农业水利工程外文翻译
农业水利工程专业英文求职信范文
农业水利工程专业英文求职信范文Dear Hiring Manager,I am writing to express my strong interest in the agricultural water engineering position at your esteemed organization. As a passionate and dedicated professional in this field, I am confident that my skills and experiences make me a perfect fit for the role.I have recently graduated from the University of Agriculture, where I obtained a Bachelor's degree in Agricultural Water Engineering. Throughout my academic journey, I have developed a deep understanding of the principles and practices related to water management in agriculture. I am capable of designing and implementing irrigation systems, conducting research on water conservation methods, and analyzing data to optimize agricultural water usage. Additionally, I have gained hands-on experience through various internships and fieldwork, where I worked closely with farmers to understand their needs and challenges in water management.During my time at university, I had the opportunity to participate in a research project focused on improving irrigation efficiency in drought-prone areas. This experience exposed me to cutting-edge technology and innovative approaches in agricultural water engineering. I was actively involved in data collection, analysis, and presentation, and my contribution received recognition from both my peers and professors.Apart from technical skills, I possess excellent problem-solving abilities and strong communication skills. I am confident in myability to collaborate effectively with a diverse team to address complex water management issues and develop practical solutions.I am also adept at using various software tools such as AutoCAD and GIS, which enable me to design and analyze irrigation systems efficiently. Moreover, my experience in project management allows me to handle multiple tasks simultaneously while ensuring timely completion.Furthermore, I am highly motivated to contribute to sustainable agriculture and water resource management. I firmly believe that by implementing efficient irrigation systems and adopting water-saving techniques, we can mitigate the effects of climate change on agriculture and ensure food security for future generations. This passion drives me to constantly update my knowledge and skills in the field of agricultural water engineering.I am excited about the opportunity to work with a dynamic and forward-thinking organization like yours, known for its commitment to excellence and innovation in agricultural water management. I am confident that my skills and dedication align with your organization's goals and vision.Thank you for considering my application. I have attached my resume for your review. I would welcome the opportunity to discuss further how I can contribute to your organization. I believe that my passion for agricultural water engineering and my technical expertise make me a strong candidate for this position. Yours sincerely,[Your Name]Continuation:In addition to my academic and practical experience, I have also actively engaged in professional organizations and conferences related to agricultural water engineering. I am a member of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) and have attended several conferences and workshops to stay abreast of the latest developments in the field. These engagements have allowed me to network with experts and fellow professionals, enhancing my knowledge and opening doors for collaboration and future opportunities.One of my notable achievements during my studies was the development of a sustainable irrigation system for small-scale farmers in a rural community. This project involved conducting a needs assessment, designing an appropriate irrigation system, and providing training and support to farmers in implementing and maintaining the system. This experience taught me the importance of considering local context and engaging stakeholders in the design and implementation processes. The positive impact we were able to create for the community motivated me to continue working towards improving agricultural water management practices.Furthermore, I am familiar with the challenges faced by agricultural water engineering, such as increasing water scarcity due to climate change, inefficient water use, and the lack of proper infrastructure in many farming communities. I am enthusiastic about finding innovative solutions to address these challenges and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. I believe that aholistic approach, combining knowledge of irrigation systems, water management techniques, and environmental conservation, is key to achieving long-term success in this field.In my previous role as an intern at a leading agricultural water engineering consultancy, I had the opportunity to work on large-scale irrigation projects. I was responsible for conducting site visits, analyzing data, and providing recommendations for improving water efficiency and optimizing irrigation practices. This experience not only sharpened my technical skills but also honed my ability to work effectively in fast-paced and high-pressure environments.Moreover, I have a strong understanding of the regulatory framework and policies related to water management and agriculture. I am familiar with national and international guidelines on water conservation and have experience working on projects that adhere to these standards. I believe that compliance with regulations is vital to ensuring the sustainability and longevity of agricultural water systems.In conclusion, my combination of academic knowledge, practical experience, technical skills, and passion for sustainable agriculture makes me an ideal candidate for the agricultural water engineering position at your organization. I am confident in my ability to contribute to your mission of improving water management in agriculture and am eager to be part of a team that is dedicated to making a positive impact.Thank you once again for considering my application. I lookforward to the opportunity to discuss further how I can contribute to your organization's success.Yours sincerely,[Your Name]。
水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献
水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)The Three Gorges ProjectsFirst. The dam site and basic pivot disposalThe Three Gorges Projects is select to be fixed on San Dou Ping in Yichang, located in about 40 kilometers of the upper reaches of key water control project of Ge Zhou Ba which was built. River valley, district of dam site, is widen, slope, the two sidesof the bank is relatively gentlely. In the central plains have one island (island, fort of China,), possess the good phased construction water conservancy diversion condition. The foundation of pivot building is the hard and intact body of granite. Have built Yichang and gone to stride bridge that place of 4 kilometers in the about 28 -km-long special-purpose expressway of building site and dam low reaches --West Yangtze Bridge of imperial tomb. Have also built the quay of district of a batch of dams. The dam district possesses the good traffic condition.Two. Important water conservancy project buildings1. damThe dam is a concrete gravity dam, which is 2309 meters long, it’s height is 185meters , the dam is 181 meters high the most. Release floodwater dam section lie riverbed, 483 of the total length, consist of 22 form hole and 23 release floodwater in the deep hole, among them deep hole is imported 90 meters , the mouth size of hole is 7*9 meters; Form hole mouth is 8 meter wide, overflow weir is 158 meters, form hole and deep hole adopt nose bank choose, flow way go on and can disappear. Dam section lies in and releases floodwater on a section of both sides of the dam in the hydropower station, there are hydropower stations that enter water mouth. Enter water mouth baseplate height 108 meters. Pressure input water pipeline for carry person who in charge of, interior diameter 12.40, adopt the armored concrete to receive the strength structure. Make and let out flow of 102500 cubic meters per second the most largely in the dam site while checking the flood.2. power stationsThe power stations adopt the type after the dam to assign the scheme, consist of two groups of factory buildings on left, right and underground factory building altogether. Install 32 sets of hydroelectric generating set together, 14 factory buildings of left bank among them, 12 factory buildings of right bank, 6 underground factory buildings. The hydraulic turbine, in order to mix the flowing type, the specified capacity of the unit of the unit is 700,000 kilowatts.3. open up to navigation buildingThe open up to navigation buildings include permanent lock and ship lift (of the the technological public relations, the steel cable that plans to be replaced with spiral pole technology in the original plan promotes technology), lie in the left bank. Permanent lock double-line five continuous chain of locks. Single grades of floodgate room effective size for 280*34*5, can pass the 10,000 ton-class fleet. The promoting type for single track first grade vertically of the ship lift is designed, it is 120*18*3.5 meters to bear the effective size of design of railway carriage or compartment of ship, can pass a combination vessel of 3000 tons once. Total weight is 11800 tons to bear the design of railway carriage or compartment of ship when operating, it is 6000 newtons to always promote strength.Three.The major project amount and arranges in time limit The subject building of the project and major project amount of the waterconservancy diversion project are: Excavate 102,830,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, fill out and build 31,980,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, concrete builds 27,940,000 cubic meters, 463,000 tons of reinforcing bars, make and fit 32 with hydroelectric generating set. All project construction tasks were divided into three stages and finished, all time limit was 17 years. The first stage (1993-1997 year) is preparation of construction and the first stage of the project, it takes 5 years to construct, regard realizing damming in the great river as the sign. The second stage (1998-2003 year) is the second stage, it takes 6 years to construct, lock as initial conservation storage of the reservoir, the first batch of aircrews generate electricity and is open up to navigation with the permanent lock as. The third stage (2004-2009 year) is the third stage of the project, it takes 6 years to construct, regard realizing the sign all aircrews generate electricity and finish building with all of multi-purpose project as. One, two project finish as scheduled already, the third stage of the project in inside the plan to construct too, ship lift tackle key problems of not going on intensely.Four. Enormous benefit of the Three Gorges Projects The Three Gorges Projects is the greatest water control project in China ,also in the world , it is the key project in controlling and developing the Changjiang River. The normal water storage level of the Three Gorges Projects reservoir is 175 meters, installed capacity is 39,300 million cubic meters; The total length of the reservoir is more than 600 kilometers, width is 1.1 kilometers on average; The area of the reservoir is 1084 sq. km.. It has enormous comprehensive benefits such as preventing flood, generating electricity, shipping,etc..1. prevent floodPrimary goal of building the Three Gorges Projects is to prevent flood . The key water control project in Sanxia is the key project that the midstream and downstream of the Changjiang River prevent flood in the system. Regulated and stored by the reservoir of Sanxia, form the capacity of reservoir in the upper reaches as river type reservoir of 39,300 million cubic meters, can regulate storage capacity and reach 22,150 million cubic meters, can intercept the flood came above of Yichang effectively, cut down flood crest flow greatly, make Jingjiang section prevent floodstandard meet, improve from at present a about over ten years to once-in-a-hundred-year. Meet millennium first special great flood that meet, can cooperate with Jingjiang flood diversion partition application of flood storage project, the crushing calamity of preventing the occurrence of both sides of section of Jingjiang and bursting in the main dike, lighten midstream and downstream losing and flood threat to Wuhan of big flood, and can create conditions for administration of Dongting Hu district.2. generates electricityThe most direct economic benefits of the Three Gorges Projects is to generate electricity . Equilibrate the contradiction that contemporary China develops economic and serious energy shortage at a high speed, the hydroelectric resources that a clean one can be regenerated are undoubtedly optimum choices. The total installed capacity of power station of Sanxia is 18,200,000 kilowatts, annual average generation is 84,680 million kilowatt hours. It will offer the reliable, cheap, clean regenerated energy for areas such as East China, Central China and South China of economic development, energy deficiency,etc.It play a great role in economic development and environmental pollution of reducing.Electric power resource that the Three Gorges Projects offers, if given a workforce of electricity generation by thermal power, mean building 10 more thermal power plants of 1,800,000 kilowatts, excavate more 50 million tons of raw coals every year on average. Besides environment of influencing of the waste residue, it will also discharge a large number of carbon dioxide which form the global greenhouse effects every year, cause the sulfur dioxide of acid rain, poisonous gas carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. At the same time, it will also produce a large amount of floating dust, dustfall,etc… Thermal power plant and abandon dreg field extensive occupation of land seize more land from East China, Central China area that have a large population and a few land just originally this. This not only makes China bear the pressure that greater environment brings in the future, cause unfavorable influence on the global environment too.3. shippingSanxia reservoir improve Yichang go to Chongqing channel of the ChangjiangRiver of 660 kilometers notably, the 10,000 ton-class fleet can go to the harbour of Chongqing directly. The channel can rise to 50 million tons from about 10 million tons at present through ability in one-way year, transporting the cost can be reduced by 35-37%. Unless until reservoir regulate, Yichang low water flows minimum seasons downstream,whose name is can since at present 3000 cubic meters /second improve until 5000 cubic meters per above second, the shipping condition get greater improvement too to enable the Changjiang River in low water season of midstream and downstream.Five. The questions in building the Three Gorges Projects1. silt issuethe Changjiang River Yichang Duan Nian amount of sand failed 530 million tons, silt the reservoir of Sanxia up. The reservoir blocks water level is 175 meters high, installed capacity is 39,300 million m3 normally,its die water level is 145 meters, the minimum capacity of a reservoir is 17,200 million m3, storage capacity 22,100 million m3, the conservation storage regulates the capacity of reservoir 16,500 million m3. The operation scheme of the reservoir is: Limit height is 145 meters of water level, in flood season, meet flood adjust big under 56700 m3 per second, and power station smooth to let out through deep hole over 3 years, can reduce the sand of the reservoir to deposit. Great flood comes, the reservoir is adjusted bigly, still put and let out 56700 m3per second; Deposit towards the reservoir after the flood. The reservoir begins conservation storage, between about two months and normal water storage level 175 meters high in September. The water level of the storehouse is dropped to 155 meters high before the flood next year, utilize conservation storage to generate electricity. In 155 meters water level, can keep the river shipping of Sichuan. By flood season, the water level was dropped to 145 meters water level again, because the flow was large at that time, could keep the river shipping of Sichuan. This is a reservoir operation scheme of innovation.2. question that the slope comes down by the bank of reservoir areaThe question that the slope comes down is through detailed geological survey by 2 reservoir area banks, there is several to come down potentially on water bank of Kuku of Sanxia, the big one can be up to millions of m3. But closest to dam sitepotential landslide, too far on 26 kilometers, such as happen, come down, shock wave that evoke get dam disappear, reduce 2-3 meters to to be high, it is safe not to influence the dam. In addition, if the slippery wave happens in the bank of the storehouse, because the reservoir is wide and deep, will not influence shipping.3. engineering question of the pivotThe pivot of Three Gorges is 185 meters high concrete gravity dam pivots and 18,200,000kW, the project amount is large, but all regular projects after all, our country has more experience. The stability problem of some foundation can meet the safe requirement through dealing with. 700,000kW hydroelectric generating set, imported from foreign countries in the first batch, was made by oneself at home later. The more complicated one is lock of five grades of Line two, deep-cut in the rock bank, slope reaches 170 meters at the supreme side, the underpart floodgate room vertical 60 meters, high rock slope stability worries about. But the meticulous research of engineer and constructors is designed, blown up and the anchor is firm and excavating, the rock slope is steady in a long-term. There is ship lift of 3000t passenger steamer, it is the biggest in the world, in course of designing and studying, and repair the test and use the ship lift first.4.ecological environment problemThe respect useful to ecological environment of the Three Gorges Projects is: Prevent and cure downstream land and cities and towns to flood, reduce the air pollution of electricity generation by thermal power, improve some climate, the reservoir can breed fish etc.. The respect disadvantageous to ecology is: Flood more than 300,000 mu of cultivated land, ground of fruit is more than 200,000 mu, immigrants reach the highland by the storehouse, will destroy the ecological environment, the still water weakens the sewage self-purification ability, worsen water quality, influence reproduction of the wild animal,etc. in the reservoir. So is both advantageous and disadvantageous, do not hinder building the Three Gorges Projects. Should reduce being unfavorable to minimum extent, it is mainly that reservoir immigrants want to plant trees and grass, build the terraced fields, ecological environment protection, does not require the self-sufficiency of grain. Accomplish these, want making a great effort and fund. Control blowdown such as Chongqing,Fuling, Wan County, carry on sewage disposal, protect the water quality of the