语言学笔记 Lecture6

语言学笔记

陈银2014/4/29 Lecture 6 Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Lecture 1)

Pretest

Answer the following questions:

⏹ 1. How are consonants classified?

⏹ 2. How are vowels classified?

Define the following terms:

⏹ 1.morphology

⏹ 2. morpheme

⏹ 3. bound morpheme

⏹ 4. stem

⏹ 5. root

The Grammatical Hierachy

Clause Complex 复合句

Clause 小句

Word group / phrase短语/词组

Word 词

Morpheme 语素

3.1 What is morpheme?

3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology

Word-formation: the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. (Crystal 1985) Syntactic: the minimal form of grammatical analysis.

Morpheme (Definition) : the smallest meaning unit of language

⏹语言中最小的有意义的单位

⏹ a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically

altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.

⏹*复数；人称；时态等

⏹ e.g boy; boys; rainbows

Morphemes are used to form words or indicate grammatical concept.

What is morphology?

⏹Morphology refers to the systematic study of morpheme

⏹to investigate the internal structure and rules of morphemes

1. Internal structure

Disapprove = dis + approve

2.Rules for word formation

Disapprove approvedis

Morpheme--the minimal unit of meaning

---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes,

⏹1-morpheme boy, desire

⏹2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble

⏹3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+abl(e)+ity

⏹4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness,

un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity

⏹5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness

⏹Study question:

⏹The branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words is called

____________.

(1)Free morpheme & bound morpheme

⏹Free morpheme (自由语素)

⏹The morpheme that may make up words by themselves.

⏹All the mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.

⏹Words consisting wholly of free morphemes are compound（合成词）. e.g. sunflower

⏹Bound morpheme（粘着语素）

⏹The morphemes that must appear with at least another morpheme.

⏹ e.g. dis- + temper + -ed.

---See (Hu, 2011:53)

⏹Study questions:

⏹ 1. List the bound morphemes to be found in the following words:

Misleads shortened unhappier fearlessly

2.In which of the following examples should the “a” be treated as a bound morpheme：a boy, apple, atypical, AWOL？

⏹Root（词根）

⏹The base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without

destroying its meaning. e.g. international.

⏹Notes:

⏹All the words contain a root morpheme.

⏹ A root may also be free or / and bound.

⏹English has relatively a few bound root morpheme, e.g. -ceive,

-mit, -tain, and –cur. etc.

---See (Hu, 2011: 53-54)

⏹Affix（词缀）

⏹ A collective term for the morpheme that can be used only when added to

another morpheme (the root or stem).

⏹The affix is naturally bound.

⏹Classification of affixes