一九七八年联合国海上货物运输公约
第五章海运常识1
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“方便旗船”
? 指在外国登记,悬挂外国国旗并在国际市场上进行营运的船 舶。
? 冷战曾经导致方便旗船大量增加。当今的船东选择“方便旗 船”更多是出于各种经济因素的考虑。例如通过在外国注册 可自由制定运价,不受本国政府的管制;可逃避本国的重税 和军事征用;可自由处分船舶与运用外汇,逃避本国有关外 汇管制制度;可自由雇用外国船员,支付较低的工资;可降 低船舶建造标准、节省建造、修理费用;可降低营运成本、 增强竞争力等等。
? 但开放登记也导致各国政府对航运市场的监督、管理 出现困难,特别是“开放登记国”不加审查的做法, 给犯罪分子以可乘之机,不利于防范国际航运市场的 欺诈等犯罪活动。
? 船舶载重线 ? 六种载重线 ?热带淡水载重线 TF(RQ) ?淡水载重线 F(Q) ?热带海水载重线 T(R) ?夏季海水载重线 S(X) ?冬季海水载重线 W(D) ?北大西洋冬季海水载重线 WNA(BDD)
? 航线和航运图
? 港口
有关提单的国际公约和法律
? 1924年《统一提单的若干法律规定的国际公约(海牙规则)》( General Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading)
? 1968年《关于修订统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书(维斯 比规则 )》(Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading)
? 1978年《联合国海上货物运输公约》(United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 1978),又名《 汉堡规则》
联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约
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联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约(鹿特丹规则)缔约方:联合国大会缔约时间:12/11/2008效力状态:有效简介本公约缔约国,重申相信在平等互利基础上发展国际贸易是促进各国之间友好关系的一个重要因素,深信通过逐步协调统一国际贸易法,减少、消除国际贸易流通法律障碍,将大大促进所有国家在平等、公平和共同利益基础上的普遍经济合作,造福于各国人民,承认1924年8月25日在布鲁塞尔签署的《统一提单若干法律规则国际公约》及其各项议定书以及1978年3月31日在汉堡签署的《联合国海上货物运输公约》对协调海上货物运输法律的显著贡献,考虑到自这两项公约通过以来的技术和商业发展以及整合和更新这两项公约进行的必要性,注意到托运人和承运人无法利用一个有约束力的普遍性制度支持涉及其他运输方式的海上运输合同的运作,相信采用统一规则,对全程或部分海上国际运输合同进行规范,将促进法律确定性,提高国际货物运输效率,便利过去相距遥远的当事人和市场获得新的准入机会,从而对促进国内、国际贸易和经济发展发挥极其重要的作用,兹商定如下:第一章总则第一条定义在本公约中:一、“运输合同”是指承运人收取运费,承诺将货物从一地运至另一地的合同。
此种合同应对海上运输作出规定,且可以对海上运输以外的其他运输方式作出规定。
二、“批量合同”是指在约定期间内分批装运特定数量货物的运输合同。
货物数量可以是最低数量、最高数量或一定范围的数量。
三、“班轮运输”是指通过公告或类似方式向公众提供、按照公布船期表使用船舶在特定港口之间定期运营的运输服务。
四、“非班轮运输”是指不属于班轮运输的任何运输。
五、“承运人”是指与托运人订立运输合同的人。
六、(一)“履约方”是指承运人以外的,履行或承诺履行承运人在运输合同下有关货物接收、装载、操作、积载、运输、照料、卸载或交付的任何义务的人,以该人直接或间接在承运人的要求、监督或控制下行事为限。
(二)“履约方”不包括不由承运人而由托运人、单证托运人、控制方或收货人直接或间接委托的任何人。
1978年联合国海上货物运输公约
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1978年联合国海上货物运输公约是一项重要的国际法律文件,对于海上货运业的规范和发展起着至关重要的作用。
该公约详细规定了海上货物运输的各个方面,为国际货运提供了重要的法律依据和保障。
在本文中,我将从多个角度对这一公约进行全面评估,并撰写一篇深度和广度兼具的文章,以便让您更加全面地了解这一重要的国际法律文件。
1. 背景介绍1978年联合国海上货物运输公约的签订是在全球贸易迅速发展的背景下进行的,它为解决海上货物运输中的种种问题提供了国际法律框架。
正是由于全球化的浪潮,海上货物运输变得越来越重要,而这一公约的出台填补了国际货运领域的法律空白,为全球海上货物运输提供了良好的法律基础。
2. 公约内容分析该公约主要包括了货物运输合同的订立与履行、货物损失与延误的责任和赔偿、船舶租约和包租、航海人员的权利与义务、船舶的操作与管理等多个方面的内容。
在这些规定中,不仅明确了各方的权利与义务,还对海上货物运输的各个环节进行了法律规范,为货物运输提供了具体的法律依据。
3. 对公约的个人理解我个人认为,1978年联合国海上货物运输公约的出台填补了国际货运领域的法律空白,为全球海上货物运输提供了良好的法律基础。
通过细致的规定,此公约为海上货物运输提供了明确的法律准则,为各国间的货物运输提供了可靠的法律保障。
该公约的签订也反映了各国对于国际货运规则的重视与尊重,为国际货运的规范化与标准化注入了新的活力。
4. 总结与回顾1978年联合国海上货物运输公约的重要性不言而喻,它对于现代国际货运业的规范与发展起着举足轻重的作用。
在全球化的背景下,货物运输贸易不断增长,而这一公约的出台填补了国际货运领域的法律空白,为全球海上货物运输提供了具体的法律依据。
在未来,随着全球贸易的不断发展,这一公约也将不断得到完善与更新,以适应新形势下的国际货运需求。
通过以上对1978年联合国海上货物运输公约的全面评估,相信您已经对于这一重要的国际法律文件有了更加全面的了解。
第五章-水上运输法规_[全文]
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水上运输法规海牙规则维斯规则汉堡规则国内水路货物运输规则海牙规则背景1893年《哈特法》(HarterAct):在美国国内港口之间以及美国港口与外国港口之间进行货物运输的承运人,不得在提单上加入由于自己的过失而造成货物灭失或损害而不负责任的条款,同时还规定承运人应谨慎处理使船舶适航,船长船员对货物应谨慎装载、管理和交付。
澳大利亚1904年制定了《海上货物运输法》新西兰于1908年制定了《航运及海员法》加拿大于1910年制定了《水上货物运输法》为统一世界各国关于提单的不同法律规定,并确定承运人与托运人在海上货物运输中的权利和义务,1921年9月在荷兰首都海牙召开会议,制定了一个提单规则,定名为《海牙规则》,供合同当事人自愿采纳。
1924年8月25日,各国政府的代表也在布鲁塞尔通过了简称《海牙规则》的《1924年统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约》。
《海牙规则》于1931年6月2日正式生效。
欧美许多国家都加入了这个公约。
有的国家仿效英国的作法,通过国内立法使之国内法化;有的国家根据这一公约的基本精神,另行制定相应的国内法;还有些国家虽然没有加入这一公约,但他们的一些船公司的提单条款也采用了这一公约的精神。
所以,这一公约是海上货物运输中有关提单的最重要的和目前仍普遍被采用的国际公约。
我国虽然没有加入该公约,但却把它作为制定我国《海商法》的重要参考依据;我国不少船公司的提单条款也采纳了这一公约的精神。
所以,《海牙规则》堪称现今海上货物运输方面最重要的国际公约海牙规则主要内容承运人的责任和义务承运人的免责事项货物托运人的责任和义务承运人的赔偿责任限制索赔与诉讼时效公约的适用范围第一条本公约各名词的含义:(a)“承运人”(b)“运输合同”(c)“货物”(d)“船舶”(e)“货物运输”第二条承运人的责任每个海上货物运输合同的承运人,对有关货物的装载、搬运、积载、运输、保管、照料和卸载,都应按照下列规定承担责任和义务,并享受权利和豁免第三条承运人的责任第一款-承运人适航的基本责任承运人须在开航前和开航时克尽职责:(a)使船舶适于航行(b)适当地配备船员、装备和供应船舶(c)船舶适货第二款-承运人管货的基本责任承运人应适当和谨慎地装载、搬运、积载、运输、保管、照料和卸载所运货物案例:甲国A公司从乙国B公司购买了一套设备,分别装于58只木箱中,委托C公司用海轮运回1></a>.船长在货物装船后签发了清洁提单.船到甲国港口后,卸货前发现部分设备的包装木箱损害严重.经收货人和承运人在货舱内对货物进行清点,发现共有18箱设备因为倾斜,移位撞击而受到不同程度的损坏.收货人认为,货物损坏的原因是承运人的配载不当,因此,承运人应当赔偿收货人的损失;而承运人则认为货物损坏的原因是由于包装不良,而且船舶在航运中又遇到了恶劣的气候,因此,承运人不应当承担赔偿责任.经查阅航海日记,了解到该船在航行中确实遇到了6级风浪.思考:C公司是否应该赔偿A公司的损失?第三款-提单在将货物收归其照管后,应托运人要求,承运人或船长或承运人的代理人必须给托运人签发提单.提单是运输合同的证明,但不是运输合同。
《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约
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《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约摘要:一、联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约简介二、公约的主要内容1.适用范围2.运输合同的订立与履行3.货物运输的责任与义务4.索赔与争议解决三、公约在我国的实施情况1.我国加入公约的时间2.公约在我国的法律地位3.我国实施公约的具体情况四、公约在国际上的影响与意义正文:联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约,简称海牙- 维斯比规则(Hague-Visby Rules),是1924 年在海牙通过,1933 年起生效的一项国际公约。
该公约主要规定了海上货物运输合同中的权利和义务,旨在为国际海上货物运输提供一个统一的法律规范。
一、联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约简介海牙- 维斯比规则适用于国际海上货物运输合同,无论全程或部分海上运输。
公约对承运人、托运人以及其他相关方的权利和义务进行了详细规定,包括运输合同的订立与履行、货物运输的责任与义务、索赔与争议解决等方面。
二、公约的主要内容1.适用范围海牙- 维斯比规则适用于国际海上货物运输合同,无论是全程或部分海上运输。
此外,公约还适用于货物在运输过程中发生的任何事故,无论事故发生在哪个国家。
2.运输合同的订立与履行公约规定,运输合同应采用书面形式订立,并明确承运人和托运人的权利和义务。
合同中应包括货物的名称、数量、包装方式、起点和目的地等信息。
承运人和托运人应遵守合同约定,并采取一切合理措施保证货物的安全运输。
3.货物运输的责任与义务公约规定,承运人对货物的损失或损坏负有责任,但有一些免责事项,如战争、自然灾害等不可抗力因素。
托运人应对货物的安全负责,并支付运费。
其他相关方,如装卸工人、码头运营商等,也应遵守公约规定,确保货物安全。
4.索赔与争议解决公约规定,索赔应在货物交付后一定时间内提出,并应采用书面形式。
如果承运人和托运人之间发生争议,可以先进行协商解决;协商无果的,可提交仲裁或诉讼。
三、公约在我国的实施情况1.我国加入公约的时间我国于1980 年加入海牙- 维斯比规则。
1978年联合国海上货物运输公约的实际案例
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文章主题:1978年联合国海上货物运输公约的实际案例近年来,国际贸易和海上运输业蓬勃发展,联合国海上货物运输公约在全球范围内发挥越来越重要的作用。
1978年联合国海上货物运输公约,也被称为《海上运输法》(The UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea)是一个重要的国际法律文件,它规范了海洋贸易中的货物运输合同和相关责任。
在这篇文章中,我们将通过实际案例来深入探讨1978年联合国海上货物运输公约的应用和影响。
1. 案例一:我国对外贸易中的货物运输纠纷在我国对外贸易中,海上货物运输往往扮演着至关重要的角色。
然而,由于国际海上运输公约并非万能法律文书,一些货物运输纠纷依然频繁发生。
一家我国出口企业与欧洲进口商之间的货物运输合同发生争议,涉及货物运输过程中的损坏和延迟问题。
根据1978年联合国海上货物运输公约的相关规定,双方将如何协商解决这些问题?2. 案例二:南美商品出口与海上货运公司的责任在南美洲,一些国家以出口农产品为主要经济支柱。
然而,由于运输距离较远以及运输条件较为恶劣,一些农产品在海上运输过程中遭受损坏,从而引发了一系列纠纷。
根据1978年联合国海上货物运输公约的规定,海上货运公司对于这些损坏应承担怎样的责任?在实际案例中,双方是如何解决这些纠纷的?3. 案例三:亚洲地区的货物运输保险问题在亚洲地区,一些货物运输企业面临的挑战主要在于如何有效规避风险,保证货物运输过程中不发生损坏和丢失。
这就需要对货物运输保险公约和1978年联合国海上货物运输公约进行深入理解和应用。
在一些实际案例中,亚洲地区的货物运输企业是如何利用这些公约和法律文书来保障自身利益的?回顾总结:1978年联合国海上货物运输公约在全球范围内发挥着重要的作用,然而在实际应用过程中,依然面临着一些挑战和问题。
为了更好地理解和应用这些国际法律文书,货物运输企业和国际贸易公司需要加强对其规定和条款的认识,以便更好地保护自身权益。
21978年联合国海上货物运输公约又叫汉堡规则