reservoir, protect the wild animal, set up the protection zone. Although ecological environment protection is difficult, must solve and can solve. As for the scenery of Sanxia, because the high near kilometer of rock bank, and Sanxia dam is only in fact higher than the river surface 110 meters. The scenery basically remains unchanged, the high gorge produces Pinghu, increase even more beautifully.Six. Immigrant's question in the reservoir areaThe reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line there are 24,500 hectares of cultivated land in all; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people. The task is arduous, but must find a room for good immigrants, make its life improve to some extent, help immigrants to create the working condition, live plainly and struggle hard through 20 years, grow rich. Most immigrants retreat to the highland, it is nonlocal that some immigrants get. The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line own cultivated land (suck the ground of mandarin orange) 24,500 hectares in common; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, The total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people.1.exploration and opening of the immigrants in SanxiaThe exploration of an immigrant in Sanxia and open country are in the engineering construction of Sanxia, implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, relevant people's governments organize and lead immigrants to arrange work, use immigrant's funds in a unified manner, exploit natural resources rationally, based on agriculture, the agriculture,industry and commerce combine, through many channel, many industries, multi-form, many method find a room for immigrants properly, immigrants' living standard reach or exceed originally and competently, and create the condition for long-term economic development and improvement of immigrant's living standard of reservoir area of Three Gorges. Immigrant's policy of the exploration, is a great reform of the reservoir immigrants of our country. Policy this, and reservoir area of Three Gorges immigrant put forward at the foundation of pilot project eight year in experience and lessons that immigrant work since new China set up of summarizing. At the beginning of reservoir immigrants in Sanxia, carry out exploration immigrants' principles and policies, insist the country supports, the policy is favourable, each side supports, principle of relying on one's own efforts, appeared by the government, develop local resources in a planned way, expand the capacity of placing, help, offer service of forming a complete set, wide to open up, produce the life way, make it reach " take out offing, goal that so steady as to live, can get rich progressively ". Meanwhile, the country approves reservoir area of Three Gorges as " the open economic region of Sanxia ", enjoy some special policies opening to the outside world in the coastal area, call the immigrants in Sanxia of the developed coordinated cooperation of province and city, immigrant's enterprises and relevant The factor of production has been pushed to the broader large market. The governments at all levels of reservoir area of Three Gorges have issued some development coordinated cooperation, favourable measure inviting outside investment too. Reservoir area immigrant demonstrate with open to urge, develop, in order to develop, urge benign situation that place.2. reorganization and expansion of the immigrants in SanxiaThe reorganization of immigrants in Sanxia and the expansion immigrants in Sanxia are that one involve undertaking that the society of reservoir area reconstruct,resources are recombinated, the recombinating is one of the prominent characteristics of the immigrants in Sanxia, move the fundamental difference duplicated with traditional simple compensation immigrants, former state too. Implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, must demand to combine immigrants to move, reconfigure the factor of production, thus improve the disposition efficiency of resources, form new productivity. Expand while being what is called, expansion of scale, improvement of structure even more, function strengthen improvement of quality. Look with the view of development economics and implement the course of exploration immigrants, it is the course of economic expansion of reservoir area. Exploration immigrants begin from expanding, and ending at realizing expanding, the course that the whole immigrant move and rebuild one's home is running through economic expansion, full of to the yearning that expands in the future. Certainly, in actual operation, should set out from immigrant's reality to pay attention to all, insist reason is expanded.Seven. Investment and benefit questionInvests 90,090 million yuan (1993 price) in investment and the Three Gorges Projects static behavior of benefit question, invests more than about 200 billion yuan dynamically while finishing in project. The investment source of the Three Gorges Projects is as follows, state loan, state-run hydropower station each of price of electricity raise the price 0.4-0.7 fen, power station electric rate income of Ge Zhou Ba, the electric rate income after the power station of Sanxia generates electricity wait for, the country has this financial resources to guarantee to invest in putting in place. About benefit, it is estimated it in ten years after the Three Gorges Projects is built up, total project investment principal and interest, unless including project fee and fee for immigration, can have repaid with electric rate income,it prevent flood, shipping,etc. share make the investment. And the Three Gorges Projects prevent flood, generate electricity, shipping,etc. benefit long-term, and enormous social benefit. Therefore, benefit of the Three Gorges Projects is very great, there is increase slightly to even make the investment, it is very rational too to repay service life to slightly lengthen.三峡水利枢纽工程一、坝址及基本枢纽布置三峡工程大坝坝址选定在宜昌市三斗坪，在已建成的葛洲坝水利枢纽上游约40km处。
农业水利工程专业毕业生求职信
农业水利工程专业毕业生求职信第一篇：农业水利工程专业的英文求职信hello!thank you for your busy reading in my written, please accept my wish to apply.i was the agricultural water conservancy project in xinjiang tarim university students, in september 20xx recommended to the wuhan university for specialized learning. wuhan university as a professional agricultural water conservancy projects of the graduates of 20xx. very happy, through four years of tireless efforts and hard to learn, this can be completed with outstanding achievements in school, out of college to apply their knowledge, enthusiasm to serve my country, his alma mater, and my parents.university of the growth phase of the study and the will of my temper and raise my self-cultivation. “pains, a harvest”! i wil l exert my utmost efforts to realize the value of your life. college students as the new century, i have the courage to explore, be good at innovation. make honest men of integrity and i would really pay to acquire someone else's return, i will use the efforts and wisdom to fight for my room for the community to accommodate me. in every social practice, i have to do our best to treatment and completed it, anddeveloped a tradition of hard work, strong self-confidence, the spirit of helpfulness! university in the wonderful life, i learned not only professional knowledge and to improve the overall quality and, more importantly, learned how to behave. in their efforts to learn from the expertise at the same time, i constantly update his knowledge so that their efforts to become a complex society personnel. i believe i can adapt to today's competitive environment community.thank you for your sincere concern for me, i hope your organization can give me an opportunity to look forward to receiving your reply to the letter. finally, my heartfelt wishes for the cause of your company's success!sincerely,第二篇：农业水利工程专业英文求职信dear leaders:hello!thank you for your busy reading in my written, please accept my wish to apply.i was the agricultural water conservancy project in xinjiang tarim university students, in september 20xx recommended to the wuhan university for specialized learning. wuhan university as a professional agricultural water conservancy projects of the graduates of 20xx. very happy,through four years of tireless efforts and hard to learn, this can be completed with outstanding achievements in school, out of college to apply their knowledge, enthusiasm to serve my country, his alma mater, and my parents.university of the growth phase of the study and the will of my temper and raise my self-cultivation. “pains, a harvest”! i will exert my utmost efforts to realize the value of your life. college students as the new century, i have the courage to explore, be good at innovation. make honest men of integrity and i would really pay to acquire someone else’s return, i will use the efforts and wisdom to fight for my room for the community to accommodate me. in every social practice, i have to do our best to treatment and completed it, and developed a tradition of hard work, strong self-confidence, the spirit of helpfulness! university in the wonderful life, i learned not only professional knowledge and to improve the overall quality and, more importantly, learned how to behave. in their efforts to learn from the expertise at the same time, i constantly update his knowledge so that their efforts to become a complex society personnel. i believe i can adapt to today’s competitive environment community.thank you for your sincere concern for me, i hope yourorganization can give me an opportunity to look forward to receiving your reply to the letter. finally, my heartfelt wishes for the cause of your company’s success!sincerely,salute第三篇：农业水利工程专业毕业生自荐信尊敬的领导：您好!我原是xxx大学农业水利工程专业的学生，于20xx年9月被推荐到xx大学进行专业课的学习。
水利类英文文献译文
Hand Move Irrigation SystemsSummaryThe ‘hand move’ irrigation system is a very simple pipe set which can be moved by hand. Two main factors-—positioning and moving scheme of the equipment both affect the work time. Here we develop a model to complete the irrigation of the whole field by the shortest time。
Firstly, we decide the certain number of sprinklers through the designated parameter。
Using enumerative geometry, we compare the irrigation area of the system with different number of sprinklers and work out the optimum number of sprinklers。
Secondly, we take the advantage of combinatorial geometry to decide the positioning and moving scheme of the irrigation system，in order that the model can be used to realize the irrigation task by the shortest work time.In the end we also introduce a new sprinkler with square area and compare its working efficiency with the traditional sprinkler if we use it on this field。
毕业设计论文-水利工程外文翻译—水利水电工程施工的布置方案设计
英文原文：Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering ConstructionDesign Layout[Key words] construction layout Fuzzy multiple attribute decisionmaking Water Resources and Hydropower Construction[Abstract] Analysis of affecting factors of the construction layout program characteristics that people value in identifying these indicators fuzzy constraints are difficult to give exact values, while decision-making process has been one of psychological, subjective will and the work experience and other aspects influence decision-making process and therefore there is certainly ambiguity.1, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Layout FactorsConstruction advantages and disadvantages of the general layout scheme, involving many factors, from different angles to evaluate the evaluation factors generally have two categories, qualitative factors, and quantitative factors of a class. Qualitative factors are mainly: 1. Favorable production, easy to administer, facilitate the degree of life; 2. During the construction process, the degree of co-ordination; 3. The principal impact of construction and operation; 4. Meet the security, fire, flood prevention, environmental protection requirements; 5. Temporary Works and the combination of permanent works and so on. Indicators are mainly quantitative factors;1. Site preparation earthwork quantity and cost;2. The extent of use of earth excavation;3. Temporary works of construction work quantity and cost;4. Workload and a variety of materials, transport costs;5. Size and cost of land acquisition;6. Made to the area to field, the recovery or recycling construction fees.As the construction is construction planning layout content, is that people under work experience, combined with engineering data on the occurrence of a future prediction about. Therefore, both qualitative factors, and the quantitative factors, there is uncertainty. We know that the uncertainty of two different forms; one is uncertain whether the incident occurred in 11 random, the event itself the state of uncertainty 11 ambiguity. Randomness is an external cause in general uncertain, but ambiguity is an inherent uncertainty of the structure. From the information point of view, therandomness involves only the amount of information, while the ambiguity is related to the meaning of information. We can say that ambiguity is more profound than the randomness, the uncertainty more generally, especially in the subjective understanding of areas of role ambiguity is much more important than the role of randomness. Random people for a lot of research has been carried out, achieved fruitful results; while ambiguity was ongoing and in-depth knowledge and research in the. All people involved in the system, carried out by people planning, feasibility studies, evaluation of decision-making, design and management, and therefore, can not ignore the objective world of things in the human brain, one by one to reflect the uncertainty of ambiguity, it is an objective difference intermediate division caused by the transition of a kind of uncertainty. Construction Layout Design is no exception, in the arrangement of construction there are a large number of objective fuzzy factors. For example, the construction of facilities, coordination between the levels of "good" and "general" is an accurate value can not be described. Therefore, the arrangement can not ignore or avoid the construction of the fuzziness existing in the process, but should be objective and deal with ambiguity of this objective, understand the rules for people planning, demonstration, evaluation and decision, design and management to provide a scientific basis and methods.As the construction layout of the content involved in more programs fuzzy factors exist, the traditional construction arrangement he considered the existence of ambiguity, but in decision-making process has fuzzy information precision, not a real fuzzy optimization. Therefore, the program should focus on optimization of fuzzy factors into account, the ambiguity should be reflected in the decision-making on the index, index weights. For quantitative indicators, mainly the amount and cost of the project issues, its value can be found in engineering materials and design documents to determine by calculation, the results are the values of the parameters and experience. As every engineer's understanding of things is not the same experience in a certain range of parameter changes, the results also in a certain range. For qualitative indicators, according to experts, engineering experience, through expert scoring method, set the value of statistics to determine. Such subjective factors, the knowledge structure and decision-making preferences play a major role. But in practice, due to the complexity of objective things and the people's thinking on the use of fuzzy concept, to describe with precision the number becomes very difficult, but with "some", "left"and the like get fuzzy concept to describe the more reasonable. Determine the weights of evaluation indexes, there are many mathematical ways to determine the accurate calculation. We know, for different projects, in the same factors, their importance is not the same, then the mathematical model is difficult to fully reflect the actual situation, the help of experts in engineering experience must be judged.Since the existence of the above ambiguity, avoid or ignore the ambiguity is unscientific, incomplete. Previous index value that decision-making, decision weights for programs for determining the value of the preferred method, there is bound to sidedness and limitations. As technology develops, people are increasingly demanding of precision, the object of study become more complicated, as complicated to some degree after the meaning of the precise cognitive declines and the appropriate fuzzy but accurate. Here, the introduction of fuzzy mathematical tools, the use of modern fuzzy multiple attribute decision making theory, Fuzzy multiple attribute decision making model, can exist for people to consider the ambiguity of the objective, to provide strong support for rational decision-making.2, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Design LayoutConstruction Layout as a focus of the system around the concrete layout of the temporary structures. There are 1. All kinds of storage, stockpile and Spoil; 2. Mechanical repair system; 3. Metal structure, mechanical and electrical equipment and construction equipment installed base; 4. Wind, water and electricity supply systems; 5. Other construction plant, such as steel processing, wood processing, prefabricated factory; 6. Office and living space, such as offices, laboratories, dormitories, hospitals, schools, etc.; 7. Fire safety facilities and other, such as fire stations, guard, and security cordon so. At this time, various types of temporary structures should be put forward, the construction of facilities furnished a list of partial pressure, their area, building area and volume of construction and installation; on fertilization with an estimate of land acquisition, land area and the proposed land use plan, the study to reclaiming land in the use of the measures, site preparation earthwork volume calculations, the integrated cut and fill balance of the proposed excavation of the use of effective planning.Construction of facilities in order to avoid conflict between the layouts, construction of facilities in the analysis of adjacency relations, is to analyze the relationship between the construction of facilities, strength of correlation andrelationship. Usually based on the adjacency relationship, consider the construction schedule, construction strength, facilities operation and logistics. Analysis of the size and layout of the construction of facilities present at the location of the ground between the site controlled the indicators are: 1. The scale of construction facilities layout, the main considerations to meet the construction requirements of the case, the construction of facilities, capacity and layout area. 2. Foundation bearing capacity of the construction of facilities to consider geology, slope stability and so on. 3. Hydrological requirements and construction guide closure of the case, consider the different construction periods, flood, water table, water level changes in the construction site layout planning of construction restrictions and impact. 4. The height difference logistics constraints, considering logistics and vertical elevation gradient lines, logistics of import and export. 5. Construction of the distance between these facilities and restrictions, mainly refers to the construction of facilities necessary for running the minimum operating radius, the minimum limit transportation question, minimum import and export logistics, construction and facilities, the safety distance between. 6. Construction site area of internal and external traffic conditions, construction equipment, consider the minimum safe height and width of the transport, building materials inside the transport requirements.To be concrete system facilities arranged in a prominent position, so that interference by the other facilities as small as possible, the need for construction of facilities at this time analysis of the relationship between the adjacent, as many facilities for Hydropower Construction, different facilities have a clear focus on functionality, such as depots, gas stations, etc., if not for the neighbor relations analysis, because the construction of facilities for the inter-functional conflict, construction and project management to bring incalculable damage and safety hazards buried.References:[1] Lu Yu Mei editor of the Three Gorges Dam Construction [M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2003[2] Wei-Jun Zhu, Zhang Xiaojun and so the overall layout design of the Three Gorges Project Construction [J]. The people of the Yangtze River, 2001.32 (10) :4-5.译文：水利水电工程施工的布置方案设计[关键词]施工布置模糊多属性决策水利水电施工[论文摘要]分析施工布置方案的影响因素特点，指出人们在确定这些指标值时受到模糊性因素的限制很难给出精确值，同时决策过程还受到人们心理、主观意愿和工作经验等多方面的影响，因而决策过程也必然存在模糊性。
