互联网金融背景下的小额贷款研究

网络的广度让人们对于借款人有更多的选择，分散的投资大大降低了投资的风险，人们通过网络就能自主的选择放贷对象和金额，获得百分之二十甚至更高的利率。

P2P借贷平台一经出现，便迅速扩展到世界上其他的国家。

2007年，我国国内第一家P2P借贷平台“拍拍贷”在上海成立，并正式运营。

之后，宜信、人人贷、红岭创投等也相继成立，并在短时间内得到了很大的发展。

然而，在P2P借贷平台高歌猛进的同时，一些与之相关的问题也浮出水面，引发了社会广泛的讨论和思考。

首先是我国目前并没有与P2P借贷平台相关的法律，P2P借贷平台所从事业务的合法性并没有得到认可。

同时，缺乏相应的行业准入制度，也在一定程度上造成了P2P借贷行业的良芳不齐。

一、我国P2P小额信贷目前还存在的问题
（一）我国P2P小额信贷定位模糊，监管缺失
以宜信为例，其在北京注册公司显示为“宜信汇才商务顾问（有限）公司”，注册经营范围为一般服务业。

如果你认可它为一般的中介性质的服务公司，那它只要能满足一般有限公司成立的条件即可。

在目前我们国内对于涉及到金融的相关政策法规都十分严谨，P2P小额信贷合法化还有一段漫长而艰辛的路程要走，这也在另外一个方面使得企业可能会错过
P2P小额信贷发展的黄金时期。

值得人们重视的是，网络环境存在虚拟性的特点，这会使得信贷双方的信用情况难以掌握，有可能借款人的资料信息有弄虚作假的成分，也有可能冒充他人身份或注册多个账户进行贷款诈骗，因此通过网络信贷一定要更小心谨慎，以确保安全。

再者，网络信贷平台的运营监管难以在短期内实现；这主要是由于，网络信贷是才兴起的，我国在相关的法律法规制度建设上存在空白，加上网络信贷有侧重线上活动也有侧重线下活动的，业务活动差异性大，网络信贷平台有具备隐藏性、匿名性等，让监管部门对于资金流向追踪变动困难。

（二）我国关于P2P小额信贷的专门法规缺失
P2P小额信贷，无论是其自身定位、操作规范、风险控制、主体监管，都需要立法加以规范。

而事实是在P2P进入中国的第七年，银监会才发布了《人人贷有关风险提示的通知》，而这并不是真正意义上的政策法规，它仅仅提示了P2P小额信贷（人人贷）的风险，而没有对这些问题进行有效的解答。

P2P小额信贷企业到底该如何定位，它的存在到底是违法还是合理，都没一个正式的定论，这将不利于其快速发展。

由于缺少法律条款的出台说明，这让P2P小额信贷道路发展道路崎岖，因此要想其健康、快速发展，国家相关的法律条款应该表明一个姿态。

（三）P2P小额信贷行业自身风险
P2P小额信贷面临的信用风险是指贷款无法偿还时中介公司所面临的风险，这一点在宜信模式下体现得更为明显。

P2P小额信贷所针对的对象主要是以弱势群体、贫困人群、中小型企业为主，这些主体本身的偿还债务的能力就教欠缺，加之这里面针对这些群体的信用记录比较少，人员素质也存在参差不齐，同时P2P小额信贷收费蛮高，这些因素综合就容易引发出现不能正常还贷的情况发生。

因为目前我国诚信信用机制尚未构建，这使得某些借款人出现不能及时还款的违约成本较低，容易导致他们出现恶意贷款或者逾期不偿还的风险增大。

P2P小额信贷是基于互联网技术的快速发展而对传统金融服务的革新，它目前因为缺少相关
条款和法律的规范，使得其发展面临很大的风险。

三、完善我国互联网背景下的P2P小额信贷发展的对策与建议
（一）完善我国P2P借贷平台的各项制度
1. 明确我国P2P借贷平台的合法地位
目前，我国由商业银行垄断的借贷业务，己经不能满足日益增长的资金和投资需求，而片面的打压只会让其转入地下，从而更加不利于监管。