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2 、1978 年《联合国海上货物运输公约》又叫《汉堡规则》,该公约于1992 年生效。
与《海牙规则》相比,下列哪一选项是错误的?A.《汉堡规则》取消了船长、船员在驾驶或管理船舶的航行过失免责B.《汉堡规则》没有规定延迟交货的责任2016年中律司法考试培训暑期强化提高阶段28C.《汉堡规则》第一次在一定范围内承认了保函的效力D.《海牙规则》中只有承运人的概念,《汉堡规则》确定了实际承运人的概念调整提单运输的国际公约的比较《海牙规则》《维斯比规则》《汉堡规则》提单的证据效力托运人和受让人是初步证据提单对善意受让人是最终证据同《维斯比规则承运人最低限度的义务适航、管货的强制义务,行使合理航线的义务同《海牙规则》同《海牙规则》实际承运人无无实际进行海上运输的人,订约承运人应对运输全程负责。
承运人和实际承运人都有责任,则两者负连带责任。
承运人的受雇人、代理人的地位未明确规定承运人的雇用人或代理人是否也能享受责任限制的保护承运人的雇用人或代理人也可以享受责任限制的保护承运人的雇用人或代理人也可以享受责任限制的保护承运人的责任期间从货物装上船起至卸完船为止的期间“钩至钩”同《海牙规则》货物在装货港、运送途中和卸货港在承运人掌管下的全部期间“港至港”承运人免责航行过失免责在内的17 项免责事项同《海牙规则》,增加了承运人的雇用人和代理人的责任限制取消了承运人对船长、船员等在驾驶船舶或管理船舶及火灾中的过失免责迟延交货无无第一次规定保函无无善意保函在托运人和承运人之间有效,不能对抗第三人货物范围不适用于舱面货和活牲畜同《海牙规则》适用于舱面货和活牲畜适航时间《海牙规则》并不要求船舶在任何时间都必须处于适航状态,仅要求在“开航前和开航时”。
因为海上风险太大,船舶在航行中可能由于各种原因而变得不适航,如要求承运人在整个航程中均应适航,则使承运人所负的责任与其享受的利益产生不平衡,同时在政策上也考虑到了对海上货运业的倾斜。
联合国海上货物运输公约中
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1978年联合国海上货物运输公约前言本公约各缔约国,熟悉到通过协议确信某些关于海上货物运输的规那么是合乎需要的,决定为此目的缔结一项公约,并已协议如下:第I部份总那么第1条概念在本公约中:1.“承运人”,是指由其本人或以其名义与托运人订立海上货物运输合同的任何人;2.“实际承运人”,是指受承运人委托从事货物运输或部份货物运输的任何人,包括受托从事此项工作的任何其他人;3.“托运人”,是指由其本人或以其名义或代其与承运人订立海上货物运输合同的任何人,或是由其本人或以其名义或代其将货物实际交给与海上货物运输合同有关的承运人的任何人;4.“收货人”,是指有权提取货物的人;5.“货物”,包括活动物;若是货物是用集装箱、货盘或类似装运工具集装,或货物带有包装,而此种装运工具或包装系由托运人提供,那么“货物”应包括此种装运工具或包装。
6.“海上运输合同”,是指承运人收取运费据以将货物从一个口岸运往另一个口岸的合同;可是,关于既涉及海上运输又涉及某些其他运输方式的合同而言,只有在其涉及海上运输时,才应视为本公约所指的海上运输合同。
7.“提单”,是指用以证明海上运输合同和货物由承运人接收或装船,和承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。
单证中关于货物应按记名人的指示交付、或按提示交付、或向提单持有人交付的规定,组成此种保证。
8.“书面”,除其他方式外,包括电报和电传。
第2条适用范围1.本公约各项规定,适用于在两个不同国家之间的所有海上运输合同,若是:(a)海上运输合同规定的装货港位于某一缔约国之内;或(b)海上运输合同规定的卸货港位于某一缔约国之内;或(c)海上运输合同规定的备选卸货港之一是实际卸货港,并位于某一缔约国之内;或(d)提单或作为海上运输合同证明的其他单证,是在某一缔约国之内签发;或(e)提单或作为海上运输合同证明的其他单证规定,本公约各项规定或使其生效的任何国家立法制约该合同。
2.不论船舶、承运人,实际承运人、托运人、收货人或任何其他有关的人的国籍如何,本公约各项规定均适用。
国际商法重要条约公约综述
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国际商法重要条约公约综述经济管理学院国际经济与贸易2011级1班傅阳学号:222011303240034一、《联合国宪章》1945年6月26日,来自50个国家的代表在美国旧金山签署了《联合国宪章》。
《联合国宪章》于同年10月24日起生效,联合国正式成立。
1947年10月,联合国大会把10月24日定为“联合国日”。
二、《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》1972年11月16日,联合国教科文组织大会第17届会议在巴黎通过了《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》。
公约主要规定了文化遗产和自然遗产的定义,文化和自然遗产的国家保护和国际保护措施等条款。
公约规定了各缔约国可自行确定本国领土内的文化和自然遗产,并向世界遗产委员会递交其遗产清单,由世界遗产大会审核和批准。
凡是被列入世界文化和自然遗产的地点,都由其所在国家依法严格予以保护。
三、关于国际货物运输与保险法的重要条约公约1、《海牙规则》1924年8月,主要航运国家代表在布鲁塞尔签订了第一部关于货物运输的国际公约—《关于统一提单的若干法律规定的国际公约》。
该公约于1931年生效。
因为最初是在海牙起草的,故简称为《海牙规则》(Hague Rules)2、《海牙—维斯比规则》随着国际航运技术和实践的发展,《海牙规则》暴露出一些问题,所以国际海事委员会自1959年开始着手修改《海牙规则》,最终于1968年2月在布鲁塞尔签署了《关于修改统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约的议定书》》,即《维斯比规则》,于1977年6月23日正式生效,经修改后的《海牙规则》称为《海牙—维斯比规则》(Hague-Visby Rules)3、《汉堡规则》鉴于《海牙—维斯比规则》并未触及《海牙规则》最实质的问题即承运人的不完全过失责任原则,联合国贸易和发展会议于1969年4月专门成立了国际航运立法工作组,制定新的国际公约。
最终于1978年联合国汉堡会议上讨论通过了《1978年联合国海上货物运输公约》,又名《汉堡规则》(Hamburg Rules)。
海上货物运输法的历史发展及其启示
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海上货物运输法的历史发展及其启示张文广• 2013-06-27 09:57:00 来源:《中国海商法研究》2013年第2期摘要:在过去的百年中,曾产生过若干个重要的海上货物运输立法,其中的经验与教训值得我们深思。
文章从海上货物运输法的历史沿革出发,对制约海运公约效力的因素加以详细剖析,总结海上货物运输法的基本特征,对《鹿特丹规则》的发展趋势做出了预测并提出我国的应对策略。
关键词:国际公约海上货物运输法鹿特丹规则启示当今的国际贸易中,80%以上的货物周转由海运完成。
作为一个全球性行业,海运需要一个统一的规则。
2008年12月11日,在经历了长达近十年的起草、磋商和谈判后,联合国大会通过了《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》,2009年9月23日在荷兰鹿特丹举行了签署仪式,并将公约命名为《鹿特丹规则》。
截至2012年12月31日,在公约的24个签署国中,仅有西班牙和多哥两个国家批准了公约,距离满足公约的生效要件(20个批准国),尚有很长的路要走。
公约通过之后,国际社会再次掀起了一轮研究《鹿特丹规则》的高潮。
是否应当批准公约、公约何时生效及生效之后的国际影响力如何,成为各方关注的焦点。
在2009年公约签署前后,国际社会曾经比较乐观,认为《鹿特丹规则》很快就会生效。
然而,随着时间的推移,各方对公约的热情逐渐消退,质疑的声音也越来越大。
[①]历史总在重复发生。
公约的制定,本就是一个妥协和寻求共识的过程。
各方有不同意见,实属正常现象。
目前,公约已经通过,重新谈判的可能性微乎其微。
公约的前景,主要取决于各国尤其是航运大国和贸易大国的态度。
本文从历史的角度出发,分析海上货物运输法背后的各种因素,提出中国对待《鹿特丹规则》的态度。
一、《哈特法》《哈特法》(The Harter Act)的全称是《关于船舶航行、提单以及与财产运输有关的某些义务、职责和权利的法律》(An Act Relating to Navigation of Vessels, Bills of Lading, and to Certain Obligations, Duties, and Rights in Connection with the Carriage of Property)。
国际海上货物运输法,
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国际海上货物运输法(一)海上货物运输与海上货物运输法1、国际海上货物运输:是指承运人收取运费,使用船舶负责将托运人托运的货物经由海路从一国的港口运至另一国的港口。
海上货物运输在国际货物运输中占有相当重要的地位和作用,与陆路运输、航空运输相比,海上货物运输具有运输数量大、运输成本低等优势。
在国际货物运输中,大约有2/3的货物都采用这种运输方式。
我国对外贸易总量的80%左右也是通过海上运输实现的。
但是,海上运输也有其难以克服的缺点,主要表现为航行速度慢,运输时间长,受自然条件的影响大,因而运输风险比较大,涉及的当事人也比较多,需要调整的法律关系也比较复杂。
2、调整海上货物运输的内国法和国际公约(1)调整海上货物运输的内国法随着海上货物运输业的发展,许多国家都专门制定了有关海上(或水上)货物运输的法律如美国1893年的《哈特法》,英国1924年的《海上货物运输法》,中国的《海商法》等。
(2)调整提单运输的国际公约国际上调整提单运输的公约有三个:《海牙规则》、《维斯比规则》、《汉堡规则》3、海上货物运输方式(1)班轮运输班轮运输亦称定期运输。
班轮运输合合同签定后,承运人接收货物,据以签发提单,此后,无论是托运人,还是收货人或提单持有人,他们与承运人之间的权利,均以提单为准。
实际上定舱单附上提单就是一个运输合同,所以班轮运输又称提单运输。
但是,承运人签发的提单不能任意扩大托运人的责任或限制自己的义务,而要受国内海商法和有关国际公约的约束。
实践中,提单往往是由船公司预先制定好的,托运人只要按要求填写签字,并由船长签署,运输合同即告成立,而无需托运人与承运人另订运输合同。
当然,提单只是运输合同的证明而非运输合同本身。
现在,海运单作为国际件杂货运输合同的表现形式,应用日趋广泛。
(2)租船运输租船运输又称不定期船运输。
按不同的租赁方式,租船运输又可分为期租船、程租船、光船租船三种。
但光船租船实际上仅为财产租赁的一种形式,出租人并不承担运输义务。
《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约
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《联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约摘要:一、联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约的背景与目的二、公约的主要内容与规定1.适用范围2.合同的订立与履行3.货物运输条款4.运输合同的终止5.责任与赔偿6.争议解决方式三、公约对我国航运业的影响及应对措施四、公约在实践中的运行效果与评价五、我国签署与实施公约的意义与展望正文:一、联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约的背景与目的联合国全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约(以下简称“公约”)是在全球航运业日益发展的背景下,为规范国际海上货物运输合同关系,保障各方当事人权益,促进国际贸易顺畅进行而制定的。
公约于1992年在我国加入联合国国际海事组织后开始生效,至今已在全球范围内得到广泛应用。
二、公约的主要内容与规定1.适用范围:公约适用于国际海上货物运输合同,包括全程和部分海上运输。
同时,对于沿海运输和内河运输,各国可以根据本国法律和国际惯例进行规定。
2.合同的订立与履行:公约规定,海上货物运输合同应当采用书面形式,明确各方当事人的权利和义务。
在合同履行过程中,承运人和托运人应按照合同约定,分别履行各自的义务。
3.货物运输条款:公约对货物运输条款进行了规范,包括运输期限、运费、滞期费、速遣费等。
同时,规定了在货物运输过程中,承运人应妥善保管货物,确保货物安全、完整地送达目的地。
4.运输合同的终止:公约明确了运输合同在特定情况下可以终止,如托运人或承运人违反合同约定、战争、罢工等不可抗力因素。
5.责任与赔偿:公约规定,承运人对货物损失或损坏承担赔偿责任,除非能证明货物损失或损坏是由于不可抗力、货物本身缺陷或托运人过错等原因造成。
同时,公约明确了赔偿限额和责任期限。
6.争议解决方式:公约提倡通过协商解决海上货物运输合同争议。
如协商无果,可以采用诉讼或仲裁方式解决。
三、公约对我国航运业的影响及应对措施公约的签署和实施,对我国航运业带来了积极的影响。
首先,公约规范了海上货物运输市场,降低了合同风险。
交通运输部公告2008年第15号――关于国际海事组织经修正的《1974年
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交通运输部公告2008年第15号――关于国际海事组织经修正的《1974年国际海上人命安全公约》修正案和《所有类型船舶专用海水压载舱和散货船双舷侧处所保护涂层性能标准》生效的公告【法规类别】海洋运输【发文字号】交通运输部公告2008年第15号【发布部门】交通运输部【发布日期】2008.07.03【实施日期】2008.07.01【时效性】现行有效【效力级别】XE0303交通运输部公告(2008年第15号)关于国际海事组织经修正的《1974年国际海上人命安全公约》修正案和《所有类型船舶专用海水压载舱和散货船双舷侧处所保护涂层性能标准》生效的公告国际海事组织海上安全委员会第82届会议于2006年12月8日分别以MSC.216(82)号决议和MSC.215(82)号决议通过了经修正的《1974年国际海上人命安全公约》(以下简称“安全公约”)和《所有类型船舶专用海水压载舱和散货船双舷侧处所保护涂层性能标准》(以下简称“标准”)的修正案。
