英语教材 应用文体学-Chapter I 文体学

• 狭义文体学：主要研究文学作品的文体 风格。因为文学语言总是最丰富多彩、 最灵活多样的, 也最能反映一个时代的语 言特点。传统文体学与文学批评密切相 关; 它着重分析作家的文学风格(literary style)， 研究代表作品的文体风格。文学 语言汇集着语言精华；文学文体集各类 文体之大成。
British scholars David Crystal &Derek Davy point ouБайду номын сангаас in their Investigating English Style: Literature can be mimetic of the whole range of human experience and this includes linguistic as well as nonlinguistic experience.
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J. C. Catford points out in his A Linguistic Theory of Translation: • …the concept of a „ whole language‟ is so vast and heterogeneous（异类的/不纯的） that it is not operationally useful for many linguistic purposes, descriptive, comparative, and pedagogical. It is therefore desirable to have a framework of categories for the classification of „sublanguage‟ or varieties within a total language.
Applied Stylistics Chapter I An Introduction to Stylistics
1. Style and Stylistics
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As the name implies, stylistics is the study of style. But what is style? At one level, as we shall see, this is a complex area of academic debate, but at a more practical level, style is something we take account of every day in our speaking and writing, in both English and Chinese. For example, when we wish to address a person, we do not merely look at his or her name, there are other considerations---considerations of style. Let us imagine that we meet a person for the first time whose name is 王小平 .
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说文体学“古老”，是因为它是在传 统修辞学(rhetoric)的基础上发展起来的。 远在公元前五世纪，古西腊的演说家就 把修辞视为演说艺术。那时人们认为一 个人的学识才华主要体现在他当众演说 的能力上，因此学习和研究修辞学成了 正规教育的重要组成部分。到了公元前 四世纪，修辞学已被纳入古西腊学校的 一门必修课。 • 古西腊的著名哲学家Socrates, Plato, Aristotle等都对修辞学作过精辟的论述。
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学英语的人都知道Hi相当于Hello， 可是在正式场合遇到有身份的人，你来 一句Hi，就会产生不好的交际效果。
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“Hi” is informal; we should use “How do you do?” in a formal situation.
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Why do we study stylistics?
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English has stylistic rules about modes of address, too. Suppose we meet a person called Peter Smith for the first time， we will normally address him as Mr. Smith, and introduce him to others as Mr. Peter Smith. As we get to know each other better, we will cal him Peter and introduce him to others as Peter Smith. Later we might call him Pete, as members of his family do. To mix our styles, however, and address him as Mr. Pete would be stylistically terrible . `
• • We will address him or her as 王（小平） 同志/小姐/先生. When we know this person better, we might call him or her 老王， 小王，王小平，etc. When we know him or her still better, we can call him/her 小平 （平姐/平哥，阿平/平妹. If we call him/her 平平 at our first meeting, it would be a serious stylistic error, and would indicate a gap in our knowledge of Chinese.
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According to “The Oxford English Dictionary”, the word stylistics came into being in 1882 or 1883，而法国学者 Charles Bally 1902 年所写“法语文体论” 则被认为是现代文体学开端的一个标志。
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语言交际中的表达效果是由多方面因 素决定的。它首先取决于一个人的语言 基本功。语言基本功既包括对语音、词 汇、语法等的掌握和运用，也包括对各 种语言成分所具有的文体功能的了解和 鉴赏。前者涉及到能否正确使用语言的 问题；而后者涉及到能否恰当使用语言 的问题。语言使用中的正确性 (correctness)不能代替语言使用中的适合 性/得体性(appropriateness)。
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Style一词涵义颇多，它既可以指一个时代 的文风，又可以指某一个作家使用语言的风格; 既可以指某种体裁的语言特点，又可以指某一 作品的语言特色。例如, 英国Jonathan Swift的 文体风格：辛辣的讽刺；美国Hemingway的文 体风格：文笔简洁，常用短句。Stylistics包括 文体语体和风格两方面的意义，因此stylistics 一词可译为“文体学、“语体学”或“风格 学”。目前我们多采用“文体学”这个议法。 固然口语的语言特征是要研究的，但各种写出 来的“文章”毕竟是文体学主要的研究对象。
• In fact, stylistic choice in terms of address is quite simple in contemporary English.
• Many older forms of address we may find in books (Master Peter, Miss Jane) would sound peculiar today and should be avoided.
• Our choice of address is determined by a choice of style to suit the situation. 王先生 and 王小姐 are formal ways of addressing someone, while 小平， 平哥/姐 belong to a more casual style. We cannot mix styles; 平同志，平姑娘/小姐 could be used only when the speaker intended to be humorous or jocular.
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学习文体学可以帮助我们了解英语 各类文体的语言特点，熟悉各类英语的 功能，掌握语言使用中的“常规”和 “变异”及其在各种文体中所表现出的 规律。
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初学者往往把英语看作“一个整 体”，误以为有了一定的语音和语法知 识，掌握了一定数量的单词，就算精通 英语了。
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我们知道，矛盾的普遍性寓于矛盾 的特殊性之中；语言的整体性存在于它 的特殊变体之中。只有了解了英语各类 文体的特征，我们才能有一个对英语作 为a whole language 的认识，并逐步做到 精通。
• a) A man entering a railway carriage: • Christ, it‟s bloody freezing in here. Would you object if I closed the window?
• b) A dialogue in a department store in China: • Foreign customer: I‟m leaving China tomorrow. Could you send these things round to my hotel this afternoon, please? • Shop assistant: Please write your address down and we‟ll deliver them by six o‟clock. • Foreign customer: Thank you. That‟s really kind of you. • Shop assistant: It‟s our duty.
• 广义文体学：研究各类文章的文体特点。 现代文体学不限于对文学作品的批评， 而是运用现代语言学理论研究包括文学 作品在内的各类文章的文体特色。例如， 广告文体、公文文体、新闻报道文体、 口语体、书面语体等。说文体学是一门 “年轻”的学科，是因为直到二十世纪 初人们才开始运用现代语言学的理论和 分析方法探讨文体特色问题。
• i) benefits in English for general purposes • In teaching or learning English for general purposes, you will benefit from developing an awareness of stylistic variations in contemporary English. It is one thing to be able to feel that there is a difference between the language of an academic text and that of a popular newspaper, or between the speech used to a friend’s child and to that to a stranger. It is altogether a more satisfying and more useful thing if you can analyse the differences systematically. You can probably feel that there is something not quite right about the following examples. Our aim is to make your knowledge more scientific and more explicit.