农田水利一般术语(2021整理)
1一般术语1.1农田水利.1农田水利irrigation and drainage为防治干旱、渍、涝和盐碱灾害，对农田实施灌溉、排水等人工措施的总称。
.2灌溉irrigation按照作物生长的需要，利用水利工程设施将水送到田间，以补充农田水分的人工措施。
.3农田排水farmland drainage将农田中过多的地面水、土壤水和地下水排除，改善土壤的水、肥、气、热关系，以利于作物生长的人工措施。
.4机电排灌pumping drainage and irrigation利用水泵抽水对农田进行排水或灌溉的措施。
.5农田水利根本建设capital construction of farmland water conservancy；capital construction of irrigation and drainage为建设旱涝保收、高产稳产根本农田所采取的工程技术措施。
.6旱涝碱综合治理comprehensive harness of drought，waterlogging，salinization and alkalization为防治旱、涝、渍、碱等灾害，改善农业生态环境所采取的水利、农业、林业、生物和化学等综合措施。
.7小流域综合治理comprehensive harness of small basin为保持小流域的水土，减轻自然灾害，改善农业生态环境，合理开发和保护水、土资源而采取的工程和生物等措施。
.8水利土壤环境soil environment and water conservancy project施行水利措施，使农业土壤性状发生变化的现象。
.9农业水利区划zoning of agricultural water conservancy为合理开发利用区域水土资源，按照各地区的自然条件、农业生产条件及水利条件划分不同区域进行综合开发治理的规划工作。
.10开荒水利irrigation and drainage of uncultivated land reclamation在开发荒地资源中，为改善荒地土壤水分状况和生态环境而采取的水利工程措施和水管理工作。
毕业设计书(农业水利专业)
华北水利水电学院毕业设计任务书设计题目：纸坊灌区灌排工程规划设计专业：农业水利工程班级：农水2007014姓名：王珮指导教师：刘增进设计期限：2011年2月21日开始2011年5月23日结束农业水利教研室2011年2月一、毕业设计的目的我国是一个水资源贫乏的国家，人均占有量仅为世界人均占有量的1/4，列世界第109位，现已被列为世界上13个严重贫水国家之一。
农业作为用水大户，我国在农业水资源利用中，一方面资源短缺，另一方面，水资源浪费现象又十分严重。
加上工业用水和城市生活用水随着经济的发展和人口的增长不断挤占农业用水，灌溉水资源供需矛盾将日益严重。
因此，通过工程手段和管理手段解决农业水资源紧缺问题更显得尤为重要。
发展节水灌溉与己成为现代节水型农业的一项紧要任务，是解决水资源危机的有效途径，是当今建设节水型社会的重要组成部分。
加快节水灌溉科技知识的传播与普及，培养和造就一大批高素质的节水灌溉研究与管理人才是高校的重要任务之一。
毕业设计是学生在校学习期间的最后一个教学环节，目的在于使学生初步学会综合运用所学的基础理论，技术基础和专业知识去解决社会实际问题，也是培养学生从学校走向社会，适应社会技术工作的重要一步。
本次毕业设计要求学生在教师指导下独立完成规定的设计任务。
二、设计要求本次毕业设计要求学生在教师指导下独立完成规定的设计任务，学生在设计中应养成所使用和列出的数据都有依据的习惯（如根据参考文献、手册、计算和绘图等）；文字说明应力求通顺、确切、扼要和清楚；图表要整洁，能表达设计意图，并能运用AUTOCAD软件绘图。
本灌区为平原灌区，渠系布置和灌排系统较为复杂，渠系建筑物也较多，学生在设计时认真对待，以锻炼和提高自已在这方面的能力。
具体要求如下：1、设计之前应写出开题报告，文献阅读应在10篇以上，文献综述引用应在5篇以上；2、应有2000汉字的本专业外文文献翻译；3、设计计算要求方法先进、依据可靠、数据正确、结果可靠，提供部分或全部计算机计算结果的毕业设计计算说明书；4、设计图纸应布置合理，符合GB标准，图纸数量折合2张A0号图纸以上，提供计算机绘图图纸；5、设计说明书要求文字工整、语言通顺、条理清楚、格式规范、内容完整（含封面、目录、中英文摘要（400字）、序言、设计内容、存在问题和需要改进的工作、结论、参考文献、附录等）；6、严禁抄袭（包括本年级向往届学生成果抄袭）；7、设计说明书要求总字数在10000字以上。
农水及水土保持英语词汇
农水及水土保持常用词汇翻译农田水利farm农田排水 farm drainage水利工程(学) hydraulic engineering; hydraulic work水利（工程） water conservancy; water conservation水利技术 hydrotechnics水利电力部 Ministry of Water Conservancy and Electric Power水利设施 water conservancy facilities; water resource facilities水利枢纽 hydro-junction体制 regime; system体制因素 institutional factor经济评价 economic evaluation; economic evaluation流域 catchment; drainage area; river basin; valley catchment area; valley; watershed 流域长度 basin length流域等级 basin order流域范围 basin perimeter流域分界线 drainage divide流域高宽比 relief ratio流域规划 plans for river basins流域环境 valley environment流域间面积 interbasin area流域盆地 drainage basin流域形状 basin shape流域滞留 basin lag流域治理 valley harnessing流域周长 basin perimeter土壤侵蚀 soil erosion遥感 rapid reconnaissance; remote sense; remote sensing遥感成像 remotely-sensed image遥感技术 remote sensing technique遥感技术在农业的应用 remote sensing applications in agriculture遥感空气监测 telemetered air monitoring遥感器 remote sensor遥感数据 remote sensing data遥感图像 remote sensing image遥感温度表 telethermometer遥感系统 remote sensing system遥感线 remote sensing line遥感信息 remote-sensing information遥感学 remote sensing遥感仪 remote sensing instrument动态分析 dynamic analysis植被 plant cover; vegetative cover; vegetation cover; vegetation植被百分数 percentage of vegetation植被层 vegetable layer; vegetation stratum植被带 zone of vegetation植被单位 nodum植被单元 vegetation unit植被的连续 vegetation continuum植被地理学 vegetation plant geography; vegetational plant geography植被防护层 protective cover of vegetation植被覆盖密度 density of cover植被管理 vegetation management植被海岸 vegetation coast植被和生态系统制图 vegetation and econsystem mapping; vegetation and ecosystem mapping植被恢复 revegetation植被类型 vegetation form植被类型图 vegetation chart植被连续群概念 vegetation continuum concept植被连续群指数 vegetation continuum index植被剖面图 vegetation profile植被强度 vegetation cover strength植被切碎机 vegetation disintegrator植被圈 circle of vegetation植被群落 vegetational type植被图 vegetation map植被弯曲强度 vegetation bending strength植被系统 vegetation system植被箱 vegetation tank植被型 cover type; vegetation form; type of vegetation植被亚系统 vegetation subsystem植被再生 regeneration of vegetation植被种类 vegetation type植被重建 revegetation植被阻滞 vegetal retardance。
水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献
水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)The Three Gorges ProjectsFirst. The dam site and basic pivot disposalThe Three Gorges Projects is select to be fixed on San Dou Ping in Yichang, located in about 40 kilometers of the upper reaches of key water control project of Ge Zhou Ba which was built. River valley, district of dam site, is widen, slope, the two sidesof the bank is relatively gentlely. In the central plains have one island (island, fort of China,), possess the good phased construction water conservancy diversion condition. The foundation of pivot building is the hard and intact body of granite. Have built Yichang and gone to stride bridge that place of 4 kilometers in the about 28 -km-long special-purpose expressway of building site and dam low reaches --West Yangtze Bridge of imperial tomb. Have also built the quay of district of a batch of dams. The dam district possesses the good traffic condition.Two. Important water conservancy project buildings1. damThe dam is a concrete gravity dam, which is 2309 meters long, it’s height is 185meters , the dam is 181 meters high the most. Release floodwater dam section lie riverbed, 483 of the total length, consist of 22 form hole and 23 release floodwater in the deep hole, among them deep hole is imported 90 meters , the mouth size of hole is 7*9 meters; Form hole mouth is 8 meter wide, overflow weir is 158 meters, form hole and deep hole adopt nose bank choose, flow way go on and can disappear. Dam section lies in and releases floodwater on a section of both sides of the dam in the hydropower station, there are hydropower stations that enter water mouth. Enter water mouth baseplate height 108 meters. Pressure input water pipeline for carry person who in charge of, interior diameter 12.40, adopt the armored concrete to receive the strength structure. Make and let out flow of 102500 cubic meters per second the most largely in the dam site while checking the flood.2. power stationsThe power stations adopt the type after the dam to assign the scheme, consist of two groups of factory buildings on left, right and underground factory building altogether. Install 32 sets of hydroelectric generating set together, 14 factory buildings of left bank among them, 12 factory buildings of right bank, 6 underground factory buildings. The hydraulic turbine, in order to mix the flowing type, the specified capacity of the unit of the unit is 700,000 kilowatts.3. open up to navigation buildingThe open up to navigation buildings include permanent lock and ship lift (of the the technological public relations, the steel cable that plans to be replaced with spiral pole technology in the original plan promotes technology), lie in the left bank. Permanent lock double-line five continuous chain of locks. Single grades of floodgate room effective size for 280*34*5, can pass the 10,000 ton-class fleet. The promoting type for single track first grade vertically of the ship lift is designed, it is 120*18*3.5 meters to bear the effective size of design of railway carriage or compartment of ship, can pass a combination vessel of 3000 tons once. Total weight is 11800 tons to bear the design of railway carriage or compartment of ship when operating, it is 6000 newtons to always promote strength.Three.The major project amount and arranges in time limit The subject building of the project and major project amount of the waterconservancy diversion project are: Excavate 102,830,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, fill out and build 31,980,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, concrete builds 27,940,000 cubic meters, 463,000 tons of reinforcing bars, make and fit 32 with hydroelectric generating set. All project construction tasks were divided into three stages and finished, all time limit was 17 years. The first stage (1993-1997 year) is preparation of construction and the first stage of the project, it takes 5 years to construct, regard realizing damming in the great river as the sign. The second stage (1998-2003 year) is the second stage, it takes 6 years to construct, lock as initial conservation storage of the reservoir, the first batch of aircrews generate electricity and is open up to navigation with the permanent lock as. The third stage (2004-2009 year) is the third stage of the project, it takes 6 years to construct, regard realizing the sign all aircrews generate electricity and finish building with all of multi-purpose project as. One, two project finish as scheduled already, the third stage of the project in inside the plan to construct too, ship lift tackle key problems of not going on intensely.Four. Enormous benefit of the Three Gorges Projects The Three Gorges Projects is the greatest water control project in China ,also in the world , it is the key project in controlling and developing the Changjiang River. The normal water storage level of the Three Gorges Projects reservoir is 175 meters, installed capacity is 39,300 million cubic meters; The total length of the reservoir is more than 600 kilometers, width is 1.1 kilometers on average; The area of the reservoir is 1084 sq. km.. It has enormous comprehensive benefits such as preventing flood, generating electricity, shipping,etc..1. prevent floodPrimary goal of building the Three Gorges Projects is to prevent flood . The key water control project in Sanxia is the key project that the midstream and downstream of the Changjiang River prevent flood in the system. Regulated and stored by the reservoir of Sanxia, form the capacity of reservoir in the upper reaches as river type reservoir of 39,300 million cubic meters, can regulate storage capacity and reach 22,150 million cubic meters, can intercept the flood came above of Yichang effectively, cut down flood crest flow greatly, make Jingjiang section prevent floodstandard meet, improve from at present a about over ten years to once-in-a-hundred-year. Meet millennium first special great flood that meet, can cooperate with Jingjiang flood diversion partition application of flood storage project, the crushing calamity of preventing the occurrence of both sides of section of Jingjiang and bursting in the main dike, lighten midstream and downstream losing and flood threat to Wuhan of big flood, and can create conditions for administration of Dongting Hu district.2. generates electricityThe most direct economic benefits of the Three Gorges Projects is to generate electricity . Equilibrate the contradiction that contemporary China develops economic and serious energy shortage at a high speed, the hydroelectric resources that a clean one can be regenerated are undoubtedly optimum choices. The total installed capacity of power station of Sanxia is 18,200,000 kilowatts, annual average generation is 84,680 million kilowatt hours. It will offer the reliable, cheap, clean regenerated energy for areas such as East China, Central China and South China of economic development, energy deficiency,etc.It play a great role in economic development and environmental pollution of reducing.Electric power resource that the Three Gorges Projects offers, if given a workforce of electricity generation by thermal power, mean building 10 more thermal power plants of 1,800,000 kilowatts, excavate more 50 million tons of raw coals every year on average. Besides environment of influencing of the waste residue, it will also discharge a large number of carbon dioxide which form the global greenhouse effects every year, cause the sulfur dioxide of acid rain, poisonous gas carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. At the same time, it will also produce a large amount of floating dust, dustfall,etc… Thermal power plant and abandon dreg field extensive occupation of land seize more land from East China, Central China area that have a large population and a few land just originally this. This not only makes China bear the pressure that greater environment brings in the future, cause unfavorable influence on the global environment too.3. shippingSanxia reservoir improve Yichang go to Chongqing channel of the ChangjiangRiver of 660 kilometers notably, the 10,000 ton-class fleet can go to the harbour of Chongqing directly. The channel can rise to 50 million tons from about 10 million tons at present through ability in one-way year, transporting the cost can be reduced by 35-37%. Unless until reservoir regulate, Yichang low water flows minimum seasons downstream,whose name is can since at present 3000 cubic meters /second improve until 5000 cubic meters per above second, the shipping condition get greater improvement too to enable the Changjiang River in low water season of midstream and downstream.Five. The questions in building the Three Gorges Projects1. silt issuethe Changjiang River Yichang Duan Nian amount of sand failed 530 million tons, silt the reservoir of Sanxia up. The reservoir blocks water level is 175 meters high, installed capacity is 39,300 million m3 normally,its die water level is 145 meters, the minimum capacity of a reservoir is 17,200 million m3, storage capacity 22,100 million m3, the conservation storage regulates the capacity of reservoir 16,500 million m3. The operation scheme of the reservoir is: Limit height is 145 meters of water level, in flood season, meet flood adjust big under 56700 m3 per second, and power station smooth to let out through deep hole over 3 years, can reduce the sand of the reservoir to deposit. Great flood comes, the reservoir is adjusted bigly, still put and let out 56700 m3per second; Deposit towards the reservoir after the flood. The reservoir begins conservation storage, between about two months and normal water storage level 175 meters high in September. The water level of the storehouse is dropped to 155 meters high before the flood next year, utilize conservation storage to generate electricity. In 155 meters water level, can keep the river shipping of Sichuan. By flood season, the water level was dropped to 145 meters water level again, because the flow was large at that time, could keep the river shipping of Sichuan. This is a reservoir operation scheme of innovation.2. question that the slope comes down by the bank of reservoir areaThe question that the slope comes down is through detailed geological survey by 2 reservoir area banks, there is several to come down potentially on water bank of Kuku of Sanxia, the big one can be up to millions of m3. But closest to dam sitepotential landslide, too far on 26 kilometers, such as happen, come down, shock wave that evoke get dam disappear, reduce 2-3 meters to to be high, it is safe not to influence the dam. In addition, if the slippery wave happens in the bank of the storehouse, because the reservoir is wide and deep, will not influence shipping.3. engineering question of the pivotThe pivot of Three Gorges is 185 meters high concrete gravity dam pivots and 18,200,000kW, the project amount is large, but all regular projects after all, our country has more experience. The stability problem of some foundation can meet the safe requirement through dealing with. 700,000kW hydroelectric generating set, imported from foreign countries in the first batch, was made by oneself at home later. The more complicated one is lock of five grades of Line two, deep-cut in the rock bank, slope reaches 170 meters at the supreme side, the underpart floodgate room vertical 60 meters, high rock slope stability worries about. But the meticulous research of engineer and constructors is designed, blown up and the anchor is firm and excavating, the rock slope is steady in a long-term. There is ship lift of 3000t passenger steamer, it is the biggest in the world, in course of designing and studying, and repair the test and use the ship lift first.4.ecological environment problemThe respect useful to ecological environment of the Three Gorges Projects is: Prevent and cure downstream land and cities and towns to flood, reduce the air pollution of electricity generation by thermal power, improve some climate, the reservoir can breed fish etc.. The respect disadvantageous to ecology is: Flood more than 300,000 mu of cultivated land, ground of fruit is more than 200,000 mu, immigrants reach the highland by the storehouse, will destroy the ecological environment, the still water weakens the sewage self-purification ability, worsen water quality, influence reproduction of the wild animal,etc. in the reservoir. So is both advantageous and disadvantageous, do not hinder building the Three Gorges Projects. Should reduce being unfavorable to minimum extent, it is mainly that reservoir immigrants want to plant trees and grass, build the terraced fields, ecological environment protection, does not require the self-sufficiency of grain. Accomplish these, want making a great effort and fund. Control blowdown such as Chongqing,Fuling, Wan County, carry on sewage disposal, protect the water quality of the reservoir, protect the wild animal, set up the protection zone. Although ecological environment protection is difficult, must solve and can solve. As for the scenery of Sanxia, because the high near kilometer of rock bank, and Sanxia dam is only in fact higher than the river surface 110 meters. The scenery