根据安全公约第VⅢ(b)(vii)(2)条关于修正案默认接受程序的规定,上述安全公约的修正案已于2008年7月1日生效。
根据该修正案,上述标准为强制性要求,并与该安全公约的修正案同日生效。
我国是安全公约的缔约国,在上述修正案和标准通过后未对其内容提出任何反对意见,因此修正案和标准对我国具有约束力。
现将修正案和标准的中文译文予以公告,请遵照执行。
中华人民共和国交通运输部二〇〇八年七月三日附件经修正的《1974年国际海上人命安全公约》的修正案第 II-1章构造-结构、分舱及稳性、机电设备A-1 部分船舶结构第3-2条油船和散货船海水压载舱的防腐1 用以下文字取代第3-2条的现有文字和标题:“所有类型船舶专用海水压载舱及散货船双舷侧处所的保护涂层1 本条第2和第4款须适用于不小于500总吨的下列船舶:.1 2008年7月1日及之后签订造船合同;或.2 如无造船合同,2009年1月1日及之后安放龙骨或处于类似建造阶段;或.3 交船日期为2012年7月1日或之后的船舶。
6、运输单据
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(六)运输单据的正本份数 运输单据的份数按信用证要求而定, 运输单据的份数按信用证要求而定 , 如信用 证要求全套( SET) 证要求全套 ( FULL SET ) , 过去习惯于做成两份 或两份以上《UCP500 作了新的规定, 500》 或两份以上《UCP500》作了新的规定,1份正本也 可视作全套. 可视作全套. 500》 《UCP 500》还明确空运单以装货人专用联作为 正本,公路,铁路,内河运输单据 单据, 正本 , 公路 , 铁路 , 内河运输 单据 , 不管运单上 是否注明为正本,银行均可作为正本接受. 是否注明为正本,银行均可作为正本接受.
二,海运提单
海运提单,通常简称为提单, 海运提单 , 通常简称为提单 , 系指证明海洋 运输契约和货物由承运人接管或装船, 运输契约和货物由承运人接管或装船 , 以及承运 人据以保证交付货物的凭证. 人据以保证交付货物的凭证. (一)海运提单的性质和作用 通常意义上讲, 通常意义上讲 , 海运提单具有以下几方面的性质 和作用: 和作用: 1,货物收据 海运提单是证明承运人或其代理人从托运人 或其代理人处收到对方委托运输的货物后, 或其代理人处收到对方委托运输的货物后,向对 方开立的收据. 方开立的收据.
3,多式运输单据. 多式运输单据. 多式运输一般使用收讫待运的单据格式, 多式运输一般使用收讫待运的单据格式,其装 运日期以运输单据的签发日为准, 运日期以运输单据的签发日为准,但单据上用 印章或其他方式注明发运货物由承运人接管或 已装船的日期,则以该日期作为装运日期. 已装船的日期,则以该日期作为装运日期. 公路, 4,公路,铁路或内河运输单据 这些单据一般为收讫待运单据, 这些单据一般为收讫待运单据,以单据签发日 为装运日期,但如单据上另外加盖收货印章, 为装运日期,但如单据上另外加盖收货印章, 则以该日期为装运日期. 则以该日期为装运日期. 5,邮局及专递收据 以单据上的日期为装运日期. 以单据上的日期为装运日期.
一九七八年联合国海上货物运输公约
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【法规名称】一九七八年联合国海上货物运输公约【颁布部门】【颁布时间】 1978-03-31【实施时间】 1978-03-31【效力属性】有效【正文】一九七八年联合国海上货物运输公约序言本公约各缔约国认识到需要通过协议确定关于海上货物运输若干规则。
为此目的决定缔结一个公约,协议如下:第一部分总则第一条定义在本公约内:1.“承运人”是指其本人或以其名义与托运人订立海上货物运输合同的任何人。
2.“实际承运人”是指受承运人委托执行货物运输或部分货物运输的任何人,包括受委托执行这项运输的其他任何人。
3.“托运人”是指其本人或以其名义或代其与承运人订立海上货物运输合同的任何人,或指其本人或以其名义或代其将货物实际交付给海上货物运输合同的有关的承运人的任何人。
4.“收货人”是指有权提取货物的人。
5.“货物”包括活动物,凡货物拼装在集装箱、货盘或类似的运输器具内,或者货物是包装的,这种运输器具或包装是由托运人提供的,则“货物”包括它们在内。
6.“海上运输合同”是指承运人收取运费,据以承担由海上将货物从一港运至另一港的任何合同;但是,一个既包括海上运输,又包括某些其他方式运输的合同,则仅其有关海上运输的范围,才视为本公约所指的海上运输合同。
7.“提单”是指一种用以证明海上运输合同和货物由承运人接管或装船,以及承运人据以保证交付货物的单位。
单证中关于货物应交付指定收货人或按指示交付,或交付提单持有人规定,即构成了这一保证。
8.“书面”,除其他方式外,包括电报和电传。
第二条适用范围1.本公约的各项规定适用于两个不同国家间的所有海上运输合同,如果:(a)海上运输合同所规定的装货港位于一个缔约国内,或(b)海上运输合同所规定的卸货港位于一个缔约国内,或(c)海上运输合同所规定的备选卸货港之一为实际卸货港,并且该港位于一个缔约国内,或(d)提单或证明海上运输合同的其他单证是在一个缔约国内签发的,或(e)提单或证明海上运输合同的其他单证规定,本公约各项规定或实行本公约的任何国家的立法,应约束该合同。
1978年联合国海上货物运输公约
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1978年联合国海上货物运输公约
摘要:
1.背景介绍
2.公约的制定和主要内容
3.公约的目的和适用范围
4.公约对承运人和托运人的规定
5.公约的影响和意义
正文:
1.背景介绍
1978年联合国海上货物运输公约,又称汉堡规则,是在1978年3月6日至31日于德国汉堡举行的联合国海上货物运输会议上通过,并于1992年11月1日生效。
该公约的制定目的是为了解决《海牙规则》中的不足之处,并使之适应集装箱化的要求。
2.公约的制定和主要内容
该公约由联合国国际贸易法委员会起草,经过10年的酝酿和修改,最终有78个国家的全权代表在汉堡会议上通过了这一公约。
公约共分7章34款,包括总则、承运人的赔偿责任、责任期限、货物损失和损坏的赔偿、运费和其他款项的支付、货物交付和签收以及争议解决等内容。
3.公约的目的和适用范围
《汉堡规则》的主要目的是规定海上货物运输中承运人对货物的灭失或损坏应承担的责任,以及相关赔偿标准。
该公约适用于国际海上货物运输,包括
海上货物运输合同、提单等各种相关文件。
4.公约对承运人和托运人的规定
根据《汉堡规则》,承运人的责任期限为从收到托运的货物开始到不再控制该货物为止。
承运人应对由于其本人的过失或疏忽而导致的货物损失或损坏承担赔偿责任。
同时,公约对托运人也有一定的规定,如托运人应按照约定向承运人支付运费和其他相关款项。
5.公约的影响和意义
《汉堡规则》对国际海上货物运输具有重要的影响和意义。
它使海上货物运输更加规范化和标准化,有利于保障各方的权益,降低运输风险。
此外,该公约还有助于推动国际贸易的发展,促进国际航运市场的繁荣。
国际水路运输法律规定(3篇)
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第1篇一、引言国际水路运输作为国际贸易的重要组成部分,其法律地位和作用日益凸显。
随着全球贸易的快速发展,国际水路运输的法律规定也日益完善。
本文将从国际水路运输的基本概念、主要法律法规以及我国在水路运输法律体系中的地位等方面进行探讨。
二、国际水路运输的基本概念1. 国际水路运输的定义国际水路运输是指在国际水域(包括公海、国际河流、海峡等)进行的船舶运输活动,涉及船舶、货物、运输合同、运输保险、责任赔偿等方面。
2. 国际水路运输的分类(1)班轮运输:按照预定的航线、时间表、停靠港口进行货物运输的运输方式。
(2)不定期船运输:根据货主需求,临时安排航线、停靠港口进行货物运输的运输方式。
(3)沿海运输:在沿海水域进行的货物运输。
(4)内河运输:在内河水域进行的货物运输。
三、国际水路运输的主要法律法规1. 国际公约(1)联合国海洋法公约(United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,UNCLOS):该公约于1982年通过,是关于海洋权益、海洋环境保护、海洋科学研究和国际合作等方面的综合性国际公约。
(2)国际海事组织公约(International Maritime Organization Convention,IMO):该公约旨在规范国际海事活动,保障船舶安全、防止海洋污染,促进海上交通安全、提高航海效率。
(3)国际货物销售合同公约(United Nations Convention on theInternational Sale of Goods,CISG):该公约旨在规范国际货物销售合同,明确买卖双方的权利和义务。
2. 国际惯例(1)汉堡规则(Hamburg Rules):该规则于1978年通过,主要针对班轮运输中的货物运输责任、赔偿、诉讼等方面。
(2)海牙规则(Hague Rules):该规则于1924年通过,是国际货物运输中最早、最具有代表性的规则。
汉堡规则(英文)
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1978年联合国海上货物运输公约(汉堡规则)(英文版)HAMBURG RULESUNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA, 1978PreambleTHE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION, HAVING RECOGNIZED the desirability of determining by agreement certain rules relating to the carriage of goods by sea, HAVE DECIDED to conclude a Convention for this purpose and have thereto agreed as follows:PART IGENERAL PROVISIONSArticle 1DefinitionsIn this Convention:1. "Carrier" means any person by whom or in whose name a contract of carriage of goods by sea has been concluded with a shipper.2. "Actual carrier" means any person to whom the performance of the carriage of the goods, or of part of the carriage, has been entrusted by the carrier, and includes any other person to whom such performance has been entrusted.3. "Shipper" means any person by whom or in whose name or on whose behalf a contract of carriage of goods by sea has been concluded with a carrier, or any person by whom or in whose name or on whose behalf the goods are actually delivered to the carrier in relation to the contract of carriage by sea.4. "Consignee" means the person entitled to take delivery of the goods.5. "Goods" includes live animals; where the goods are consolidated in a container, pallet or similar article of transport or where they are packed, "goods" includes such article of transport or packaging if supplied by the shipper.6. "Contract of carriage by sea" means any contract whereby the carrier undertakes against payment of freight to carry goods by sea from one port to another; however, a contract which involves carriage by sea and also carriage by some other means is deemed to be a contract of carriage by sea for the purposes of this Convention only in so far as it relates to the carriage by sea.7. "Bill of lading" means a document which evidences a contract of carriage by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and by which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrender of the document. A provision in the document