交叉质证的技巧示例

第二部分 直接/交叉盘问
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• Cross/Direct examination • 由控辩双方交叉进行 • 律师对己方证人的叫direct, 引导己方证人陈述案件事实，原 则是作出有利于本方当事人的陈述，一般不会对己方证人进行 弹劾。 • 律师对对方证人的叫cross，原则上是通过弹劾的方式尽可能 质疑对方证人及证据的真实性、可靠性。 • 具体弹劾的技巧会分别按以下部分进行介绍： • 1、一般原则 • 2、唤醒记忆的方法 • 3、证人不直接回答问题时的策略 • 4、证人翻供时的策略 • 5、交叉盘问示例
第一部分
开庭陈述
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• Opening • 面对陪审员进行陈述 直视陪审员 注意与他们的眼神交流， 增强说服力和感染力，适当移动步伐 • Make your VOIR DIRE cry！ • 先由控方律师1进行
（本案中在P157-159)
• 再由辩方律师1进行
(本案中在P163-164)
• Opening的典范： • Boston legal第一季22集Denise在皮克卡车案的opening • 15:04~15:09
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LOGO 第613条 证人的先前陈述 (a) 关于证人先前陈述的盘问 在盘问证人关于其先前所作的陈述时，不论该陈述有无书面形式， 都无须在当时向其出示或开示该陈述的内容，但是依据申请，该陈 述应当向对方律师出示或开示。 （b）有关证人先前不一致陈述的外部证据 有关证人先前不一致陈述的外部证据，不具有证据能力， 第614条 法院传唤证人及询问证据 由法院传唤 法院可依职权或一方当事人的建议，传唤证人，且所有当事人都有 对该证人进行交叉盘问的权利。 由法院询问 证人，不论是法院自己传唤或由当事人传唤，法院都可以询问。 异议 对法院传唤或询问证人的异议，可以在当时或在陪审团不在场时的 下一个可用的机会提出。 第615条 证人的隔离 为使证人不能听到其他证人的证言内容，依当事人的申请或依法院 的职权，法院应当命令证人隔离。
– 使证人的盘问与证据的出示更能有效的查明事实真相； – 避免毫无必要的浪费时间；和 – 避免通过质证骚扰证人或使证人过于窘迫。
• （b）交叉盘问的范围 • 对证人进行交叉盘问，应当限制在直接盘问过程中盘问过的事实以及 影响证人可信性的事实上。法庭可以依据自由裁量权允许以直接盘问 的方式对直接盘问的过程中没有涉及的事实进行盘问。 • （c）诱导性问题 • 除推进证人证言所必需外，在对证人的直接盘问中，不得询问诱导性 问题。在交叉盘问中，通常可以询问诱导性问题。当一方当事人传唤 敌意证人、对方当事人或认同对方当事人的证人作证时，可以就诱导 性问题盘问。 • 第612条 用以唤起证人记忆的文书 • 除《美国法典》第十八编第3500条对刑事诉讼法另有规定外，如证人 为作证的目的而使用文书以唤起其记忆时，不论其使用属：
第二部分 直接/交叉询问
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1、 Impeachment的一般原则 材料P14-18 对证人质疑有六种形式可供使用。联邦证据规则中并没有对其 明确介绍，但在传统上或案例中则是普遍认可的。它们是： （1）矛盾； （2）偏见； （3）刑事判决； （4）恶劣的不诚实行为； （5）证明能力； （6）前后不一致的称述。 “矛盾”是指证人阐述的事实有矛盾或有争议；“偏见”是指 证人不中立或与判决的结果有利益关系；“刑事判决”包括欺 诈性和重型犯罪的判决；“恶劣的不诚实行为”是指证人的未 获刑的欺诈行为；“证据能力”是指感知能力、记忆力和表达 力，有时也包括真诚度；“前后不一致的称述”指证人所做的 证词彼此不相符。
2、唤醒证人记忆的方法
当证人说I can’t remember时 Refreshment的技巧
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（1）Refreshment——short distant (Witness: I can’t remember.) Your honor, my I approach to the witness with his deposition? (Judge: yes, she may) 走近witness This is your deposition, and this is your signature, right? I cite the court and counsel to his deposition Page——Line— —. • Please read it by yourself silently, and when you finished, pl ease look me in the eye. • Question again————————————————————?