basically remains unchanged, the high gorge produces Pinghu, increase even more beautifully.Six. Immigrant's question in the reservoir areaThe reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line there are 24,500 hectares of cultivated land in all; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people. The task is arduous, but must find a room for good immigrants, make its life improve to some extent, help immigrants to create the working condition, live plainly and struggle hard through 20 years, grow rich. Most immigrants retreat to the highland, it is nonlocal that some immigrants get. The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line own cultivated land (suck the ground of mandarin orange) 24,500 hectares in common; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, The total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people.1.exploration and opening of the immigrants in SanxiaThe exploration of an immigrant in Sanxia and open country are in the engineering construction of Sanxia, implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, relevant people's governments organize and lead immigrants to arrange work, use immigrant's funds in a unified manner, exploit natural resources rationally, based on agriculture, the agriculture,industry and commerce combine, through many channel, many industries, multi-form, many method find a room for immigrants properly, immigrants' living standard reach or exceed originally and competently, and create the condition for long-term economic development and improvement of immigrant's living standard of reservoir area of Three Gorges. Immigrant's policy of the exploration, is a great reform of the reservoir immigrants of our country. Policy this, and reservoir area of Three Gorges immigrant put forward at the foundation of pilot project eight year in experience and lessons that immigrant work since new China set up of summarizing. At the beginning of reservoir immigrants in Sanxia, carry out exploration immigrants' principles and policies, insist the country supports, the policy is favourable, each side supports, principle of relying on one's own efforts, appeared by the government, develop local resources in a planned way, expand the capacity of placing, help, offer service of forming a complete set, wide to open up, produce the life way, make it reach " take out offing, goal that so steady as to live, can get rich progressively ". Meanwhile, the country approves reservoir area of Three Gorges as " the open economic region of Sanxia ", enjoy some special policies opening to the outside world in the coastal area, call the immigrants in Sanxia of the developed coordinated cooperation of province and city, immigrant's enterprises and relevant The factor of production has been pushed to the broader large market. The governments at all levels of reservoir area of Three Gorges have issued some development coordinated cooperation, favourable measure inviting outside investment too. Reservoir area immigrant demonstrate with open to urge, develop, in order to develop, urge benign situation that place.2. reorganization and expansion of the immigrants in SanxiaThe reorganization of immigrants in Sanxia and the expansion immigrants in Sanxia are that one involve undertaking that the society of reservoir area reconstruct,resources are recombinated, the recombinating is one of the prominent characteristics of the immigrants in Sanxia, move the fundamental difference duplicated with traditional simple compensation immigrants, former state too. Implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, must demand to combine immigrants to move, reconfigure the factor of production, thus improve the disposition efficiency of resources, form new productivity. Expand while being what is called, expansion of scale, improvement of structure even more, function strengthen improvement of quality. Look with the view of development economics and implement the course of exploration immigrants, it is the course of economic expansion of reservoir area. Exploration immigrants begin from expanding, and ending at realizing expanding, the course that the whole immigrant move and rebuild one's home is running through economic expansion, full of to the yearning that expands in the future. Certainly, in actual operation, should set out from immigrant's reality to pay attention to all, insist reason is expanded.Seven. Investment and benefit questionInvests 90,090 million yuan (1993 price) in investment and the Three Gorges Projects static behavior of benefit question, invests more than about 200 billion yuan dynamically while finishing in project. The investment source of the Three Gorges Projects is as follows, state loan, state-run hydropower station each of price of electricity raise the price 0.4-0.7 fen, power station electric rate income of Ge Zhou Ba, the electric rate income after the power station of Sanxia generates electricity wait for, the country has this financial resources to guarantee to invest in putting in place. About benefit, it is estimated it in ten years after the Three Gorges Projects is built up, total project investment principal and interest, unless including project fee and fee for immigration, can have repaid with electric rate income,it prevent flood, shipping,etc. share make the investment. And the Three Gorges Projects prevent flood, generate electricity, shipping,etc. benefit long-term, and enormous social benefit. Therefore, benefit of the Three Gorges Projects is very great, there is increase slightly to even make the investment, it is very rational too to repay service life to slightly lengthen.三峡水利枢纽工程一、坝址及基本枢纽布置三峡工程大坝坝址选定在宜昌市三斗坪，在已建成的葛洲坝水利枢纽上游约40km处。
水利水电工程专业外文翻译、英汉互译、中英对照
水利水电工程专业外文翻译、英汉互译、中英对照毕业设计,论文，外文翻译题目姚家河水电站溢流坝及消能工优化设计专业水利水电工程使用CFD模型分析规模和粗糙度对反弧泄洪洞的影响12 作者 Dae Geun Kimand Jae Hyun Park摘要在这项研究中，利用CFD模型、FLOW-3D模型详细调查流量特性如流量、水面、反弧溢洪道上的峰值压力，并考虑到模型规模和表面粗糙度对速度和压力的垂直分布特征的影响，因此，在领域中被广泛验证和使用。
由于表面粗糙度数值的误差是微不足道的，对于流量，水面平稳，波峰压力影响较小。
但是我们只是使用长度比例小于100或200在可接受的误差范围的建筑材料一般粗糙度高度和规模效应的模型，最大速度在垂直的坐标堰发生更严重的粗糙度和规模效应。
原型的速度比缩尺比模型的更大，但现却相反1的。
在任何一节的最大速度略有降低或者表面粗糙度和长度的比例增加。
最大速度出现在上游水头的增加几乎呈线性增加溢洪道前的距离和位置较低的垂直位置位上。
关键词:FLOW-3D，反弧溢洪道，粗糙度效应，规模效应1.简介工程师在大多数情况下都选着设计建造具有过流高效、安全地反弧溢洪道，并且它在使用过程中具有良好的测量能力。
反弧溢洪道的形状是从较高顶堰的直线段流到半径R的网弧形段，在反弧附近的大气压力超过设计水头。
在低于设计水头时波峰阻力减少。
在高水头的时候，顶堰的大气压较高产生负压使水流变得更缓。
虽然这是关于一般反弧从上游流量条件下的变化、修改的波峰形状或改变航的形状和其流动特性的理解，但是道由于局部几何性质等的标准设计参数的偏差都会改变的水流的流动性，影响的分析结果。
物理模型被广泛的用来确定溢洪道非常重要的大坝安全。
物理模型的缺点是成本高，它可能需要相当长的时间得到的结果。
此外，由于规模效应的误差的严重程度增加原型模型的大小比例。
因此在指导以正确的模型细节时，计算成本相对较低物理建模、数值模拟，即使它不能被用于为最终确定的设计也是非常宝贵的资料。
外文翻译--节水灌溉
外文翻译--节水灌溉河北农业大学本科毕业（设计）论文外文文献翻译学院：城乡建设学院专业班级：农业水利工程0901班学号： ************* 学生姓名：**指导教师姓名：高惠嫣指导教师职称：讲师二零一三年三月Water-saving irrigation1. Existing water-saving irrigation methodsIrrigation methods, field water distribution method is how to have been sent to the farms, the irrigation water is evenly distributed to the active layer of the crop root. Irrigation water is the means by which to enter the active layer of roots, irrigation methods can be divided into surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation and underground irrigation.1.1 surface irrigationSurface irrigation is an ancient traditional irrigation method, in general, it is as compare whether water-saving basis points. Surface irrigation technology are constantly develop and constantly improve, so there are many more water-efficient than traditional surface irrigation technology.1.1.1 new furrow irrigation toolsTraditional furrow irrigation with artificial opening from the distribution channel water into the furrow, it is neither accurate and inconvenient, and often cause the field of water loss due to water port leakage countries have already adopted the siphon (for open channel water ) or gate hole pipe (aqueduct) drainage, China has done a number of tests, proven to improve field water utilization rate of 5% to 10%.1.1.2 surge irrigationModern foreign developed wave Chung (groove) border irrigation or intermittent ditch (furrow) irrigation, traffic control into the ditch (furrow) is intermittent water and then put a period of time (a few minutes or tens of minutes) to field stop the water for some time (a few minutes or tens of minutes), and so forth, so that you can make along the ditch (furrow) the length direction of the water distribution is more uniform. Fields of water utilization up to 80% to 90%.Film hole irrigation (also known as the film hole irrigation)Gully, made on the film of water flow in the membrane, crops grow hole to penetrate the land, so that irrigation efficiency is high, generally water-saving 25% to 35%, an increase of 15% to 20%, they do not specifically facilities.1.2 IrrigationSprinkler to spray through the air, due to the pressure of the commonly used pressure aqueduct. In general, its obvious advantages irrigation uniformity, less of farmland, save manpower, strong adaptability to the terrain. The main disadvantage is influenced by wind, high investment in equipment. More in our country are the following: fixed pipe sprinkler, the semi-mobile pipeline sprinkler irrigation, a rolling shift sprinkler manifold, when the needle irrigation machine, a large pan spray irrigation machine, grain irrigation machinein microirrigators units and so on.1.3 drip irrigationIrrigation water with a small plastic tube directly sent to the the Meike crop roots near thewater drip out slowly by drippers, a sophisticated irrigation methods, only need water to irrigation can truly only irrigation crop Instead of filling the land. And can be a long timein the crop root zone moisture in the optimal state, so to save water and increase production. But its biggest drawback is the Dripper out flow orifice is small, the flow rate is low, so serious congestion problems. Irrigation water must be carefully filtering and processing. At present, China has only noticed to prevent physical clogging equally serious clogging the biological and chemical clogging problem has not been taken seriously enough. The main way of drip irrigation: fixed-ground drip irrigation, semi-fixed-ground drip irrigation. Membrane under irrigation, drip irrigation and other underground.1.4micro-sprinkler irrigationSome places called mist irrigation, and drip irrigation similar too easy just to overcome the Dripper disadvantage of clogging the drippers to micro sprinklers, micro-sprinkler flow orifice large, large number of traffic flow rate faster Unlike drippers so easy to plug, but the traffic has increased, capillary accordingly should bold some 1 to 2 micro sprinklers installed in every crop or tree usually can meet the needs of irrigation. Micro nozzle still clogged filtration problems, and therefore should be given adequate attention, the cost per hectare is similar to fixed-drip irrigation. Gradually replaced by drip irrigation micro sprinkler irrigation in a foreign country. Especially suitable for irrigated orchards.1.5 subsurface irrigationSimilar to the subsurface irrigation and underground drip, just the Dripper all buried in the underground seepage head instead, the seepage head of water Unlike drippers as drop by drop outflow, but slowly seepage, such seepage head is not easy soil particles and root blockage. Recently introduced in a foreign country using waste tires processed into porous percolation pipe, and the pilot of a small area, but the clogging of the micropores seepage pipe is a serious problem, without the test to test for a long time should not be hastily promotion.1.6underground irrigationThe underground irrigation irrigation is a method to control the water table. To irrigation groundwater table elevation to the water can enter the height of the root activity layers, the ground remains dry, so very provincial water, no irrigation, groundwater levels drop down. The limitations of this approach, only the root activity layers impermeable layer Caixing. 2. Select the factors that affect water-saving irrigation methods2.1 weather conditionsChina from the southeast coast to the inland northwest, generally divided into sub-humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid and arid regions, With dryness incremental, the dependence of crop irrigation is incremented accordingly. Humid regions for many years the average annual rainfall is greater than the cultivation of dry crops in the field water consumption, water resources total more than just a lack of precipitation in the dry season and drought years, supplemental irrigation is required; semi-humid areas average annual rainfall is basically in line with planting drought crop water demand, but due to the unevendistribution of precipitation, dry years and dry season water shortages more; semi-arid areas average annual rainfall can not meet the crop water requirements, if there is no irrigation, agricultural production is very unstable, such areas such as irrigation, wasteland farming, the destruction of natural vegetation, can easily cause desertification; rainfall is scarce in arid regions, irrigation agriculture, water scarcity of such areas, river runoff from the alpine rain and snow melt water, industry and agriculture not only depend on the development and survival of the natural vegetation along the river channel near river water for irrigation, and therefore reference, must take into account the natural ecological water.2.2 the topography and hydrogeological conditionsTopography and hydrogeological conditions affecting the natural distribution of rainwater, will also affect the pattern of water-saving irrigation. Ground on steep mountain hilly area prone to soil erosion and drought, water-saving irrigation to adopt comprehensive measures. Cultivation technology and terracing, field ridges through agricultural consumption, reduce the sloping soil erosion and soil evaporation; gullies on the construction of embankments, or in suitable locations for the construction of water cellars, storing runoff solve drinking water and a small area irrigation water; repair reservoirs in the gullies and tributaries, centralized control runoff diversion project isolated tangba communication, formation of "Chodo Jiegua-irrigation systems, improve rain water utilization and irrigation water to ensure rate.2.3 the use of surface water resources conditionsPlain areas and open mountain basin, water conditions were better, but different parts have significant differences. Piedmont sloping plain terrain slope, coarse sediment, runoff smooth, rich groundwater recharge, water quality, is conducive to the development and utilization. Slowing the central plains terrain slope sediments thinning increased level surface several times due to river flood diversion, post depression to staggered, affect runoff excretion increased groundwater salinity under arid climatic conditions, soil there will be varying degrees of salinization phenomenon. The plains lower part of the lakeside and coastal area, low and flat, the soil is heavy clay, surface and underground runoff, poor drainage, arid climatic conditions, high salinity of groundwater development and utilization of difficulties, serious soil salinization. This region in the river downstream, dry season, the rivers and the rainy season is threatened by the flood, so building large and medium-sized irrigation and well irrigation area in the plains area, due to the different parts of which the landforms, water conditions and accompanying drought waterlogging, salinity and other disasters also vary from place to place.2.4 specific plantingFruit trees, irrigation quota vary according to the type of fruit trees, varieties and rootstock characteristics, age size. Drought-tolerant tree species, such as jujube, chestnut and rootstock species with lower water requirements the irrigation quota can be as small; poor drought tolerance of species, such as grapes, apples, pears, irrigation quota should belarger. The saplings should be less irrigation, the results of fruit trees can be more than irrigation. Saudi orchards should small water more than irrigation. Saline land orchard irrigation should be noted that the groundwater level, in order to prevent the return of salt, returned to base. Generally into one of the most suitable age fruit trees irrigation, soil moisture completely wet fruit tree roots within appropriate. Under the conditions of use of water-saving irrigation methods, irrigation to reach a depth of 0.4-0.5 meters, plenty of water up to 0.8-1.0 meters.To mature vine irrigation, mainly in the grape growing infancy, before and after flowering, berry enlargement period and grapes after harvest period, the general irrigation 5-7 times.节水灌溉一．现有的节水灌溉方法灌水方法即田间配水方法，就是如何将已送到田头的灌溉水均匀地分布到作物根系活动层中去。
农田水利
感谢观看
简要介绍
水利设施农田水利（irrigation and drainage）以农业增产为目的的水利工程措施，即通过兴建和运用各 种水利工程措施，调节、改善农田水分状况和地区水利条件，提高抵御天灾的能力，促进生态环境的良性循环， 使之有利于农作物的生产。
农田水利的原理与实践，防治灌溉土地盐碱化、沼泽化和水土流失，研究水利土壤环境的改善，以及咸水、 废污水的改造与利用等技术措施。农田水利与农业发展有密切的关系，农业生产的成败在很大程度上决定于农田 水利事业的兴衰。
汉语词源
农田水利一词始见于北宋熙宁二年(1069)颁布的水利法规《农田水利约束》。《史记·河渠书》中已有水利 一词，当时主要指农田水利。灌溉一词起源亦早，《庄子·逍遥游》有“时雨降矣,而犹浸灌”,《史记·河渠书》 有郑国渠“溉泽卤之地四万余顷”的记载。在《汉书·沟洫志》中，溉、溉灌与灌溉三词并用，同指灌溉农田， 灌溉一词沿用至今。排水的排字意为排泄。《孟子·滕文公上》有“决汝、汉，排淮、泗”；《汉书·沟洫志》 有“排水泽而居之”等语。
常用术语
1、农田水利 irrigation and drainage 为防治干旱、渍、涝和盐碱灾害，对农田实施灌溉、排水等人工措施的总称。 2、灌溉 irrigation 按照作物生长的需要，利用水利工程设施将水送到田间，以补充农田水分的人工措施。 3 农田排水 farmland drainage 将农田中过多的地面水、土壤水和地下水排除，改善土壤的水、肥、气、热关系，以利于作物生长的人工措 施。 4 机电排灌
农田水利
水利工程措施
01 简要介绍
03 历史沿革 05 常用术语
目录
02 汉语词源 04 基本内容
发展灌溉排水，调节地区水情，改善农田水分状况，防治旱、涝、盐、碱灾害，以促进农业稳产高产的综合 性科学技术。农田水利在国外一般称为灌溉和排水。农田水利涉及水力学、土木工程学、农学、土壤学，以及水 文、气象、水文地质及农业经济等学科。其任务是通过工程技术措施对农业水资源进行拦蓄、调控、分配和使用， 并结合农业技术措施进行改土培肥，扩大土地利用，以达到农业高产稳产的目的。
水利专业中外语对比翻译2