that the goods are to be delivered to the order of a named person, or to order, or to bearer, constitutes such an undertaking.8. "Writing" includes, inter alia, telegram and telex.Article 2Scope of application1. The provisions of this Convention are applicable to all contracts of carriage by sea between two different States, if:(a) the port of loading as provided for in the contract of carriage by sea is located in a Contracting State, or(b) the port of discharge as provided for in the contract of carriage by sea is located in a Contracting(c) one of the optional ports of discharge provided for in the contract of carriage by sea is the actual port of discharge and such port is located in a Contracting State, or(d) the bill of lading or other document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea is issued in a Contracting State, or(e) the bill of lading or other document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea provides that the provisions of this Convention or the legislation of any State giving effect to them are to govern the contract.2. The provisions of this Convention are applicable without regard to the nationality of the ship, the carrier, the actual carrier, the shipper, the consignee or any other interested person.3. The provisions of this Convention are not applicable to charter-parties. However, where a bill of lading is issued pursuant to a charter-party, the provisions of the Convention apply to such a bill of lading if it governs the relation between the carrier and the holder of the bill of lading, not being the charterer.4. If a contract provides for future carriage of goods in a series of shipments during an agreed period, the provisions of this Convention apply to each shipment. However, where a shipment is made under a charter-party, the provisions of paragraph 3 of this article apply.Article 3Interpretation of the ConventionIn the interpretation and application of the provisions of this Convention regard shall be had to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity.PART IILIABILITY OF THE CARRIERArticle 4Period of responsibility1. The responsibility of the carrier for the goods under this Convention covers the period during which the carrier is in charge of the goods at the port of loading, during the carriage and at the port of discharge.2. For the purpose of paragraph 1 of this article, the carrier is deemed to be in charge of the goods(a) from the time he has taken over the goods from:(i) the shipper, or a person acting on his behalf; or(ii) an authority or other third party to whom, pursuant to law or regulations applicable at the port of loading, the goods must be handed over for shipment;(b) until the time he has delivered the goods:(i) by handing over the goods to the consignee; or(ii) in cases where the consignee does not receive the goods from the carrier, by placing them at the disposal of the consignee in accordance with the contract or with the law or with the usage of the particular trade, applicable at the port of discharge; or(iii) by handing over the goods to an authority or other third party to whom, pursuant to law or regulations applicable at the port of discharge, the goods must be handed over.3. In paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article, reference to the carrier or to the consignee means, in addition to the carrier or the consignee, the servants or agents, respectively of the carrier or the consignee.Basis of liability1. The carrier is liable for loss resulting from loss of or damage to the goods, as well as from delay in delivery, if the occurrence which caused the loss, damage or delay took place while the goods were in his charge as defined in article 4, unless the carrier proves that he, his servants or agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its consequences.2. Delay in delivery occurs when the goods have not been delivered at the port of discharge provided for in the contract of carriage by sea within the time expressly agreed upon or, in the absence of such agreement, within the time which it would be reasonable to require of a diligent carrier, having regard to the circumstances of the case.3. The person entitled to make a claim for the loss of goods may treat the goods as lost if they have not been delivered as required by article 4 within 60 consecutive days following the expiry of the time for delivery according to paragraph 2 of this article.4. (a) The carrier is liable(i) for loss of or damage to the goods or delay in delivery caused by fire, if the claimant proves that the fire arose from fault or neglect on the part of the carrier, his servants or agents;(ii) for such loss, damage or delay in delivery which is proved by the claimant to have resulted from the fault or neglect of the carrier, his servants or agents, in taking all measures that could reasonably be required to put out the fire and avoid or mitigate its consequences.(b) In case of fire on board the ship affecting the goods, if the claimant or the carrier so desires, a survey in accordance with shipping practices must be held into the cause and circumstances of the fire, and a copy of the surveyor''s report shall be made available on demand to the carrier and the claimant.5. With respect to live animals, the carrier is not liable for loss, damage or delay in delivery resulting from any special risks inherent in that kind of carriage. If the carrier proves that he has complied with any special instructions given to him by the shipper respecting the animals and that, in the circumstances of the case, the loss, damage or delay in delivery could be attributed to such risks, it is presumed that the loss, damage or delay in delivery was so caused, unless there is proof that all or a part of the loss, damage or delay in delivery resulted from fault or neglect on the part of the carrier, his servants or agents.6. The carrier is not liable, except in general average, where loss, damage or delay in delivery resulted from measures to save life or from reasonable measures to save property at sea.7. Where fault or neglect on the part of the carrier, his servants or agents combines with another cause to produce loss, damage or delay in delivery the carrier is liable only to the extent that the loss, damage or delay in delivery is attributable to such fault or neglect, provided that the carrier proves the amount of the loss, damage or delay in delivery not attributable thereto.Article 6Limits of liability1. (a) The liability of the carrier for loss resulting from loss of or damage to goods according to the provisions of article 5 is limited to an amount equivalent to 835 units of account per package or other shipping unit or2.5 units of account per kilogramme of gross weight of the goods lost or damaged, whichever is the higher.