相较于商业银行传统的借贷业务、小额贷款公司的惠农等特殊性质，P2P借贷平台提供的更像是针对大众不同口味的补充品。

它能够迅速满足大众不同的需求，能弥补商业银行和小额贷款公司在这方面的缺位。

同时，它也为人们理财提供了一个新的途径，有利于增强人们的信用意识。

因此，应该确立P2P借贷平台的合法地位，建立一个由商业银行、小额贷款公司、P2P借贷平台以及个人组成的全方位的借贷体系。

2. 完善P2P借贷平台的进入和退出机制
在我国与P2P借贷平台最相类似的就是小额贷款公司，二者均发放小额的、很少要求担保和抵押的贷款，贷款的利率一般均高于普通商业银行的利率。

但相较而言，小额贷款公司拥有更为完备的进入退出机制。

而P2P借贷平台，成立或是倒闭关系到众多借贷人的切身利益，因此其更需要完备的进入和退出机制。

3. 完善平台的信用评级制度
必须完善P2P借贷平台的评级制度。

首先，必须获取足够多的个人信用信息，包括借贷记录、缴税记录等。

全面丰富的信息，是进行准确评价的前提。

其次，要制定统一的信用评价标准，不能闭门造车，完全依据自己的经验进行相应的评价。

这样，也能对那些本来信用不够好，不具备信贷资格的人，进行限入措施。

最后，对于个人的信用评级，必须随着其对借贷合同的履行情况，进行实时评价。

对于出现信用问题的借款人，及时调整其评价，同时，将相关信息进行行业共享。

4. 建立行业范围内的黑名单共享机制
对于行业中普遍存在的违约现象，一般平台的做法是，对其进行电话催讨，上门催讨，或是委托讨债公司进行催讨等。

对于违约用户，还采取一定比例的罚息。

但是，上述手段，不是力度不够，就是成本过高。

而我国目前的讨债公司，很多更是具有一定的暴力色彩，容易引发一系列的问题。

对此，网络借贷平台除了加强对于借款人的资料审核以外，整个P2P 借贷行业应该联合起来，对于违约用户的黑名单在整个行业内进行共享。

（二）完善我国互联网监督管理体系
完善对P2P借贷平台的金融监管。

任何一个行业如果管控过严，必定会导致行业发展迟滞，缺乏创新。

而完全没有实质的监管主体和法律，则会使整个行业野蛮增长，虚化的繁荣
背后必定潜藏巨大的危机。

目前，虽然大部分P2P借贷行业，从工商行政管理机关和工信部门取得了一些认证和资格，但工商行政管理机关和工信部门在实质上并不能对，P2P借贷行业进行监管，只能对其资质进行形式上的审查。