河北工程大学中外文翻译中外语对比翻译学院水电学院专业农业水利工程班级农水1001姓名徐伟学号100270133importance of waterWater is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth’s surface.Oxygen,the most abundant chemical element,is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of89percent in water.Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land.The Polar Regions(原文polar regions)are overlaid with vast quantities of ice,and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from0.1percent to2percent by weight.It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of50,000tons.All life on earth depends upon water,the principal ingredient of living cells.The use of water by man,plants,and animals is universal.Without it there can be no life.Every living thing requires water.Man can go nearly two months without food,but can live only three or four days without water.In our homes,whether in the city or in the country,water is essential for cleanliness and health.The average American family uses from65,000to75,000gallons of water per year for various household purposes.Water can be considered as the principal raw material and the lowest cost raw material from which most of our farm produces is made.It is essential for the growth of crops and animals and is a very important factor in the production of milk and eggs.Animals and poultry, if constantly supplied with running water,will produce more meat,more milk,and more eggs per pound of food and per hour of labor.For example,apples are87%water.The trees on which they grow must have watered many times the weight of the fruit.Potatoes are75%water.To grow an acre of potatoes tons of water is required.Fish are80%water.They not only consume water but also must have large volumes of water in which to k is88%water.To produce one quart of milk a cow requires from3.5to5.5quarts of water.Beef is77%water.To produce a pound of beef an animal must drink many times that much water.If there is a shortage of water,there will be a decline in farm production,just as a shortage of steel will cause a decrease in the production of automobiles.In addition to the direct use of water in our homes and on the farm,there are many indirectways in which water affects our lives.In manufacturing,generation of electric power, transportation,recreation,and in many other ways,water plays a very important role.Our use of water is increasing rapidly with our growing population.Already there are acute shortages of both surface and underground waters in many locations.Careless pollution and contamination of our streams,lakes,and underground sources has greatly impaired the quality of the water which we do have available.It is therefore of utmost importance for our future that good conservation and sanitary measures be practiced by everyone.In nature,water is constantly changing from one state to another.The heat of the sun evaporates water from land and water surfaces,this water vapor(a gas),being lighter than air, rises until it reaches the cold upper air where it condenses into clouds.Clouds drift around according to the direction of the wind until they strike a colder atmosphere.At this point the water further condenses and falls to the earth as rain,sleet,or snow,thus completing the hydrologic cycle.The complete hydrologic cycle,however,is much more complex.The atmosphere gains water vapor by evaporation not only from the oceans but also from lakes,rivers,and other water bodies,and from moist ground surfaces.Water vapor is also gained by sublimation from snowfields and by transpiration from vegetation and trees.Water precipitation may follow various routes.Much of the precipitation from the atmosphere falls directly on the oceans.Of the water that does fall over land areas,some is caught by vegetation or evaporates before reaching the ground,some is locked up in snowfields or ice-fields for periods ranging from a season to many thousands of years,and some is retarded by storage in reservoirs,in the ground,in chemical compounds,and in vegetation and animal life.The water that falls on land areas may return immediately to the sea as runoff in streams and rivers or when snow melts in warmer seasons.When the water does not run off immediately it percolates into the soil.Some of this groundwater is taken up by the roots of vegetation and some of it flows through the subsoil into rivers,lakes,and oceans.Because water is absolutely necessary for sustaining life and is of great importance in industry men have tried in many ways to control the hydrologic cycle to their own advantage. An obvious example is the storage of water behind dams in reservoirs,in climates where there are excesses and deficits of precipitation(with respect to water needs)at different times in the year.Another method is the attempt to increase or decrease natural precipitation by injecting particles of dry ice or silver iodide into clouds.This kind of weather modification has had limited success thus far,but many meteorologists believe that a significant control ofprecipitation can be achieved in the future.Other attempts to influence the hydrologic cycle include the contour plowing of sloping farmlands to slow down runoff and permit more water to percolate into the ground,the construction of dikes to prevent floods and so on.The reuse of water before it returns to the sea is another common practice.Various water supply systems that obtain their water from rivers may recycle it several times(with purification)before it finally reaches the rivers mouth.Men also attempt to predict the effects of events in the course of the hydrologic cycle.Thus, the meteorologist forecasts the amount and intensity of precipitation in a watershed,and the hydrologist forecasts the volume of runoff.The first hydraulic project has been lost in the mists of prehistory.Perhaps some prehistoric man found that pile of rocks across a stream would raise the water level sufficiently to overflow the land that was the source of his wild food plants and water them during a drought. Whatever the early history of hydraulics,abundant evidence exists to show that the builders understood little hydrology.Early Greek and Roman writings indicated that these people could accept the oceans as the ultimate source of all water but could not visualize precipitation equaling or exceeding stream-flow.Typical of the ideas of the time was a view that seawater moved underground to the base of the mountains.There a natural still desalted water,and the vapor rose through conduits to the mountain tops,where it condensed and escaped at the source springs of the streams.Marcus Vitruvius Pollio(ca.100B.C.)seems to have been one of the first to recognize the role of precipitation as we accept it today.Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)was the next to suggest a modern view of the hydrologic cycle,but it remained for Pierre Perrault(1608-1680)to compare measured rainfall with the estimated flow of the Seine River to show that the stream-flow was about one-sixth of the precipitation.The English astronomer Halley(1656-1742)measured evaporation from a small pan and estimated evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea from these data.As late as1921, however,some people still questioned the concept of the hydrologic cycle.Precipitation was measured in India as early as the fourth century B.C.,but satisfactory methods for measuring stream-flow were a much later development.Frontinus,water commissioner of Rome in A.D.97,based estimates of flow on cross-sectional area alone without regard to velocity.In the United States,organized measurement of precipitation started under the Surgeon General of the Army in1819,was transferred to the Signal Corps in1870, and finally,in1891,to a newly organized U.S.Weather Bureau,renamed the National Weather Service in1970.Scattered stream-flow measurements were made on the Mississippi River as early as1848,but a systematic program was not started until1888,when the U.S.GeologicalSurvey undertook this work.It is not surprising,therefore,that little quantitative work in hydrology was done before the early years of the twentieth century,when men such as Hortan, Mead,and Sherman began to explore the field.The great expansion of activity in flood control, irrigation,soil conservation,and related fields which began about1930gave the first real impetus to organized research in hydrology,as need for more precise design data became evident.Most of today’s concepts of hydrology date from1930.Hydrology is used in engineering mainly in connection with the design and operation of hydraulic structures.What flood flows can be expected at a spillway or highway culvert or in a city drainage system?What reservoir capacity is required to assure adequate water for irrigation or municipal water supply during droughts?What effects will reservoirs,levees,and other control works exert on flood flows in a stream?These are typical of questions the hydrologist is expected to answer.Large organization such as federal and state water agencies can maintain staffs of hydrologic specialists to analyze their problems,but smaller offices often have insufficient hydrologic work for full-time specialists.Hence,many civil engineers are called upon for occasional hydrologic studies.It is probable that these civil engineers deal with a larger number of projects and greater annual dollar volume than the specialists do.In any event,it seems that knowledge of the fundamentals of hydrology is an essential part of the civil engineer’s training.Hydrology deals with many topics.The subject matter as presented in this book can be broadly classified into two phases:data collection and methods of analysis.Chapter2to6deals with the basic data of hydrology.Adequate basic data are essential to any science,and hydrology is no exception.In fact,the complex features of the natural processes involved in hydrologic phenomena make it difficult to treat many hydrologic processes by rigorous deductive reasoning.One can not always start with a basic physical law and from this determine the hydrologic result to be expected.Rather,it is necessary to start with a mass of observed facts, analyze these facts,and from this analysis to establish the systematic pattern that governs these events.Thus,without adequate historical data for the particular problem area,the hydrologist is in a difficult position.Most countries have one or more government agencies with responsibility for data collection.It is important that the student learn how these data are collected and published,the limitations on their accuracy,and the proper methods of interpretation and adjustment.Typical hydrologic problems involve estimates of extremes not observed in a small data sample,hydrologic characteristic at locations where no data have been collected(such locations are much more numerous than sites with data),or estimates of the effects of man’s actions onthe hydrologic characteristics of an area.Generally,each hydrologic problem is unique in that it deals with a distinct set of physical conditions within a specific river basin.Hence,quantitative conclusions of one analysis are often not directly transferable to another problem.However,the general solution for most problems can be developed from application of a few relatively basic concepts.Of all the earth’s water97%is found in the oceans,2%in glaciers and only1%on land.Of this1%almost all(97%)is found beneath the surface and called sub-surface or underground water.Most of this water eventually finds its way back to the sea either by underground movement or by rising into surface streams and lakes.These vast underground water deposits provide much needed moisture for dry areas and irrigated districts.Underground water acts in similar ways to surface water,also performing geomorphic work as an agent of gradation.Even though man has been aware of sub-surface water since earliest times,its nature, occurrence,movement and geomorphic significance have remained obscure.Recently,however, some answers have been found to the perplexing questions about underground water’s relationship to the hydrological cycle.Since the days of Vitruvius at the time of Christ,many theories have been presented to explain the large volume of water underneath the earth’s surface.One theory was that only the sea could provide such large quantities,the water moving underground from coastal areas. Vitruvius was the first to recognize that precipitation provided the main source of sub-surface water,although his explanations of the mechanics involved were not very scientific.His theory,now firmly established,is termed the infiltration theory,and states that underground water is the result of water seeping downwards from the surface,either directly from precipitation or indirectly from streams and lakes.This form of water is termed meteoric.A very small proportion of the total volume of sub-surface water is derived from other sources. Connate water is that which is trapped in sedimentary beds during their time of formation. Juvenile water is water added to the crust by diastrophic causes at a considerable depth,an example being volcanic water.During precipitation water infiltrates into the ground,under the influence of gravity,this water travels downwards through the minute pore spaces between the soil particles until it reaches a layer of impervious bedrock,through which it cannot penetrate.The excess moisture draining downwards then fills up all the pore spaces between the soil particles,displacing the soil air.During times of excessive rainfall such saturated soil may be found throughout the soil profile,while during period of drought it may be non-existent.Normally the upper limit ofsaturated soil,termed the water table,is a meter or so below the surface,the height depending on soil characteristics and rainfall supply.According to the degree of water-occupied pore space,sub-surface moisture is divided into two zones:the zone of aeration and zone of saturation,as illustrated in Fig4.1.This area extends from the surface down to the upper level of saturation-the water table. With respect to the occurrence and the circulation of the water contained in it,this zone can be further divided into three belts:the soil water belt,the intermediate belt and the capillary fringe (Fig.4.1)Assuming that the soil is dry,initial rainfall allows water to infiltrate,the amount of infiltration depending on the soil structure.Soils composed mainly of large particles,with large pore spaces between each particle,normally experience a more rapid rate of infiltration than do soils composed of minute particles.No matter what the soil is composed of some water is held on the soil particles as a surface film by molecular attraction,resisting gravitational movement downwards.The water held in this manner is referred to as hygroscopic water.Even though it is not affected by gravity,it can be evaporated,though not normally taken up by plants.This belt occurs during dry periods when the water table is at considerable depth below the surface.It is similar to the soil water belt in that the water is held on the soil particles by molecular attraction,but differs in that the films of moisture are not available for transpiration or for evaporation back to the atmosphere.In humid areas,with a fairly reliable rainfall,this belt may be non-existent or very shallow.Through it,gravitational or vadose water drips downwards to the zone of saturation.Immediately above the water table is a very shallow zone of water which has been drawn upwards from the ground-water reservoir below by capillary force.The depth of this zone depends entirely on soil texture,soils with minute pore spaces being able to attract more water from below than soils with large pore spaces.In the latter types of soil the molecular forces are not able to span the gaps between soil particles.Thus,sandy soils seldom exhibit an extensive capillary fringe,merging from soil water through to the zone of saturation.The zone of saturation is the area of soil and rock whose pore spaces are completely filled with water,and which is entirely devoid of soil air.This zone is technically termed ground water even though the term broadly includes water in the zone of aeration.The upper limit of the zone of saturation is the water table or phreatic surface.It is difficult to know how deep the ground-water zone extends.Although most ground water is found in the upper3km of the crust, pore spaces capable of water retention extend to a depth of16km.this appears to be the upper limit of the zone of rock flowage where pressures are so great that they close any interstitialspaces.The upper level of the saturated zone can be completely plotted by digging wells at various places.Studies suggest two quite interesting points(Fig.4.2).1)The water table level is highest under the highest parts of the surface,and lowest under the lowest parts of the surface.Hills and mountains have a higher level phreatic surface than valleys and lakes.The reason for this is that water continually percolating through the zone of aeration lifts the water table,while seepage from the ground-water zone into creeks and lakes lowers the level.2)The depth of the water table below the land surface is greatest in upland areas where the water moves quite freely downhill under gravity.Close to streams,lakes and swamps the water table is close to,if not at the surface,as water from the higher areas builds it up.What causes flooding?The basic cause is excessive runoff from catchment s into river systems incapable of carrying this extra volume.Can science and technology prevent flooding or,at least,reduce its severity?Unfortunately,this is a complex problem to which as yet there is no very satisfactory solution.Let us consider first the reduction of runoff from catchment areas.Some regions have soils which have low absorbing capacity.In a heavy rainstorm such soil is quickly saturated and all additional rainfall then runs off into the river.A seasonal variable is the moisture status of the soil at the commencement of a rainstorm.If the soil is already moist,a relatively minor storm could still cause heavy runoff because the soil is incapable of retaining additional moisture. These factors are not easily influenced by man.However,man’s utilization of the catchment area can have an important influence on rge scale cleaning of trees and scrub greatly reduces the capacity of the soil to retain water.It also tends to cause soil erosion which aggravates flooding by chocking rivers and streams with deposited silt.Correct management of catchment areas is therefore one important approach to the problem of flood control.More direct approach which is used in an emergency is the construction of levee s.when rising floodwaters threaten a township the citizens form work-parties to build barricade s of sandbags along the river bank,hoping that those barricades will hold back the flood waters until the emergency passes.It may be wandered why levees are not usually built as permanent structures to which the town is protected at all times.The reason is that levees are an unsatisfactory solution to the problem.If a levees collapses,the floodwaters escape as a sudden deluge with increased capacity for destruction.Levees as they divert the floodwater from one area frequently create or aggravate problems in another.They can be a cause of enmity between communities for this reason.Anther approach is the construction of dams so that floodwaters can be retained in a reservoir until the crisis is over,slow release of the water during the succeeding weeks or months would then be bined purpose irrigation and flood control dams would seem to be a logical solution.Unfortunately,a reservoir which is to be used for irrigation needs to be kept nearly full in winter,while one which is to be used for flood control needs to be kept empty,so that it is available as a water store when needed.This conflict of operating requirements means that combined purpose dams are rarely feasible.Separate dams would be required for flood control and their very high cost makes this an impractical solution.The next approach to the problem is that of improving the capacity of the river to carry larger volumes of water without overflowing its banks.A number of measures are available,some simple,some complex.They all have widespread effects on the river so any of these measures should be used as part of a comprehensive plan.Work of this kind is known as“river improvement”or“river management”.One simple,but important step is to ensure that the water course of a river is kept free of obstruction s.These frequently