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• This is your deposition, and this is your signature, right? • I cite the court and counsel to his deposition Page 38 Line 13. • Please read it by yourself silently, and when you finished, pleas e look me in the eye. • In fact you drank five or six beer that night, right? • 23、there were three men in the car? • (Witness: yes, there were 3, black.) • So you were saying today is there were three men in the car, an d they were black? • • • • 示例： Boston legal 06:29~06：31 06:32~06: 40
3、证人不直接回答问题时的策略
• • • • • • • • • • • • • （1）Soft (Witness: say something else——short) So your answer to my question is a “YES/NO”? ———————————————————— ? (Witness: Yes.) （2）Hard (Witness: say something else——long) I didn’t ask you whether you ———————————————————— . I only ask you ———————————————————— ? So your answer to my question is a “YES/NO”? (Witness: Yes.)
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You came into my office with your lawyer and went into the backroom? LOGO You raise your right hand like today in the court, and made an oath that you a re telling the truth, the whole truth? You did tell the truth, didn’t you? You checked the accuracy with the court reporter, and found there were no m istakes? Your honor, my I approach to the witness with his deposition? (Judge: yes, she may) 走近witness I cite the court and counsel to his deposition Page 39 Line 12 and 13. In this deposition, you were asked this question and gave this answer. Q: Did you recognize any of them? A: No. I can only tell you that there were three white males in the car. That’s the question you were asked and the answer you gave, isn’t it? There were three men in the car, and they were white? 31、There were 8-10 people at the party? (Witness: I can’t remember.) Your honor, my I approach to the witness with his deposition? (Judge: yes, she may) 走近witness I cite the court and counsel to his deposition Page 38 Line 3 and 4. In this deposition, you were asked this question and gave this answer. Q: how many others? A: about eight to ten of us. That’s the question you were asked and the answer you gave, isn’t it? There were 8-10 people at the party, right?
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• 第610条 宗教信仰或宗教意见 • 有关证人对宗教事项的信仰或宗教意见的证据被用以证明因宗教信仰 或宗教意见的本质而或褒或损证人的可信性时，不具有证据能力。 • 第611条 盘问证人和出示证据的方式与顺序 • （a）法院的控制 • 为以下目的，法院应合理控制盘问证人与出示证据的方式与顺序：
SUMMER SCHOOL
Stephen Michael Everhart教授 前中美富布莱特学者
北京师范大学法学院 张桂红教授 中国北京 2013.6
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• 诉讼辩护是一门在实践中学习的课程。课程在模拟审判的 环境中来学习并实践诉讼辩护技巧。 • 课程包括 开庭陈述 opening statement 直接盘问和交叉盘问 direct/cross examination 提出异议 objection 结审辩词 closing arguement 证据出示 handling exhibition 证人弹劾的方法和技巧 impeachment • 在课程的最后，每个学生将参与到一次长约三小时的模拟 法庭。这是一个短期课程，目的是让每个同学都要能够掌 握充分的辩护技巧至少能够应对美国律师在审判中遇到的 日常问题。
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4、证人翻供的对策
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• Negative impeachment • (Witness: say something different) • Your honor, my I approach to the witness with his deposition? • (Judge: yes, she may) 走近witness • Take this red pen and circle this question i n your deposition. • —————————————————— —— ?
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• （2）Refreshment——long distant • (Witness: say something wrong bad to us) • You were saying today is——————————————— —————? • Your honor, my I approach to the witness with his deposition? • (Judge: yes, she may) 走近witness • I cite the court and counsel to his deposition Page——Lin e——. • In this deposition, you were asked this question and gave thi s answer. • Q: Did you recognize any of them? • A: No. I can only tell you that there were three white males i n the car. • That’s the question you were asked and the answer you gav e, isn’t it? • Q again: ————————————————————?
5、交叉质证的技巧示例
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Cross examination: Class2 P109 对方证人（Ethan Bigpond） 16、You drank beer that night? (Witness: yes, but I’m not drunk.) So your answer to my question is a “YES”? You did drink some beer that night, right? 17、In fact you drank five or six beer that night? (Witness: I can’t remember.) You made a deposition in this case, didn’t you? Your honor, may I approach to the witness with his deposition? (Judge: yes, she may) 走近witness
联邦证据规则(核心部分）P14-4~P14-8
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Fra Baidu bibliotek
• 第607条 可以弹劾证人的人 • 任何一方当事人，包括传唤证人的一方当事人，可以对证 人的可信性提出质疑。 • 第608条 关于证人品格和行为的证据 • 品格的意见和名誉证据 • 证人的可信性可以意见或名誉形式的证据予以攻击和支持， 但要受如下限制： • 该证据只可提及诚实与否的品格；并且 • 有关诚实品格的证据只有在证人的诚实品格受到意见或名 誉证据或其他证据的攻击后才可以采纳。 • 第609条 以有罪判决的证据弹劾（证人） • 通则 • 为攻击证人的诚实品格之目的