2018年初冬成都市重污染事件气象条件分析

Advances in Geosciences地球科学前沿, 2019, 9(7), 627-638

Published Online July 2019 in Hans. /journal/ag

https:///10.12677/ag.2019.97067

Analysis of Meteorological Conditions for

Heavy Pollution Events in Chengdu in the

Early Winter of 2018

Yuzhang Tang, Dongbei Xu*, Yuqing Gou

Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu Sichuan

Received: July 4th, 2019; accepted: July 19th, 2019; published: July 26th, 2019

Abstract

From December 11 to 22, 2018, a heavy pollution process lasting for 12 days took place in Chengdu.

Based on hourly environmental monitoring data from 7 sites in Chengdu, provided by Ministry of Ecological Environment of China, observation data of Wenjiang meteorological station in Chengdu, sounding data of Wenjiang station from University of Wyoming and 2.5˚ × 2.5˚ NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, pollution characteristics, meteorological pollution parameters, wind speed characteristics of 850 hPa and 925 hPa and atmospheric circulation background in this process were analyzed. The re-sults showed that fine particulate matter was the primary pollutant in the heavy pollution process, and the pollution was more serious in the later stage than in the earlier stage. There were 3 key fac-tors for pollution accumulation. First, the upper air of Sichuan basin maintained a straight westerly wind or was controlled by the northwest airflow in front of the ridge, resulting in weak vertical movement. Second, low-level warm advection reduced the bottom height of the inversion layer, which limited the height of the mixing layer and reduced the atmospheric environmental capacity. Third, atmosphere under 850 hPa horizontal wind speed was small. The horizontal wind speed on the iso-baric surface of 850 hPa and 925 hPa was a good indication for pollutant accumulation and diffusion.

There was a weak cold front during the pollution weather process, but it was too weak to change stable atmospheric junction completely. Therefore, the pollution weather process lasted a long time.

The main reason for the end of the heavy pollution process was that the upper polar cold vortex guided the cold air southward and coordinated with the surface anticyclone to invade Chengdu from the western path, completely changing the stable atmospheric junction of the lower atmosphere.

Keywords

Heavy Pollution, Meteorological Conditions, Inversion Layer, Temperature Advection

2018年初冬成都市重污染事件气象条件分析

唐玉章，许东蓓*，苟玉清

*通讯作者。

唐玉章 等

成都信息工程大学大气科学学院，四川 成都

收稿日期：2019年7月4日；录用日期：2019年7月19日；发布日期：2019年7月26日

摘 要

2018年12月11日~22日，成都地区发生了一次长达12天的重污染过程。本文利用中国生态环境部提供的成都市7个站点逐时环境监测资料、成都市温江气象站观测资料、怀俄明大学提供的温江站探空资料以及NOAA 提供的2.5˚ × 2.5˚ NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料，对此次重污染过程的污染特征、污染气象参数特征、850 hPa 和925 hPa 水平风速特征、大气环流背景进行了分析。结果表明，细颗粒物是此次重污染过程的首要污染物，污染过程后期较前期严重；四川盆地高空维持平直西风或受脊前西北气流控制，导致垂直运动弱、低空出现暖平流使逆温层底部高度降低，因此限制了混合层高度，使大气环境容量减小、850 hPa 以下大气水平风速较小是污染物累积的三大关键因素；850 hPa 、925 hPa 等压面上水平风速对污染物的累积和清除具有很好的指示意义；此次重污染过程中15日有一次冷空气活动，但是持续时间短，并未改变静稳的大气层结，因此，重污染过程得以维持较长时间；21~22日高空极地冷涡引导冷空气南下，并配合地面冷高压从西方路径入侵成都，彻底改变低空静稳大气层结，是此次重污染过程结束的主要原因。

关键词

重污染，气象条件，逆温层，温度平流

Copyright © 2019 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). /licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

排进大气中的污染物质主要来源于人为排放和自然排放。随着城市化进程加快、工业化水平提高、城市人口以及汽车拥有量增加，人类活动污染物排放总量日益增加，是造成我国近些年来重污染事件频发的主要原因[1] [2] [3]。成都处于四川盆地的西部，常年多雾，年平均风速仅为1.0 m ∙s −1，出现静风的几率较大[4]，总体逆温频率较高，且以贴地逆温为主[5]。因此，易使污染物累积，造成重污染事件，对民众的生活质量和当地的经济发展带来不利影响。大气扩散理论研究和实验研究表明，在不同气象条件下，同一污染源排放所造成的地面污染物浓度可相差几十倍乃至上百倍，这是由于大气对污染物的稀释扩散能力随着气象条件的不同而发生巨大变化的缘故[6]。在大气边界层高度较低、高压变性出海、偏东和偏南气流输送高湿度空气三种气象下，气溶胶吸湿增长效应显著，易导致严重灰霾天气[7]。胡亚旦等

[8]通过分析中国大陆灰霾天气分布的时空分布特征证明，在年际尺度上，霾天气与风力条件具有很好的负相关性，风力条件是大气污染物扩散的最主要动力源。一般来说，污染物浓度与风速的平方成反比，通常风速越大越有利于空中污染物质的稀释扩散。而长时间的小风(风速为2 m ∙s −1)或静风则会抑制污染物质的扩散，使近地层的污染物质成倍的增加[9]。张琳娜等[10]研究发现水平扩散条件主要与冷暖平流密切相关，当低空出现暖平流时，水平扩散条件会转差；当低空出现冷平流时，水平扩散条件会变好。气温的垂直分布表征大气层结稳定度，直接影响湍流活动的强弱，支配空气污染物的散布，而逆温层的