(b) The liability of the carrier for delay in delivery according to the provisions of article 5 is limited to an amount equivalent to two and a half times the freight payable for the goods delayed, but not exceeding the total freight payable under the contract of carriage of goods by sea.paragraph, exceed the limitation which would be established under subparagraph (a) of this paragraph for total loss of the goods with respect to which such liability was incurred.2. For the purpose of calculating which amount is the higher in accordance with paragraph 1(a) of this article, the following rules apply:(a) Where a container, pallet or similar article of transport is used to consolidate goods, the package or other shipping units enumerated in the bill of lading, if issued, or otherwise in any other document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea, as packed in such article of transport are deemed packages or shipping units. Except as aforesaid the goods in such article of transport are deemed one shipping unit.(b) In cases where the article of transport itself has been lost or damaged, that article of transport, if not owned or otherwise supplied by the carrier, is considered one separate shipping unit.3. Unit of account means the unit of account mentioned in article 26.4. By agreement between the carrier and the shipper, limits of liability exceeding those provided for in paragraph 1 may be fixed.Article 7Application to non-contractual claims1. The defences and limits of liability provided for in this Convention apply in any action against the carrier in respect of loss or damage to the goods covered by the contract of carriage by sea, as well as of delay in delivery whether the action is founded in contract, in tort or otherwise.2. If such an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier, such servant or agent, if he proves that he acted within the scope of his employment, is entitled to avail himself of the defences and limits of liability which the carrier is entitled to invoke under this Convention.3. Except as provided in article 8, the aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier and from any persons referred to in paragraph 2 of this article shall not exceed the limits of liability provided for in this Convention.Article 8Loss of right to limit responsibility1. The carrier is not entitled to the benefit of the limitation of liability provided for in article 6 if it is proved that the loss, damage or delay in delivery resulted from an act or omission of the carrier done with the intent to cause such loss, damage or delay, or recklessly and with knowledge that such loss, damage or delay would probably result.2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 of article 7, a servant or agent of the carrier is not entitled to the benefit of the limitation of liability provided for in article 6 if it is proved that the loss, damage or delay in delivery resulted from an act or omission of such servant or agent, done with the intent to cause such loss, damage or delay, or recklessly and with knowledge that such loss, damage or delay would probably result.Article 9Deck cargo1. The carrier is entitled to carry the goods on deck only if such carriage is in accordance with an agreement with the shipper or with the usage of the particular trade or is required by statutory rules or regulations.2. If the carrier and the shipper have agreed that the goods shall or may be carried on deck, the carrier must insert in the bill of lading or other document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea aan agreement for carriage on deck has been entered into; however, the carrier is not entitled to invoke such an agreement against a third party, including a consignee, who has acquired the bill of lading in good faith.3. Where the goods have been carried on deck contrary to the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article or where the carrier may not under paragraph 2 of this article invoke an agreement for carriage on deck, the carrier, notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of article 5, is liable for loss of or damage to the goods, as well as for delay in delivery, resulting solely from the carriage on deck, and the extent of his liability is to be determined in accordance with the provisions of article 6 or article 8 of this Convention, as the case may be.4. Carriage of goods on deck contrary to express agreement for carriage under deck is deemed to be an act or omission of the carrier within the meaning of article 8.Article 10Liability of the carrier and actual carrier1. Where the performance of the carriage or part thereof has been entrusted to an actual carrier, whether or not in pursuance of a liberty under the contract of carriage by sea to do so, the carrier nevertheless remains responsible for the entire carriage according to the provisions of this Convention. The carrier is responsible, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, for the acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of his servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment.2. All the provisions of this Convention governing the responsibility of the carrier also apply to the responsibility of the actual carrier for the carriage performed by him. The provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 7 and of paragraph 2 of article 8 apply if an action is brought against a servant or agent of the actual carrier.3. Any special agreement under which the carrier assumes obligations not imposed by this Convention or waives rights conferred by this Convention affects the actual carrier only if agreed to by him expressly and in writing. Whether or not the actual carrier has so agreed, the carrier nevertheless remains bound by the obligations or waivers resulting from such special agreement.4. Where and to the extent that both the carrier and the actual carrier are liable, their liability is joint and several.5. The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, the actual carrier and their servants and agents shall not exceed the limits of liability provided for in this Convention.6. Nothing in this article shall prejudice any right of recourse as between the carrier and the actual carrier.Article 11Through carriage1. