文体学课堂总结

Brief Summary of Stylistics

General

Stylistics is the science which explores how readers interact with the languages of texts in order to explain how we understand and are affected by texts when we read them. The stylistic mainly concerns about the examination of grammar, lexis, semantics, as well as phonological properties and discursive devices. It’s developing and not come to maturity now.

According to different standards, the stylistics mainly divide into two major types ：linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics. And there are many school of stylistics such as lingvo-stylistics, literary stylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive stylistics, applied stylistics and so on.

In the basic notions of stylistics, the

通述

文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法，词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶段。

根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大类：普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用文体学，社会文体学，认知文体学，比较文体学等。

在文体学的基本概念中，expressive means and the stylistic devices should be noticed. Expressive means of the language are units of different language levels: phonetic, morphological, word-building, syntactic, lexical, phraseological, which serve the purpose of logical and emotional intensification of the utterances. A stylistic device is a generalized pattern, which activates a conscious and intentional intensification of a certain property of a language unit, designed to achieve a particular artistic effect.

Stylistics origins from the ancient classical rhetoric, especially the rhetoric of Aristotle. But the modern stylistics roots in Russian Formalism and the related Prague School of the early twentieth century. In the early twentieth century, the famous person of stylistics is Charles Bally and in the late twentieth century is Roman Jakobson.

值得注意的是表达方式和文体手段。表达方式是表述特定内容所使用的特定的语言方法，手段。文体手段为达成特定的艺术效果所普遍认可的特定组合。

文体学起源于古老的经典修辞学，特别是亚里士多德的修辞论.但现代文体学起源于俄罗斯的形式主义和20世纪早期的相关的布拉格学派。20世纪早期的代表人物是法国的巴特利，20世纪晚期的则是罗曼雅各布森。

It is clear that the Stylistics has much contacts with Rhetoric,. Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.”

Rhetoric

About the history of Rhetoric, Rhetoric

has its origins in Mesopotamia. And In ancient Egypt, rhetoric had existed since at least the Middle Kingdom period .The Egyptians held eloquent speaking in high esteem, and it was a skill that had a very high value in their society.

文体学和修辞学密不可分。修辞，是依据题旨情景，运用各种表现手段方法，对语言材料进行加工，提高语言表达效果的一种活动，而研究这种提高语言表达效果规律的科学，就叫做修辞学。西方修辞学发展史上，真正将修辞界定为一门学科的人是亚里士多德，他将修辞学界定为”在每一件事上发现可用的说服手段的能力。”修辞学

修辞起源于美索不达米亚.在古埃及，修辞学自中王国时期就存在，古埃及人关注雄辩，认为修辞学在社会生活中具有重大价值。

The “Egyptian rules of rhetoric”also clearly specified that “knowing when not to speak is essential, and very respected, rhetorical knowledge.”Their “approach to rhetoric”was thus a “balance between eloquence and wise silence.”Their rules of speech also strongly emphasized “adherence to social behaviors that support a conservative status quo”and they held that “skilled