consist of dead trees which have fallen into the river,where they remain to impede the flow of water.They are called“snags”and the removal work“snagging”. Many of the trees that line Australian River banks are hardwoods,which are too heavy to float so they remain where they fall.Furthermore,hardwoods are very durable;large red gum logs have been known to survive over a hundred years under water.Another method of increasing the capacity of the river is to remove choking plant growth. Early settlers introduced willow trees to many of our river banks,partly for shade,partly to recall old England and hopefully to reduce the erosion of the river banks.Unfortunately,these trees are difficult to control and willow infestation is now quite commonly a problem. Protection of the banks of a river from erosion by the stream of water is another measure.Rivers which follow a meandering,or winding course tend to erode their banks along the outer curves. This can mean a loss of valuable soil from the eroded bank area and is also a cause of local flooding.Means of protecting banks from erosion have been devised.The simplest device used for this purpose is that of anchored or tied tree trunks along the eroded bank.The trunks protect the bank and encourage the deposition of silt on the bank so that it is gradually built up.Water,one of man’s most precious resources,is generally taken for granted until its use is threatened by reduced availability or quality.Water pollution is produced primarily by the activities of man,specifically his mismanagement of water resources.The pollutants are any chemical,physical,or biological substances that affect the natural condition of water or itsintended use.Because water pollution threatens the availability,quality and usefulness of water, it is of worldwide critical concern.The increase in the number and variety of uses for water throughout the world has produced a wide range of standards of water quality that must be satisfied.These demands include:①preservation of rivers in their natural state;②potability of the water supply;③preservation and enhancement of fish and wildlife;④safety for agricultural use;⑤safety for recreational use including swimming;⑥accommodation to a great variety of industrial purpose;⑦freedom from nuisance;⑧generation of power for public utilities;⑨dilution and transport of wastes.Besides the specific chemical,biological,and physical requirements for the multitude of uses noted above,there are constraints reflecting public health requirements, aesthetics,economics,and short and long-term ecological impacts.Consequently,there is no rigid or specific definition of water pollution,since the intended use or uses of the water must be taken into consideration in any definition of what constitutes polluted water.One method of classifying the gaseous,liquid and solid constituents of water that constitute pollution depends on the intended use of the water.The pollutants are then grouped as not permissible,as undesirable and objectionable,as permissible but not necessarily desirable, or as desirable.For example,if water is to be used immediately for animal consumption,toxic compounds are not desirable,whereas a certain amount of oxygen is not objectionable.On the other hand,if the water is to be used in a power plant for steam generation,toxic materials might be allowable or even perhaps desirable,whereas oxygen that could possibly corrode equipment would be objectionable.Another method of classifying pollutants that enter water as a result of man’s domestic, industrial or other activities is to distinguish between conservative and non-conservative pollutants.Conservative pollutants are those that are not altered by the biological processes occurring in natural waters.These pollutants are for the most part inorganic chemicals,which are diluted in receiving water but are not appreciably changed in total quantity.Industrial wastes contain numerous such pollutants,including metallic salts and other toxic,corrosive,colored, and taste-producing materials.Domestic pollution and return flow from irrigation may contain numerous such pollutants,including chlorides and nitrates.Non-conservative pollutants,on the other hand,are changed in form of reduced in quantity by chemical and physical processes involved in biological phenomena occurring in water.The most common source of non-conservative pollutants is domestic sewage－highly putrescible organic waste that can be converted into inorganic materials such as bicarbonates,sulfates,and phosphates by the bacteria and other microorganism in the water.If the water is not too heavily laden with wastes,it will undergo“self-purification”.This process involves the action of aerobic bacteria,that is,bacteria that require free oxygen to break down wastes,and it produces no offensive odors.If,however,the water is laden with wastes beyond a certain amount,the process of biological degradation becomes anaerobic.That is,it proceeds by the action of bacteria that do not require free oxygen.In the process,noxious hydrogen sulphide gas,methane,and other gases are produced.The aerobic and anaerobic processes that occur naturally in streams are used in sewage treatment plants and are,in fact,major elements in sewage treatment.The problem of water pollution has been and is almost worldwide.Planning can be defined as the orderly consideration of a project from the original statement of purpose through the evaluation of alternative s to the final decision on a course of action.It includes all the work associated with the design of a project except the detailed engineering of the structures.It is the basis for the decision to proceed with(or to abandon)a proposed project and is the most important aspect of the engineering for the project.Because each water-development project is unique in its physical and economic setting,it is impossible to describe a simple process that will inevitably lead to the best decision.There is no substitute for“engineering judgment”in the selection of the method of approach to project planning,but each individual step toward the final decision should be supported by quantitative analysis rather than estimates or judgment whenever possible.One often hears the phrase“river-basin planning”,but the planning phase is no less important in the case of the smallest project.The planning for an entire river basin involves a much more complex planning effort than the single project,but the difficulties in arriving at the correct decision may be just as great for the individual project.The term“planning”carries another connotation which is different from the meaning described above.This is the concept of the regional master plan which attempts to define the most desirable future growth pattern for an area.If the master plan is in reality the most desirable pattern of development,then future growth should be guided toward this pattern. Unfortunately,the concept of“most desirable”is subjective,and it is difficult to assure that any master plan meets this high standard when first developed.Subsequent changes in technology, economic development,and public attitude often make a master plan obsolete in a relatively short time.Any plan is based on assumptions regarding the future,and if these assumptions are not realized the plan must be revised.Plan generally must be revised periodically.An overall regional water-management plan,developed with care and closely coordinated with other regional plans,may be a useful tool in determining which of many possible actions。
外文翻译--水利水电工程施工
英文原文：Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering ConstructionDesign Layout[Key words] construction layout Fuzzy multiple attribute decisionmaking Water Resources and Hydropower Construction[Abstract] Analysis of affecting factors of the construction layout program characteristics that people value in identifying these indicators fuzzy constraints are difficult to give exact values, while decision-making process has been one of psychological, subjective will and the work experience and other aspects influence decision-making process and therefore there is certainly ambiguity.1, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Layout FactorsConstruction advantages and disadvantages of the general layout scheme, involving many factors, from different angles to evaluate the evaluation factors generally have two categories, qualitative factors, and quantitative factors of a class. Qualitative factors are mainly: 1. Favorable production, easy to administer, facilitate the degree of life; 2. During the construction process, the degree of co-ordination; 3. The principal impact of construction and operation; 4. Meet the security, fire, flood prevention, environmental protection requirements; 5. Temporary Works and the combination of permanent works and so on. Indicators are mainly quantitative factors;1. Site preparation earthwork quantity and cost;2. The extent of use of earth excavation;3. Temporary works of construction work quantity and cost;4. Workload and a variety of materials, transport costs;5. Size and cost of land acquisition;6. Made to the area to field, the recovery or recycling construction fees.As the construction is construction planning layout content, is that people under work experience, combined with engineering data on the occurrence of a future prediction about. Therefore, both qualitative factors, and the quantitative factors, there is uncertainty. We know that the uncertainty of two different forms; one is uncertain whether the incident occurred in 11 random, the event itself the state of uncertainty 11 ambiguity. Randomness is an external cause in general uncertain, but ambiguity is an inherent uncertainty of the structure. From the information point of view, therandomness involves only the amount of information, while the ambiguity is related to the meaning of information. We can say that ambiguity is more profound than the randomness, the uncertainty more generally, especially in the subjective understanding of areas of role ambiguity is much more important than the role of randomness. Random people for a lot of research has been carried out, achieved fruitful results; while ambiguity was ongoing and in-depth knowledge and research in the. All people involved in the system, carried out by people planning, feasibility studies, evaluation of decision-making, design and management, and therefore, can not ignore the objective world of things in the human brain, one by one to reflect the uncertainty of ambiguity, it is an objective difference intermediate division caused by the transition of a kind of uncertainty. Construction Layout Design is no exception, in the arrangement of construction there are a large number of objective fuzzy factors. For example, the construction of facilities, coordination between the levels of "good" and "general" is an accurate value can not be described. Therefore, the arrangement can not ignore or avoid the construction of the fuzziness existing in the process, but should be objective and deal with ambiguity of this objective, understand the rules for people planning, demonstration, evaluation and decision, design and management to provide a scientific basis and methods.As the construction layout of the content involved in more programs fuzzy factors exist, the traditional construction arrangement he considered the existence of ambiguity, but in decision-making process has fuzzy information precision, not a real fuzzy optimization. Therefore, the program should focus on optimization of fuzzy factors into account, the ambiguity should be reflected in the decision-making on the index, index weights. For quantitative indicators, mainly the amount and cost of the project issues, its value can be found in engineering materials and design documents to determine by calculation, the results are the values of the parameters and experience. As every engineer's understanding of things is not the same experience in a certain range of parameter changes, the results also in a certain range. For qualitative indicators, according to experts, engineering experience, through expert scoring method, set the value of statistics to determine. Such subjective factors, the knowledge structure and decision-making preferences play a major role. But in practice, due to the complexity of objective things and the people's thinking on the use of fuzzy concept, to describe with precision the number becomes very difficult, but with "some", "left"and the like get fuzzy concept to describe the more reasonable. Determine the weights of evaluation indexes, there are many mathematical ways to determine the accurate calculation. We know, for different projects, in the same factors, their importance is not the same, then the mathematical model is difficult to fully reflect the actual situation, the help of experts in engineering experience must be judged.Since the existence of the above ambiguity, avoid or ignore the ambiguity is unscientific, incomplete. Previous index value that decision-making, decision weights for programs for determining the value of the preferred method, there is bound to sidedness and limitations. As technology develops, people are increasingly demanding of precision, the object of study become more complicated, as complicated to some degree after the meaning of the precise cognitive declines and the appropriate fuzzy but accurate. Here, the introduction of fuzzy mathematical tools, the use of modern fuzzy multiple attribute decision making theory, Fuzzy multiple attribute decision making model, can exist for people to consider the ambiguity of the objective, to provide strong support for rational decision-making.2, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Design LayoutConstruction Layout as a focus of the system around the concrete layout of the temporary structures. There are 1. All kinds of storage, stockpile and Spoil; 2. Mechanical repair system; 3. Metal structure, mechanical and electrical equipment and construction equipment installed base; 4. Wind, water and electricity supply systems; 5. Other construction plant, such as steel processing, wood processing, prefabricated factory; 6. Office and living space, such as offices, laboratories, dormitories, hospitals, schools, etc.; 7. Fire safety facilities and other, such as fire stations, guard, and security cordon so. At this time, various types of temporary structures should be put forward, the construction of facilities furnished a list of partial pressure, their area, building area and volume of construction and installation; on fertilization with an estimate of land acquisition, land area and the proposed land use plan, the study to reclaiming land in the use of the measures, site preparation earthwork volume calculations, the integrated cut and fill balance of the proposed excavation of the use of effective planning.Construction of facilities in order to avoid conflict between the layouts, construction of facilities in the analysis of adjacency relations, is to analyze the relationship between the construction of facilities, strength of correlation andrelationship. Usually based on the adjacency relationship, consider the construction schedule, construction strength, facilities operation and logistics. Analysis of the size and layout of the construction of facilities present at the location of the ground between the site controlled the indicators are: 1. The scale of construction facilities layout, the main considerations to meet the construction requirements of the case, the construction of facilities, capacity and layout area. 2. Foundation bearing capacity of the construction of facilities to consider geology, slope stability and so on. 3. Hydrological requirements and construction guide closure of the case, consider the different construction periods, flood, water table, water level changes in the construction site layout planning of construction restrictions and impact. 4. The height difference logistics constraints, considering logistics and vertical elevation gradient lines, logistics of import and export. 5. Construction of the distance between these facilities and restrictions, mainly refers to the construction of facilities necessary for running the minimum operating radius, the minimum limit transportation question, minimum import and export logistics, construction and facilities, the safety distance between. 6. Construction site area of internal and external traffic conditions, construction equipment, consider the minimum safe height and width of the transport, building materials inside the transport requirements.To be concrete system facilities arranged in a prominent position, so that interference by the other facilities as small as possible, the need for construction of facilities at this time analysis of the relationship between the adjacent, as many facilities for Hydropower Construction, different facilities have a clear focus on functionality, such as depots, gas stations, etc., if not for the neighbor relations analysis, because the construction of facilities for the inter-functional conflict, construction and project management to bring incalculable damage and safety hazards buried.References:[1] Lu Yu Mei editor of the Three Gorges Dam Construction [M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2003[2] Wei-Jun Zhu, Zhang Xiaojun and so the overall layout design of the Three Gorges Project Construction [J]. The people of the Yangtze River, 2001.32 (10) :4-5.译文：水利水电工程施工的布置方案设计[关键词]施工布置模糊多属性决策水利水电施工[论文摘要]分析施工布置方案的影响因素特点，指出人们在确定这些指标值时受到模糊性因素的限制很难给出精确值，同时决策过程还受到人们心理、主观意愿和工作经验等多方面的影响，因而决策过程也必然存在模糊性。
水利外文翻译原文 (2)