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of article 10, where a contract of carriage by sea provides explicitly that a specified part of the carriage covered by the said contract is to be performed by a named person other than the carrier, the contract may also provide that the carrier is not liable for loss, damage or delay in delivery caused by an occurrence which takes place while the goods are in the charge of the actual carrier during such part of the carriage. Nevertheless, any stipulation limiting or excluding such liability is without effect if no judicial proceedings can be instituted against the actual carrier in a court competent under paragraph 1 or 2 of article 21. The burden of proving that any loss, damage or delay in delivery has been caused by such an occurrence rests upon2. The actual carrier is responsible in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of article 10 for loss, damage or delay in delivery caused by an occurrence which takes place while the goods are in his charge.PART IIILIABILITY OF THE SHIPPERArticle 12General ruleThe shipper is not liable for loss sustained by the carrier or the actual carrier, or for damage sustained by the ship, unless such loss or damage was caused by the fault or neglect of the shipper, his servants or agents. Nor is any servant or agent of the shipper liable for such loss or damage unless the loss or damage was caused by fault or neglect on his part.Article 13Special rules on dangerous goods1. The shipper must mark or label in a suitable manner dangerous goods as dangerous.2. Where the shipper hands over dangerous goods to the carrier or an actual carrier, as the case may be, the shipper must inform him of the dangerous character of the goods and, if necessary, of the precautions to be taken. If the shipper fails to do so and such carrier or actual carrier does not otherwise have knowledge of their dangerous character:(a) the shipper is liable to the carrier and any actual carrier for the loss resulting from the shipment of such goods, and(b) the goods may at any time be unloaded, destroyed or rendered innocuous, as the circumstances may require, without payment of compensation.3. The provisions of paragraph 2 of this article may not be invoked by any person if during the carriage he has taken the goods in his charge with knowledge of their dangerous character.4. If, in cases where the provisions of paragraph 2, subparagraph (b), of this article do not apply or may not be invoked, dangerous goods become an actual danger to life or property, they may be unloaded, destroyed or rendered innocuous, as the circumstances may require, without payment of compensation except where there is an obligation to contribute in general average or where the carrier is liable in accordance with the provisions of article5.PART IVTRANSPORT DOCUMENTSArticle 14Issue of bill of lading1. When the carrier or the actual carrier takes the goods in his charge, the carrier must, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading.2. The bill of lading may be signed by a person having authority from the carrier. A bill of lading signed by the master of the ship carrying the goods is deemed to have been signed on behalf of the carrier.3. The signature on the bill of lading may be in handwriting, printed in facsimile, perforated, stamped, in symbols, or made by an other mechanical or electronic means, if not inconsistent with the law ofArticle 15Contents of bill of lading1. The bill of lading must include, inter alia, the following particulars:(a) the general nature of the goods, the leading marks necessary for identification of the goods, an express statement, if applicable, as to the dangerous character of the goods, the number of packages or pieces, and the weight of the goods or their quantity otherwise expressed, all such particulars as furnished by the shipper;(b) the apparent condition of the goods;(c) the name and principal place of business of the carrier;(d) the name of the shipper;(e) the consignee if named by the shipper;(f) the port of loading under the contract of carriage by sea and the date on which the goods were taken over by the carrier at the port of loading;(g) the port of discharge under the contract of carriage by sea;(h) the number of originals of the bill of lading, if more than one;(i) the place of issuance of the bill of lading;(j) the signature of the carrier or a person acting on his behalf;(k) the freight to the extent payable by the consignee or other indication that freight is payable by him;(l) the statement referred to in paragraph 3 of article 23;(m) the statement, if applicable, that the goods shall or may be carried on deck;(n) the date or the period of delivery of the goods at the port of discharge if expressly agreed upon between the parties; and(o) any increased limit or limits of liability where agreed in accordance with paragraph 4 of article 6.2. After the goods have been loaded on board, if the shipper so demands, the carrier must issue to the shipper a "shipped" bill of lading which, in addition to the particulars required under paragraph 1 of this article, must state that the goods are on board a named ship or ships, and the date or dates of loading. If the carrier has previously issued to the shipper a bill of lading or other document of title with resect to any of such goods, on request of the carrier, the shipper must surrender such document in exchange for a "shipped" bill of lading. The carrier may amend any previously issued document in order to meet the shipper''s