由一个非重读音节和一个重读音节组成ˇ 。如：defeat , return。 return。 （2） 扬抑格(trochee): 由一个重读音节和一个非重读音节组成/ˇ。如： 扬抑格(trochee): 由一个重读音节和一个非重读音节组成/ˇ。如： listen, double。 double。 （3） 扬抑抑格(dactyl): 由一个重读音节和两个非重读音节组成/ˇˇ。如： 扬抑抑格(dactyl): 由一个重读音节和两个非重读音节组成/ˇˇ。如： Here we go, merrily, flattery. （4） 抑抑扬格(anapest): 由两个非重读音节和一个重读音节组成ˇˇ/。如：s 抑抑扬格(anapest): 由两个非重读音节和一个重读音节组成ˇˇ/。如：s eventeen, with a leap。 leap。 （5） 扬扬格(spondee): 由两个重读音节组成//。如three men 扬扬格(spondee): 由两个重读音节组成//。如three 3、 诗行一般包含一个或一个以上的音步，常见的有： monometer单音步；diameter双音步；trimeter三音步；tetrameter四音步； monometer单音步；diameter双音步；trimeter三音步；tetrameter四音步； pentameter五音步；hexameter六音步；heptameter七音步；octameter八音 pentameter五音步；hexameter六音步；heptameter七音步；octameter八音 步
Lecture 3
Part I Early and Medieval
English Literature(2)
The Anglo-Norman Period
or Transitional Period (1066-1350)
ⅠThe Norman Conquest:
In 1066, the battle of Hastings, Duke William PK Harold II The Establishment of the Feudal system: The social hierarchy: King William, his nobles and followers Peasants and serfs
Legend: a song or narrative handed down from the past; legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain. One speak, e.g., of Arthurian legend because there is some historical evidence of Arthur’s existence. Arthur’
Examples： Examples： We’ll learn/a poem/ by Keats, 三步抑揚格 It’s time/ the chil/ dren went/ to bed. 四步抑揚 格 And swims /or sinks, /or wades, /or creeps/, or f lies. 五步抑扬格 You beat/ your pate, /and fan/cy wit /will come, Knock as/ you please, / there’s no/ body/ at home. （你拍拍脑袋，以为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲 打，也无人把门打开。pate，脑袋。 fancy，动词 打，也无人把门打开。pate，脑袋。 fancy，动词 ：以为，想象。）抑扬格，每行五音步。
a. b. c. d. e.
The beginning is often abrupt The story is told through dialogue and action The language is simple or “folksy” The theme is often tragic—though comic tragic— ballads do exist It contains a refrain repeated several times.
Try Yourself.
If winter comes, can spring be far behind ? If win /ter comes, / can spring /be far / behind ? 抑扬格五音步/ 抑扬格五音步/五步抑扬格
d.Common traits of the ballad:
• Old English : spoken only by the common English people, esp. the common peasants • French : official language used by the King and Norman lords • Latin: principal tongue of church affairs used by the clergymen and scholars in the universities
(refrain叠句: (refrain叠句: A phrase, verse, or group of verses repeated at intervals throughout a song or poem, especially at the end of each stanza.)
e. Subjects owk.baidu.com the ballads
贵族人生的理想反映，与平民无关
English Romance: Arthurian Legends (Arthur: A legendary British hero, said to have been king of the Britons in the sixth century) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Gawain: In Arthurian legend, a nephew of King Arthur and a Knight of the Round Table)