J. Water Resource and Protection, 2010, 2, 972-978doi:10.4236/jwarp.2010.211115 Published Online November 2010 (/journal/jwarp)Research on the Contents and Indexes of ReservoirOperational SecurityJingchun Feng, Zhongnan DuanBusiness School, Hohai University, Nanjing ChinaE-mail: dzn198688@Received September 26, 2010; revised November 7, 2010; accepted November 8, 2010AbstractReservoirs play an important role in the development of economy and society, as well as the maintenance of ecological balance. The reservoir operational security can make every function of reservoirs fully played. This paper makes a systematic analysis on the meaning of reservoir operational security and builds up a framework system of it from the perspective of organization and system. On this3 basis, the paper researches the contents and indexes of reservoir operational security from the microscopic, intermediate and macro-scopic aspects. The results of this paper provide a foundation for further research on reservoir operational security management.Keywords:Reservoir Operational Security, Security Content, Security Index, Framework System1. IntroductionAt present there are numerous reservoirs in our country, and they play an important role in the construction of national economy. But it is not ideal in terms of the con-dition of the security of reservoir operation [1-5]. It is necessary to research the security of reservoir operation to guarantee the reservoir comprehensive benefits can be exerted adequately. Consult present related research re-sults we find that the majority scholars only limit re-garding research of the reservoir security to some con-stituents of the reservoir, or they research the question which exists to the reservoir operational guidance di-rectly. In a word they can’t consider the reservoir opera-tional security problem from the overall situation angle, but only emphasis some aspects of reservoir operation one-sidedly [1-5]. In this paper, the content of the secu-rity of reservoir operation has been analyzed from the viewpoint of system with the purpose of proposing the content of reservoir operational security from the deep level, constructing a comprehensive, concrete concept system of reservoir operational security.2. The Content of the Reservoir Operational SecurityThe reservoir operational security is referred to the res-ervoir is at one condition that the project, the personnel and so are not to be dangerous in reservoir operational process, and each interior constituent of the reservoir system can be complete, ordered, stable and can develop with external system harmoniously, sustainably.There are three aspects of the reservoir operational security content, respectively the microscopic, the inter-mediate and the macroscopic. The microscopic is re-ferred to the security of reservoir system including the security of project entity and ancillary facilities and the efficiency of reservoir operational management. The intermediate is referred to the reservoir operation can meet the need of the economy and society development including the display of reservoir economic efficiency as well as safeguard to personal and property security of downstream people. The macroscopic is referred to the security of reservoir operation is established on the basis that the reservoir can coexist with the ecosystem harmo-niously. The content of reservoir operational security is shown in Figure 1.3. The Microscopic Aspect of Reservoir Operation Security3.1. The Security of Project EntityAs an engineering system, the reservoir security should be considered with systematic view. The most essential requirement of the reservoir security is that each projectJ. C. FENG ET AL .973Figure 1. the content of Reservoir operational security.entity of the reservoir system is in safe [6]. The security of project entity is referred to various engineering struc-tures as well as the constructions achieve the construc-tion standard and the quality requirement of the con-struction specifications and the design requirements, and the other requirement is that project maintenance is good and the project can run normally without hidden danger.3.1.1. The Contents of the Project Entity Security 1) The quality of the reservoir entity meet the require-ments. Its quality is reliable and meets the lowest national and industry standard for reservoir operation. Quality standards for dam include no cracks, abnormal deforma-tion, leakage and other quality problems. The other qual-ity standard is that the construction of the project entity follow a reasonable course of the construction procedure, use the highly effective construction technique, form the perfect project archive file.2) The appraisal of project entity security is rigorous. The appraisal of influencing factors of the reservoir pro-ject entity security must be rigorous, because this is di-rect relation to our definition of whether reservoir can run safely. By no means all quality flaws or management faults can create the ruinous attack to the reservoir secu-rity directly. The security problem we must pay attention to is that may cause an irreversible harm to reservoir, whereas the small problems which can be corrected promptly and has little influence on the reservoir security don’t belong to the scope we study.3) Dynamic characteristic of the project entity security.Reservoir operation can be influenced by many factors easily, so its security status is changing constantly. For a reservoir, it requires not only the current security but also the sustained security in long future. And the reservoir needs to have one kind of function that it can momentar-ily make the adjustment and maintain the safe condition along with the change of each kind of factor.3.1.2. The Indexes of the Project Entity Security1) Integrity of project entity. As a complex system, the reservoir is composed of many project entities with dif-ferent function. Whether reservoir can exist safely and its operation benefit can display efficiently is first decided by the integrity of category and quantity of project entity. In the actual operation process, the integrity of reservoir project entity must manifest the integrity of the function. 2) Stability of project entity. Stability of project entity is referred to various project entities can maintain con-tinually in safe and steady in the operation process. As influenced by extraneous factor in the daily time, the condition of various project entities of reservoir changes unceasingly, therefore the whole security of reservoir is decided by stability of various project entities. We should establish perfect security monitor and inspection system, and monitor the stability problem of various project enti-ties real-timely. After finding the problem, we should carry on the careful analysis to the question adopting the corresponding security system, and take the correspond-ing solution measure.J. C. FENG ET AL. 9743.2. The Security of Ancillary FacilitiesThe security of reservoir entities depends on the integrity, coordination and integration of the ancillary facilities to some extent. Reservoir project entities must be collabo-rative with the ancillary facilities to ensure the role, once they are out of the relationship, not only the effect cannot be guaranteed, but also may cause significant security problems. Such as the operation of hydrological moni-toring facilities, automatic alarm system and communi-cation facilities run into problems will inevitably affect the reservoir security.3.2.1. The Contents of Ancillary Facilities Security According to the requirements of reservoir system opera-tion, we provide with a sufficient number of ancillary facilities, establish and implement corresponding opera-tion management plans to ensure that all ancillary facili-ties and various functional entities of reservoir to work cooperatively. The contents of ancillary facilities security include as follows.1) The operation of ancillary facilities. The security of ancillary facilities of reservoir system is based on well operation of their own system, which can ensure their contribution to the whole system. The operation of an-cillary facilities also requests to meet the basic require-ments such as integrity, order, stability and so on.2)Ancillary facilities and project entities work coop-eratively. The impact of ancillary facilities is reflected as follows, first is cooperated with project entities and form relevant working mechanism so as to play the major project entities function of reservoir system; the second is as a carrier to manage work implementation, which can improve the operation management efficiency effec-tively; the third is to supervise the state of project entities to assure project security.3.2.2. Indexes of Ancillary Facilities Security1) Integrity of ancillary facilities. The operation of res-ervoir systems is complex extremely, and its functions are also diverse, which requires reservoir system and various ancillary facilities work cooperatively. To play each specific function of reservoir need to cooperate with the ancillary facilities. The comprehensive benefit of reservoir is based on the function of ancillary facilities system. So the basic requirement is the integrity on category and quantity of ancillary facilities of reservoir system.2) System integration of ancillary facilities. The op-eration of complex project such as reservoir should be guided with system views. Integration in essence is a kind of thought and method guided by systematic. Inte-gration emphasizes human active behavior and double function as well as evolutionary adaptation after integra-tion, but also contributes to solve complex system prob-lems and improve macro-function of system. System integration of ancillary facilities is to study how various ancillary facilities of reservoir be together organically and realize complement of benefit, function as well as structure fully so that integrated body can be qualitative change and the overall effectiveness of the reservoir sys-tem is enhanced greatly.3.3. The Security of Reservoir OperationManagementProject entity security is the basis of reservoir security, while the security of reservoir operation management is the core of reservoir operation security. There will be a variety of security issues appear in reservoir operation, and the implementation of efficient management meth-ods and measures is an important guarantee to ensure the reservoir operation security [7,8].3.3.1. The Contents of the Security of ReservoirOperation ManagementSecurity of reservoir operation management is reflected in reasonability of organization structure, sound institu-tion system, assurance of resource input, and fluent in-formation.1) Reasonability of organization structure. According to organization theory, system’s goal determines sys-tem's organization; organization is the decisive factor for goal achieving. Organization is a means to achieve goal. Therefore, the efficiency of reservoir operation manage-ment depends on whether its organization structure is reasonable [9]. The reasonability of the organization structure reflects in the following three aspects. First: the choice of organization model meets the management requirements. The selected organization model can pro-vide a clear organization command relationships from top to down for reservoir operation management. Second: setting all levels of management positions reasonably based on the determined organization structure with suitable people who have professional knowledge and skills. Third: work tasks and management functions have a clear labor division. Everyone knows their specific tasks and each work has a specific staff.2) Sound institution system. Institution is the rule and norm of behavior that all members in organization sys-tem must abide in the daily work. The so-called no rules no standards, therefore, in order to ensure the effective implementation for reservoir operation management, there must be appropriate and sound institution system. The existence of institution system of reservoir security management provides norms of behavior for all reservoirJ. C. FENG ET AL.975staff, and makes relevant laws and regulations, manda-tory standards, security measures technology carried out, provides a guarantee for reservoir security management in institution.3) Assurance of resource input. The implementation of the management must have a physical carrier as a sup-port, and resources inputting is the most basic guarantee. Reservoir security management resources inputting not only includes the corresponding human, material and financial resources, but also includes the advanced and efficient operation management technology.4) Effective management of information. Information management has become an important part in project management; the efficiency of reservoir operation man-agement is determined by the efficiency of information management largely [10]. The contents of information management security of reservoir are reflected in the following three points. First one is the completeness of the information. There is a large number of information during the construction and operation phase which have played an important role in the reservoir security. Second is the timeliness of information processing. Information formed in various stages of reservoir operation can be processed timely so that will not harm reservoir security. Third is the effectiveness of information processing. The methods and techniques for processing information should meet the relevant provisions requirement, so as to ensure the efficiency of information processing.3.3.2. Indexes of Reservoir Operation ManagementSecurity1) Organization structure model. Selection of organiza-tion structure is not fixed and project with different pur-pose is suitable for different organization structure model. Making more reasonable choices based on analyzing and comparing the specific objectives, task conditions, op-eration environment and other factors of reservoir opera-tion. Such as the function-type organization, project-type organization, matrix-type organization, composite tissue- type organization, different forms of organizations have different applicable scope. Reasonable reservoir project organization should clear management tasks and division of functions of all parties, determine the organization flow and work logic in inter-organizational processes of reservoir operation management, thus promoting per-sonal, material and information flow between the exter-nal and internal of organization run well and making the realization of organization's objectives possible.2) Institution system. One is the establishment of in-stitution system. According to all work requirements during reservoir security operation, implement corre-sponding institution safeguards, and make all of these institutions form a system, the formation of system could cover all daily work, and provide useful guidance for the work; the other one is the institution implementation system. Reservoir security management regulations and practices made by primarily principal person must be behavioral norms for all managers of the top-down res-ervoir organization. Therefore, corresponding measure is needed, such as strengthening supervision of manage-ment and holding scheduled meetings, etc. to emphasize the implementation of the institution.3) Resource planning. For investing in human, mate-rial and financial resources, first is to have a detailed and workable investment plan, this plan can make overall arrangements for the input quantity, quality and time from macroscopic, which are benefit to determine later program such as procurement, supply, installation, com-missioning. Second is that the investment of manpower, material and financial resources can meet the need of security management that means the type, quantity, qual-ity of input all meet the demand.4) Information technology means. One is information management manual. Reservoir security management personnel nail down information management goals and tasks as well as the division of tasks and management functions through writing information manual, realizing scientific and orderly information security management. The other one is flow chart for information system secu-rity management. Through the design of flow chart, all kinds of information processing methods and procedures can be applied to improve the efficiency of information processing.4. The Intermediate Aspect of Reservoir Operational SecurityThe reservoir is a product of humanity transforms and use of natural, its construction and operation process is a purposeful, calculated and organized humanity activity. The reservoir has both the natural and social attribute. As one kind of humanity project behavior, the reservoir manifests the sociality much more. The relationship be-tween reservoir and economic society manifests specifi-cally in: the reservoir is an important component of the rivers and streams flood prevention system, is an impor-tant project measure which regulates space and time dis-tribution of the water resources and optimize water re-sources disposition. And as an important infrastructure of national economy, the reservoir provide the powerful safeguard for the economy development in flood preven-tion and drought resisting, production and living water, electricity generation, cultivation, traveling and so on[11] [17]. The intermediate aspect of reservoir operational security is referred to the reservoir operation can meet economy society's need, including economy security andJ. C. FENG ET AL. 976society security, as well as harmony of each other.4.1. The Contents of the Intermediate Aspect ofReservoir Operational Security1) Economy security. Economy security manifests in: Firstly, the construction cost of reservoir can be com-pensated by the income which obtains in reservoir opera-tion after completion. This is the key whether the con-struction permission of reservoir can be obtained. During the feasibility study period of reservoir, we need to guarantee the economical security of the reservoir con-struction through repeatedly checking calculation and overall evaluation. Secondly, reservoir operation process efficiency. The economical goal of reservoir construction generally includes electricity generation, water supply, shipping, cultivation, traveling and so on. The realization and its degree of each kind of economical goal of reser-voir in operation phase is important manifestation of economic security [11].2) Society security. Society security manifests in: Firstly, The reservoir downstream people's personal and property security can be guaranteed. On the one hand one of reservoir construction goals is flood prevention, so the realization of flood prevention after the reservoir completion is manifestation that the reservoir down-stream people’s personal and property security obtains guarantee. On the other hand after the reservoir comple-tion, there is high water head and the increase of water volume in flood season, which will have certain hidden danger inevitably to the downstream people's security. We should ensure security in the high water season and eliminate the threat of flood to downstream people secu-rity by the reasonable flood prevention dispatch. Sec-ondly, the immigration project security. The reservoir construction possibly involves to the upstream immigra-tion problem, For example the Three Gorges Reservoir construction causes the massive personnel to be com-pelled to immigrate. The immigration project is a com-plex project, Settler's life custom and cultural idea is compelled to be changed, So it possibly cause the dis-contented mood then affect society's stability and unity. Completing the immigration work, stabilizing immigra-tion's mood, meeting the immigration’s request as far as possible is the important measure to guarantees the social stability.3) The harmony between economy security and soci-ety security. The reservoir economy security and society security must unify dialectically not oppose mutually. Economy security is foundation of society security and society security has a certain degree of economy security. The reservoir overall safe must take consideration to economy security and society security. But according to the request of constructing the harmonious social policy in our country, the society security dominates above the economy security. For example the huge project like the Three Gorges Project and the divert water from the south to the north which have the strategic