P2P行业的不断创新发展，也离传统公司越来越远。

很多平台，已经从单纯的网络信贷中介平台向复合平台发展，其经营的也不仅仅是信贷中介服务，而是涉及保险、信托、基金等这就对行业的监管造成了严重的困难。

一家监管已经不能满足其要求，而联合监管又容易造成推诱和扯皮。

同时，P2P借贷平台的P2P业务一旦和其他业务混在一起，无疑会加大其风险，不利于其长期发展。

因此，笔者认为在P2P借贷平台中有必要将P2P业务与其他业务分开经营，再由不同的部门分别监管。

四、结语
鉴于P2P借贷平台的存在，在一定程度上确实弥补了现有借贷体系的不足，弥补了现有高收益投资渠道的缺失。

因此，对于其应该采取温和的监管和管理，鼓励行业自律，以此来引导、监督促进它的发展，而不是一味取缔。

同时也要明确监管机构和相应的监管原则，减轻运行过程中存的各种风险，更好的为繁荣现有经济服务。

The breadth of the network so that people have more choices for the borrower, decentralized investment greatly reduce the investment risk, people through the network will be able to self choice of loan and the amount, 20 percent or even higher interest rates. P2P lending platform once appeared, it quickly expanded to other countries in the world. 2007, China's first P2P lending platform, pat loan was established in Shanghai, and the official operation. After that, Yi letter, all loans, venture capital and other red ridge also established, and in a short period of time has been a great development. However, P2P lending platform triumph at the same time, some related problems also surfaced. Sparked widespread discussion and reflection. First of all, China is currently no legal and P2P lending platform, P2P lending platform engaged in the business of the legitimacy of the business has not been recognized. At the same time, the lack of appropriate access to the industry system, but also to a certain extent caused by the P2P lending industry is not neat.
First, the current problems of China's P2P microfinance
(a) China's P2P micro credit positioning fuzzy, lack of supervision
The letter to the appropriate, for example, the company registered in Beijing display for "Yi mail was a business consultant Co., Ltd.", registered scope of business for the general service industry. If you recognize it as a general intermediary in the nature of the Service Corporation, that it can meet the general conditions of the establishment of a limited company can be. At present our country related to financial policies, laws and regulations related to are very strict, legalize P2P microfinance there is still a long and arduous journey to go, which also in another respect makes the enterprise may miss the golden period of the development of P2P microfinance. Is worth the attention of people, the network environment are the characteristics of the virtual, which will make both sides of the credit of the credit situation difficult to grasp, composition of borrower information falsification possible, may also impersonation identity or register multiple accounts of loan fraud. Because of this the network credit must be more cautious, to ensure safety. Furthermore, net credit platform operation supervision is difficult to implement in the short term; this is mainly because, before the rise of the network credit, our country in the relevant laws and regulations gaps, the network credit and is focusing on online
activities have focused on offline activities, activity variance, net credit platform have have hidden, anonymity and other regulators to allow for tracking the flow of funds change difficult.
(two) the lack of special laws and regulations on P2P microfinance in China
P2P micro credit, whether it is its own positioning, operational norms, risk control, the subject of regulation, are required to regulate the legislation. And the truth is in peer to peer into China in the seventh year, the China Banking Regulatory Commission announced "all relevant credit risk warning notice", and this is not the true meaning of policies and regulations, it merely indicated the P2P microfinance (all credit) risk, have and carry on a effective solution to these problems. P2P micro credit enterprise in the end how to position, it is illegal or reasonable existence, is not a formal conclusion, which will not be conducive to its rapid development. Due to the lack of legal provisions of the introduction, which makes P2P small credit road development, so the road is rough, so to be healthy and rapid development, the country's relevant legal provisions should indicate a gesture.
(three) P2P microfinance industry's own risk
P2P micro credit risk facing the credit risk is the risk that the loan can not repay the conduit company, which is reflected in the appropriate letter mode is more obvious. P2P microfinance for the object is mainly dominated by vulnerable groups, poverty population, small and medium enterprises, the subject itself to repay debt the ability to teach lack, coupled with the less to these groups of credit records, the quality of personnel also exists uneven, with P2P microfinance fee is quite high, these factors comprehensive is easy to cause the occurrence of the normal owing on the loan. Because at present China's credit mechanism has not been built, which makes certain borrowers can not repay the default cost is low, easy to cause them to appear malicious loans or overdue repayment risk increases. P2P microfinance is based on the rapid development of Internet technology and traditional financial services innovation, which is currently due to the lack of relevant provisions and legal norms, so that its development is facing a lot of risk.
Three, improve the Internet in the context of the P2P microfinance development countermeasures and suggestions
(a) to improve the system of China's P2P lending platform
1 to clear the legal status of China's P2P lending platform
At present, our country by the commercial bank credit business, has been unable to meet the growing demand for funds and investment, and one-sided pressure will only let it into the underground, and thus more is not conducive to supervision. Phase compared to the traditional commercial bank lending, the petty loan company's benefit farmers and other special properties, P2P lending platform is more like the public taste different supplements. It can quickly meet the different needs of the public, can make up for the absence of commercial banks and small loan companies in this area. At the same time, it also provides a new way for people to finance, it is conducive to enhance people's awareness of credit. Therefore, it should establish the legal status of P2P lending platform, the establishment of a commercial bank, small loan companies, P2P lending platform, as well as a full range of personal loan system.。