demand for a "shipped" bill of lading if, as amended, such document includes all the information required to be contained in a "shipped" bill of lading.3. The absence in the bill of lading of one or more particulars referred to in this article does not affect the legal character of the document as a bill of lading provided that it nevertheless meets the requirements set out in paragraph 7 of article 1.Article 16Bills of lading: reservations and evidentiary effect1. If the bill of lading contains particulars concerning the general nature, leading marks, number of packages or pieces, weight or quantity of the goods which the carrier or other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf knows or has reasonable grounds to suspect do not accurately represent the goods actually taken over or, where a "shipped" bill of lading is issued, loaded, or if he had no reasonable means of checking such particulars, the carrier or such other person must insert in the bill of lading a reservation specifying these inaccuracies, grounds of suspicion or the absence of2. If the carrier or other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf fails to note on the bill of lading the apparent condition of the goods, he is deemed to have noted on the bill of lading that the goods were in apparent good condition.3. Except for particulars in respect of which and to the extent to which a reservation permitted under paragraph 1 of this article has been entered:(a) the bill of lading is prima facie evidence of the taking over or, where a "shipped" bill of lading is issued, loading, by the carrier of the goods as described in the bill of lading; and(b) proof to the contrary by the carrier is not admissible if the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party, including a consignee, who in good faith has acted in reliance on the description of the goods therein.4. A bill of lading which does not, as provided in paragraph 1, subparagraph (k) of article 15, set forth the freight or otherwise indicate that freight is payable by the consignee or does not set forth demurrage incurred at the port of loading payable by the consignee, is prima facie evidence that no freight or such demurrage is payable by him. However, proof to the contrary by the carrier is not admissible when the bill of lading has been transferred to a third party, including a consignee, who in good faith has acted in reliance on the absence in the bill of lading of any such indication.Article 17Guarantees by the shipper1. The shipper is deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier the accuracy of particulars relating to the general nature of the goods, their marks, number, weight and quantity as furnished by him for insertion in the bill of lading. The shipper must indemnify the carrier against the loss resulting from inaccuracies in such particulars. The shipper remains liable even if the bill of lading has been transferred by him. The right of the carrier to such indemnity in no way limits his liability under the contract of carriage by sea to any person other than the shipper.2. Any letter of guarantee or agreement by which the shipper undertakes to indemnify the carrier against loss resulting from the issuance of the bill of lading by the carrier, or by a person acting on his behalf, without entering a reservation relating to particulars furnished by the shipper for insertion in the bill of lading, or to the apparent condition of the goods, is void and of no effect as against any third party, including a consignee, to whom the bill of lading has been transferred.3. Such letter of guarantee or agreement is valid as against the shipper unless the carrier or the person acting on his behalf, by omitting the reservation referred to in paragraph 2 of this article, intends to defraud a third party, including a consignee, who acts in reliance on the description of the goods in the bill of lading. In the latter case, if the reservation omitted relates to particulars furnished by the shipper for insertion in the bill of lading, the carrier has no right of indemnity from the shipper pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article.4. In the case of intended fraud referred to in paragraph 3 of this article the carrier is liable, without the benefit of the limitation of liability provided for in this Convention, for the loss incurred by a third party, including a consignee, because he has acted in reliance on the description of the goods in the bill of lading.Article 18Documents other than bills of ladingWhere a carrier issues a document other than a bill of lading to evidence the receipt of the goods to be carried, such a document is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract of carriage byPART VCLAIMS AND ACTIONSArticle 19Notice of loss, damage or delay1. Unless notice of loss or damage, specifying the general nature of such loss or damage, is given in writing by the consignee to the carrier not later than the working day after the day when the goods were handed over to the consignee, such handing over is prima facie evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods as described in the document of transport or, if no such document has been issued, in good condition.2. Where the loss or damage is not apparent, the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article apply correspondingly if notice in writing is not given within 15 consecutive days after the day when the goods were handed over to the consignee.3. If the state of the goods at the time they were handed over to the consignee has been the subject ofa joint survey or inspection by the parties, notice in writing need not be given of loss or damage ascertained during such survey or inspection.4. In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and the consignee must give all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods.5. No compensation shall be payable for loss resulting from delay in delivery unless a notice has been given in writing to the carrier within 60 consecutive days after the day when the goods were handed over to the consignee.6. If the goods have been delivered by an actual carrier, any notice given under this article to him shall