significance to the national development, What it primarily considerate is the society security problem, but not only pursues its short-term investment yield or the sole economic utility. Therefore the starting point of reservoir security control thought is on the basis of guaranteeing downstream peo-ple personal and property security and social stable, pur-suing the economic efficiency as far as possible and guaranteeing economy security. The harmony between economy security and society security is guarantee of the intermediate aspect of reservoir security.4.2. Indexes of the Intermediate Aspect ofReservoir Operational SecurityThe existence value of reservoir is to manifest its econ- sociality. Only understand and grasp correctly the nature and characteristic of reservoir operation as an economy and society action, take seriously to integrating the di-versified economy and society behaviors in the reservoir operation process effectively and constructing good pro-ject order, can we improve the intermediate aspect of reservoir operational security.1) Society responsibility. The reservoir operation su-perintendent and the policy-maker must set up the soci-ety responsibility, carry on the reservoir operation as society host, emphasize the society responsibility of res-ervoir and realize the reservoir society value. The strate-gic formulation of reservoir operation must be systematic, scientific and secure.2) Economy benefit. The display of reservoir opera-tion benefit needs to consider fully the socio-economy development of the entire basin and influence to industry, agricultural as well as city and countryside resident's life, value weight project economic efficiency, and make the comprehensive and correct appraisal. Cause the reservoir comprehensive benefits appraisal to conform to eco-nomic efficiency, social efficiency, environment and the ecological benefit.3) Coordination of all quarters. The reservoir opera-tion involves numerous relational main body including nation, profession, project legal person, operational guidance personnel as well as social populace and immi-grant influenced by reservoir. The more main bodies, the more complex relations, therefore we need to coordinate the relations of numerous main bodies in reservoir opera-tional guidance. Take “human-water harmony” as the instruction, clear about the reservoir operation founda-tion is to safeguard people’s personal and property secu-J. C. FENG ET AL.977rity as well as society stability [13].5. The Macroscopic Aspect of Reservoir Operational SecurityReservoir construction and operation is carried out in the natural environment, therefore it bound to have direct impact on nature, environment, ecology. With the dete-rioration of ecological environment in recent years, the quality of human survival and sustainable development has been affected more and more seriously. These ques-tions aggravated people’s concern on the ecosystem se-curity. The macroscopic aspect of reservoir operational security requires reservoir operation will not cause seri-ous destruction to the ecological environment, and achieve harmonious coexistence of reservoir and the ecosystem.5.1. The Contents of the Macroscopic Aspect ofReservoir Operational Security1) Complies with the objective natural ecology rule. It is the basic guarantee of the reservoir ecological security that the reservoir construction and operation complies with the objective natural ecology rule. In the traditional project idea, we have always stressing to conquer the nature, but the nature in turn gives us severe retaliation. Coexist with the nature harmoniously is the new path which we should attempt, is also the effective device to protect the ecosystem.2) Prevent harm to the natural ecosystem effectively. The impact of reservoir engineering to the ecology is multifaceted: for example big area of vegetation in res-ervoir upstream is submerged; the dam construction pre-vented the migration fish to return to the birth place to spawn; the habitat of upstream biology is destroyed; the water distributed situation is affected; What’s more sig-nificant disaster like earthquake may be caused. In the reservoir operation process, depending upon the scien-tific reservoir dispatcher and management method, we use each kind of advanced ecology water conservation technology, and prevent harm of reservoir to the ecosys-tem, ensure ecosystem security, this is the important content we should consider to guarantee the macroscopic aspect of reservoir security [14].5.2. Indexes of the Macroscopic Aspect ofReservoir Operational Security1) Project ecology view. The reservoir operation and management idea needs to transform from the project water conservation to the ecology water conservation, set up scientific project ecology view. We should make mul-tiple analyses to the consequence of the reservoir activity, and take it as the bounded condition of the reservoir op-eration activity. In value orientation, coordinate the ecology value and the construction value, cause mutual coordination and promotion of socio-economy function of the reservoir and ecological function of the nature.2) Philosophy of engineering. Under the new historic condition, we should ponder reservoir operational guid-ance from the philosophy angle. The traditional project thought is only to emphasize one-sidedly conquering the nature, while conquer the nature we also suffer the natu-ral retaliation. The harmonious coexistence of reservoir and the natural ecosystem must manifest philosophy of engineering. [15].3) Project harmony view. The project harmony view not only requests project own harmony, also external system harmony. [16] From sustainable development angle, explore earnestly and research deeply relation of reservoir operation and the natural system. Quantizing concretely the disturbance of reservoir operation to the nature and anti-jamming ability or bearing capacity of nature itself, grasp both coordination [18].6. Conclusions1) Reservoir plays an important role in the national economy construction in China. Reservoir operation and management should be based on the security theory and in the systematic perspective, at the same time follow the sustainable development strategy in order of ecological continuance, society continuance and economic con-tinuance, so as to promote the harmonious development of economy and society and improve the ecological en-vironment.2) The connotation of reservoir operational security has wide-ranging contents. Internal system includes the security of reservoir itself and the corresponding man-agement work; outside system contains the harmonious development of the reservoir, economy, society and ecosystem.3) From the overall and macroscopic perspective, the connotation of reservoir operation security takes the various contents and corresponding indexes into consid-eration. It provides a theoretical basis for further research of the reservoir security management, also makes con-tribution to the construction of the security evaluation index system of reservoir operation.7. References[1]Wu Xisheng. Strengthen the safety management and ex-ert comprehensive benefits of small reservoir. Hebei Wa-ter Resources, 2000(2): 39-40.。
农业水利工程英文求职信范文
农业水利工程英文求职信农业水利工程英文求职信范文dear leaders:hello!thank you for your busy reading in my written, please accept my wish to apply.i was the agricultural water conservancy project in xinjiang tarim university students, in september XX recommended to the wuhan university for specialized learning. wuhan university as a professional agricultural water conservancy projects of the graduates of XX. very happy, through four years of tireless efforts and hard to learn, this can be completed with outstanding achievements in school, out of college to apply their knowledge, enthusiasm to serve my country, his alma mater, and my parents.university of the growth phase of the study and the will of my temper and raise my self-cultivation. "pains, a harvest"! i will exert my utmost efforts to realize the value of your life. college students as the new century, i have the courage to explore, be good at innovation. make honest men of integrity and i would really pay to acquire someone else's return, i will use the efforts and wisdom to fight for my room for the community to accommodate me. in every social practice, i have to do our best to treatment and completed it, and developed a tradition of hard work, strong self-confidence, the spirit of helpfulness! university in the wonderful life, i learned not only professional knowledge and to improve the overall quality and, more importantly, learned how to behave. in their efforts to learn from the expertise at the same time, i constantly his knowledge so that their efforts to become a complex society personnel. i believe i can adapt totoday's competitive environment community.thank you for your sincere concern for me, i hope your organization can give me an opportunity to look forward to receiving your reply to the letter. finally, my heartfelt wishes for the cause of your company's success!sincerely,salute。
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Water-saving irrigation1. Existing water-saving irrigation methodsIrrigation methods, field water distribution method is how to have been sent to the farms, the irrigation water is evenly distributed to the active layer of the crop root. Irrigation water is the means by which to enter the active layer of roots, irrigation methods can be divided into surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation and underground irrigation.1.1 surface irrigationSurface irrigation is an ancient traditional irrigation method, in general, it is as compare whether water-saving basis points. Surface irrigation technology are constantly develop and constantly improve, so there are many more water-efficient than traditional surface irrigation technology. 1.1.1 new furrow irrigation toolsTraditional furrow irrigation with artificial opening from the distribution channel water into the furrow, it is neither accurate and inconvenient, and often cause the field of water loss due to water port leakage countries have already adopted the siphon (for open channel water ) or gate hole pipe (aqueduct) drainage, China has done a number of tests, proven to improve field water utilization rate of 5% to 10%.1.1.2 surge irrigationModern foreign developed wave Chung (groove) border irrigation or intermittent ditch (furrow) irrigation, traffic control into the ditch (furrow) is intermittent water and then put a period of time (a few minutes or tens of minutes) to field stop the water for some time (a few minutes or tens of minutes), and so forth, so that you can make along the ditch (furrow) the length direction of the water distribution is more uniform. Fields of water utilization up to 80% to 90%.Film hole irrigation (also known as the film hole irrigation)Gully, made on the film of water flow in the membrane, crops grow hole to penetrate the land, so that irrigation efficiency is high, generally water-saving 25% to 35%, an increase of 15% to 20%, they do not specifically facilities.1.2 IrrigationSprinkler to spray through the air, due to the pressure of the commonly used pressure aqueduct. In general, its obvious advantages irrigation uniformity, less of farmland, save manpower, strong adaptability to the terrain. The main disadvantage is influenced by wind, high investment in equipment. More in our country are the following: fixed pipe sprinkler, the semi-mobile pipeline sprinkler irrigation, a rolling shift sprinkler manifold, when the needle irrigation machine, a large pan spray irrigation machine, grain irrigation machine in microirrigators units and so on.1.3 drip irrigationIrrigation water with a small plastic tube directly sent to the the Meike crop roots near the water drip out slowly by drippers, a sophisticated irrigation methods, only need water to irrigation cantruly only irrigation crop Instead of filling the land. And can be a long time in the crop root zone moisture in the optimal state, so to save water and increase production. But its biggest drawback is the Dripper out flow orifice is small, the flow rate is low, so serious congestion problems. Irrigation water must be carefully filtering and processing. At present, China has only noticed to prevent physical clogging equally serious clogging the biological and chemical clogging problem has not been taken seriously enough. The main way of drip irrigation: fixed-ground drip irrigation, semi-fixed-ground drip irrigation. Membrane under irrigation, drip irrigation and other underground.1.4micro-sprinkler irrigationSome places called mist irrigation, and drip irrigation similar too easy just to overcome the Dripper disadvantage of clogging the drippers to micro sprinklers, micro-sprinkler flow orifice large, large number of traffic flow rate faster Unlike drippers so easy to plug, but the traffic has increased, capillary accordingly should bold some 1 to 2 micro sprinklers installed in every crop or tree usually can meet the needs of irrigation. Micro nozzle still clogged filtration problems, and therefore should be given adequate attention, the cost per hectare is similar to fixed-drip irrigation. Gradually replaced by drip irrigation micro sprinkler irrigation in a foreign country. Especially suitable for irrigated orchards.1.5 subsurface irrigationSimilar to the subsurface irrigation and underground drip, just the Dripper all buried in the underground seepage head instead, the seepage head of water Unlike drippers as drop by drop outflow, but slowly seepage, such seepage head is not easy soil particles and root blockage. Recently introduced in a foreign country using waste tires processed into porous percolation pipe, and the pilot of a small area, but the clogging of the micropores seepage pipe is a serious problem, without the test to test for a long time should not be hastily promotion.1.6underground irrigationThe underground irrigation irrigation is a method to control the water table. To irrigation groundwater table elevation to the water can enter the height of the root activity layers, the ground remains dry, so very provincial water, no irrigation, groundwater levels drop down. The limitations of this approach, only the root activity layers impermeable layer Caixing.2. Select the factors that affect water-saving irrigation methods2.1 weather conditionsChina from the southeast coast to the inland northwest, generally divided into sub-humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid and arid regions, With dryness incremental, the dependence of crop irrigation is incremented accordingly. Humid regions for many years the average annual rainfall is greater than the cultivation of dry crops in the field water consumption, water resources total more than just a lack of precipitation in the dry season and drought years, supplemental irrigation is required; semi-humid areas average annual rainfall is basically in line with planting drought crop water demand, but due to the uneven distribution of precipitation, dry years and dry season water shortages more; semi-arid areas average annual rainfall can not meet the crop water requirements, if there is no irrigation, agricultural production is very unstable, such areas such asirrigation, wasteland farming, the destruction of natural vegetation, can easily cause desertification; rainfall is scarce in arid regions, irrigation agriculture, water scarcity of such areas, river runoff from the alpine rain and snow melt water, industry and agriculture not only depend on the development and survival of the natural vegetation along the river channel near river water for irrigation, and therefore reference, must take into account the natural ecological water.2.2 the topography and hydrogeological conditionsTopography and hydrogeological conditions affecting the natural distribution of rainwater, will also affect the pattern of water-saving irrigation. Ground on steep mountain hilly area prone to soil erosion and drought, water-saving irrigation to adopt comprehensive measures. Cultivation technology and terracing, field ridges through agricultural consumption, reduce the sloping soil erosion and soil evaporation; gullies on the construction of embankments, or in suitable locations for the construction of water cellars, storing runoff solve drinking water and a small area irrigation water; repair reservoirs in the gullies and tributaries, centralized control runoff diversion project isolated tangba communication, formation of "Chodo Jiegua-irrigation systems, improve rain water utilization and irrigation water to ensure rate.2.3 the use of surface water resources conditionsPlain areas and open mountain basin, water conditions were better, but different parts have significant differences. Piedmont sloping plain terrain slope, coarse sediment, runoff smooth, rich groundwater recharge, water quality, is conducive to the development and utilization. Slowing the central plains terrain slope sediments thinning increased level surface several times due to river flood diversion, post depression to staggered, affect runoff excretion increased groundwater salinity under arid climatic conditions, soil there will be varying degrees of salinization phenomenon. The plains lower part of the lakeside and coastal area, low and flat, the soil is heavy clay, surface and underground runoff, poor drainage, arid climatic conditions, high salinity of groundwater development and utilization of difficulties, serious soil salinization. This region in the river downstream, dry season, the rivers and the rainy season is threatened by the flood, so building large and medium-sized irrigation and well irrigation area in the plains area, due to the different parts of which the landforms, water conditions and accompanying drought waterlogging, salinity and other disasters also vary from place to place.2.4 specific plantingFruit trees, irrigation quota vary according to the type of fruit trees, varieties and rootstock characteristics, age size. Drought-tolerant tree species, such as jujube, chestnut and rootstock species with lower water requirements the irrigation quota can be as small; poor drought tolerance of species, such as grapes, apples, pears, irrigation quota should be larger. The saplings should be less irrigation, the results of fruit trees can be more than irrigation. Saudi orchards should small water more than irrigation. Saline land orchard irrigation should be noted that the groundwater level, in order to prevent the return of salt, returned to base. Generally into one of the most suitable age fruit trees irrigation, soil moisture completely wet fruit tree roots within appropriate. Under the conditions of use of water-saving irrigation methods, irrigation to reach adepth of 0.4-0.5 meters, plenty of water up to 0.8-1.0 meters.To mature vine irrigation, mainly in the grape growing infancy, before and after flowering, berry enlargement period and grapes after harvest period, the general irrigation 5-7 times.节水灌溉一．现有的节水灌溉方法灌水方法即田间配水方法，就是如何将已送到田头的灌溉水均匀地分布到作物根系活动层中去。