have the same effect as if it had been given to the carrier, and any notice given to the carrier shall have effect as if given to such actual carrier.7. Unless notice of loss or damage, specifying the general nature of the loss or damage, is given in writing by the carrier or actual carrier to the shipper not later than 90 consecutive days after the occurrence of such loss or damage or after the delivery of the goods in accordance with paragraph 2 of article 4, whichever is later, the failure to give such notice is prima facie evidence that the carrier or the actual carrier has sustained no loss or damage due to the fault or neglect of the shipper, his servants or agents.8. For the purpose of this article, notice given to a person acting on the carrier''s or the actual carrier''s behalf, including the master or the officer in charge of the ship, or to a person acting on the shipper''s behalf is deemed to have been given to the carrier, to the actual carrier or to the shipper, respectively.Article 20Limitation of actions1. Any action relating to carriage of goods under this Convention is time-barred if judicial or arbitral proceedings have not been instituted within a period of two years.2. The limitation period commences on the day on which the carrier has delivered the goods or part thereof or, in cases where no goods have been delivered, on the last day on which the goods should have been delivered.3. The day on which the limitation period commences is not included in the period.4. The person against whom a claim is made may at any time during the running of the limitation period extend that period by a declaration in writing to the claimant. This period may be further。
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【法规名称】一九七八年联合国海上货物运输公约【颁布部门】【颁布时间】 1978-03-31【实施时间】 1978-03-31【效力属性】有效【正文】一九七八年联合国海上货物运输公约序言本公约各缔约国认识到需要通过协议确定关于海上货物运输若干规则。
为此目的决定缔结一个公约,协议如下:第一部分总则第一条定义在本公约内:1.“承运人”是指其本人或以其名义与托运人订立海上货物运输合同的任何人。
2.“实际承运人”是指受承运人委托执行货物运输或部分货物运输的任何人,包括受委托执行这项运输的其他任何人。
3.“托运人”是指其本人或以其名义或代其与承运人订立海上货物运输合同的任何人,或指其本人或以其名义或代其将货物实际交付给海上货物运输合同的有关的承运人的任何人。
4.“收货人”是指有权提取货物的人。
5.“货物”包括活动物,凡货物拼装在集装箱、货盘或类似的运输器具内,或者货物是包装的,这种运输器具或包装是由托运人提供的,则“货物”包括它们在内。
6.“海上运输合同”是指承运人收取运费,据以承担由海上将货物从一港运至另一港的任何合同;但是,一个既包括海上运输,又包括某些其他方式运输的合同,则仅其有关海上运输的范围,才视为本公约所指的海上运输合同。
7.“提单”是指一种用以证明海上运输合同和货物由承运人接管或装船,以及承运人据以保证交付货物的单位。
单证中关于货物应交付指定收货人或按指示交付,或交付提单持有人规定,即构成了这一保证。
8.“书面”,除其他方式外,包括电报和电传。
第二条适用范围1.本公约的各项规定适用于两个不同国家间的所有海上运输合同,如果:(a)海上运输合同所规定的装货港位于一个缔约国内,或(b)海上运输合同所规定的卸货港位于一个缔约国内,或(c)海上运输合同所规定的备选卸货港之一为实际卸货港,并且该港位于一个缔约国内,或(d)提单或证明海上运输合同的其他单证是在一个缔约国内签发的,或(e)提单或证明海上运输合同的其他单证规定,本公约各项规定或实行本公约的任何国家的立法,应约束该合同。
2.本公约各项规定的适用与船舶、承运人、实际承运人、托运人、收货人或任何其他有关人的国籍无关。
3.本公约各项规定不适用于租船合同。
但是,如果提单是依据租船合同签发的,并制约承运人和不是租船人的提单持有人之间的关系,则本公约的各项规定适用于该提单。
4.如果合同规定,货物将在一个议定的期限内分批运输,本公约的各项规定适用于每批运输。
但是,如果运输是按照租船合同进行的,则适用本条第3款的规定。
第三条对本公约的解释在解释和应用本公约的各项规定时,应注意本公约的国际性和促进统一的需要。
第二部分承运人的责任第四条责任期间1.按照本公约,承运人对货物的责任期间包括在装货港,在运输途中以及在卸货港,货物在承运人掌管的全部期间。
2.就本条第1款而言,在下述起迄期间,承运人应视为已掌管货物:(a)自承运人从以下各方接管货物时起:(Ⅰ)托运人或代其行事的人;或(Ⅱ)根据装货港适用的法律或规章,货物必须交其装运的当局或其他第三方;(b)至承运人将货物交付以下各方时止:(Ⅰ)将货物交付收货人;或(Ⅱ)遇有收货人不向承运人提货时,则依照合同或卸货港适用的法律或特定的贸易惯例,将货物置于收货人支配之下;或(Ⅲ)根据在卸货港适用的法律或规章将货物交给必须交付的当局或其他第三方。
3.在本条第1款和第2款内提到的承运人或收货人,除指承运人和收货人外,还分别指承运人或收货人的受雇人或代理人。
第五条责任基础1.除非承运人证明他本人,其受雇人或代理人为避免该事故发生及其后果已采取了一切所能合理要求的措施,否则承运人应对因货物灭失或损坏或延迟交货所造成的损失负赔偿责任,如果引起该项灭失、损坏或延迟交付的事故,如同第四条所述,是在承运人掌管货物期间发生的。
2.如果货物未能在明确议定的时间内,或虽无此项议定,但未能在考虑到实际情况对一个勤勉的承运人所能合理要求的时间内,在海上运输合同所规定的卸货港交货,即为延迟交付。
3.如果货物在本条第2款规定的交货时间期满后连续六十天内未能按第四条的要求交付,有权对货物的灭失提出索赔的人可以视为货物已经灭失。
4.(a)承运人对下列各项负赔偿责任:(Ⅰ)火灾所引起的货物的灭失、损坏或延迟交付,如果索赔人证明火灾是由承运人、其受雇人或代理人的过失或疏忽引起的;(Ⅱ)经索赔人证明由于承运人、其受雇人或代理人在采取可以合理要求的扑灭火灾和避免或减轻其后果的一切措施中的过失或疏忽所造成的货物的灭失、损坏或延迟交付。
(b)凡船上的火灾影响到货物时,如果索赔人或承运人要求,必须按照海运惯例,对火灾的起因和情况进行调查,并根据要求向承运人和索赔人提供一份调查人的报告。
5.关于活动物,承运人对此类运输固有的任何特殊风险所造成的灭失、损伤或延迟交付不负赔偿责任。
如果承运人证明他是按照托运人给他的关于动物的任何特别指示行事的,并证明根据实际情况,灭失、损坏或延迟交付可以归之于这种风险时,则应推定灭失、损伤或延迟交付就是这样引起的,除非证明灭失、损伤或延迟交付的全部或部分是由承运人、其受雇人或代理人的过失或疏6.除分滩共同海损外,承运人对因在海上采取救助人命的措施或救助财产的合理措施而造成的灭失、损坏或延迟交付不负赔偿责任。
7.如果货物的灭失、损坏或延迟交付是由承运人、其受雇人或代理人的过失或疏忽连同其他原因所引起的,承运人仅以归于他们的过失或疏忽所引起的灭失、损坏或延迟交付的范围内负赔偿责任,但承运人须证明不属于此种过失或疏忽所造成的灭失、损坏或延迟交付的数额。
第六条责任限额1.(a)按照第五条规定,承运人对货物灭失或损坏造成的损失所负的赔偿责任,以灭失或损坏的货物每件或每其他货运单位相当于835记帐单位或毛重每公斤2.5记帐单位的数额为限,两者中以较高的数额为准。
(b)按照第五条规定,承运人对延迟交付的赔偿责任,以相当于该延迟交付货物应支付运费的2.5倍的数额为限,但不得超过海上货物运输合同规定的应付运费总额。
(c)根据本款(a)和(b)项,承运人的总赔偿责任,在任何情况下都不得超过根据本款(a)项对货物全部灭失引起的赔偿责任所规定的限额。
2.按照本条第1款(a)项规定,在计算较高数额时,应遵照下列规则:(a)当使用集装箱、货盘或类似运输器具拼装货物时,如果签发了提单,在提单中列明的,或在证明海上运输合同的任何其他单证中列明的,装在这种运输器具内的件数或其他货运单位数,即视为件数或货运单位数。
除上述情况外,这种运输器具内的货物视为一个货运单位。
(b)当运输器具本身遭到灭失或损坏时,该运输器具如不属于承运人所有或提供,即视为一个单独的货运单位。
3.记帐单位是指第二十六条中所述的记帐单位。
4.承运人和托运人可以通过协议确定超过第1款规定的赔偿责任限额。
第七条对非合同索赔的适用1.本公约规定的各项抗辩和责任限额,适用于海上运输合同所涉及的货物的灭失或损坏,以及延迟交付对承运人提起的任何诉讼,不论这种诉讼是根据合同、侵权行为或其他。
2.如是这种诉讼是对承运人的受雇人或代理人提起的,而该受雇人或代理人能证明他是在受雇职务范围内行事的,则有权利用承运人根据本公约有权援引的抗辩和责任限额。
3.除第八条规定的情况外,从承运人和本条第2款所指的任何人取得赔偿金额的总数,不得超过本公约所规定的责任限额。
第八条责任限额权利的丧失1.如经证明灭失、损坏或延迟交付是由承运人有意造成这种灭失、损坏或延迟交付作出的行为或不行为,或由承运人明知可能会产生这种灭失、损坏或延迟交付而仍不顾后果作出的行为或不行为产生的,则承运人无权享受第六条所规定的责任限额的利益。
2.尽管有第七条第2款的规定,如经证明灭失、损坏或延迟交付是由该受雇人或代理人有意造成这种灭失、损坏或延迟交付作出的行为或不行为,或由该受雇人或代理人明知可能会产生这种灭失、损坏或延迟交付而仍不顾后果作出的行为或不行为产生的,则承运人的受雇人或代理人无权享受第六条所规定的责任限额的利益。
第九条舱面货1.承运人只有按照同托运人的协议或符合特定的贸易惯例,或依据法规和规章的要求,才有权在舱面上载运货物。
2.如果承运人和托运人议定,货物应该或可以在舱面上载运,承运人必须在提单或证明海上运输合同的其他单证上载列相应的说明。
如无此项说明,承运人有责任证明,曾经达成在舱面上载运的协议。
但承运人无权援引这种协议对抗包括收货人在内的诚实的持有提单的第三方。
3.如违反本条第1款的规定将货物载运在舱面上,或承运人不能按照本条第2款援引在舱面上载运的协议,尽管有第五条第1款的规定,承运人仍须对仅由于在舱面上载运而造成的货物的灭失或损坏以及延迟交付负赔偿责任,而其赔偿责任的限额,视情况分别按照本公约第六条或第八条的规定确定。
4.违反将货物装载在舱内的明文协议而将货物装载在舱面,视为第八条含义内的承运人的一种行为或不行为。
第十条承运人和实际承运人的赔偿责任1.如果将运输或部分运输委托给实际承运人执行时,不管根据海上运输合同是否有权这样做,承运人仍须按照本公约的规定对全部运输负责。
关于实际承运人所履行的运输,承运人应对实际承运人及其受雇人和代理人在他们的受雇范围内行事的行为或不行为负责。
2.本公约对承运人责任的所有规定也适用于实际承运人对其所履行的运输的责任。
如果对实际承运人的受雇人或代理人提起诉讼,应适用第七条第2款、第3款和第八条第2款的规定。
3.承运人据以承担本公约所未规定的义务或放弃本公约所赋予的权利的任何特别协议,只有在实际承运人书面明确表示同意时,才能对他发生影响。
不论实际承运人是否已经同意,承运人仍受这种特别协议所导致的义务或弃权的约束。
4.如果承运人和实际承运人都有责任,则在此责任范围内他们应负连带责任。
定的责任限额。
6.本条规定不妨碍承运人和实际承运人之间的任何追索权。
第十一条联运1.尽管有第十条第1款的规定,如海上运输合同明确规定,该合同包括的某一特定部分的运输由承运人以外的某一指定人履行,该合同也可以同时规定,承运人对这一部分运输期间货物在实际承运人掌管之下,因发生事故而造成的灭失、损坏或延迟交付不负责任。
但是,如果不能按照第二十一条第1或第2款规定在有管辖权的法院对实际承运人提起法律诉讼,则任何限制或豁免这种赔偿责任的规定均属无效。
承运人应负举证责任,证明任何灭失、损坏或延迟交付是由上述这种事故造成的。
2.按照第十条第2款的规定,实际承运人须对货物在他掌管期间因发生事故而造成的灭失、损坏或延迟交付负责。
第三部分托运人的责任第十二条一般规则托运人对承运人或实际承运人所遭受的损失或船舶所遭受的损坏不负赔偿责任,除非这种损失或损坏是由托运人、其受雇人或代理人的过失或疏忽所造成。
托运人的任何受雇人或代理人对这种损失或损坏也不负责任。