英语国家概况(澳大利亚)

Discovery and exploration
Exploration: 1.Development:During the 17th century,the Dutch chartered the whole of the western and northern coastline.But with the increasing knowledge of the continent,no further detailed exploration. 2.Capture:the English captain,James Cook,named the eastern coast of Australian New South Wales and formally claimed it for Britain.
Major Cities
Canberra: Between Sydney and Melbourn. The name Canberra originally means meeting place in the Aboriginal language
Sydney: the capital city of New South Wales; Australia's largest and oldst city.
Geographic Region
Western Plateau •Central-Eastern Loelands the Eastern Highlands
Mount Kosciuszko(科修斯科山)
Southwest in Canberra of new south wales The highest point in Australia and Oceania 2228 meters above sea level Poland explorer schmitz, lai kay found the mountain in 1839, and the polish hero named after (1746-1817).
Climate
3、Australia is widely known as "the Dry Continent" due to its low rainfall.The aridity of Australia stems from its proximity to the equator. 4、The hot and dry conditions of Australia bring about recurring droughts across the country. The 1895 to 1903 drought is considered Australi's worst draught in terms of severity and scale.
Discovery and exploration
Discovery: The first European sighting of Australian was in 1606 by the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoo and he sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula(约克角半岛） .
European Settlement
Penal Settlements
1783: the American Revolution ended and Australia was established as a new penal settlement at Botany Bay in Australia. Difficulty initial failures in farming. Solution captain john Macarthur began breeding fine merino sheep for their wool.
Early History
1.The Aborigines were the first inhabitants of Australian from southeast Asia at least 50,000 years ago and they mainly lived in the northern coast,the southeast and Tasmania. 2.The reason why they migrated is that it was a period when low sea levels permitted the simplest forms of land and water travel. 3.The way of their living:a nomadic or seminomanic life 4.The Aborigines used fire as a hunting tool and they had a unique relationship with the environment,their religious beliefs were firmly linked to the land and those living things.
Darwin: the capital of the Northern Territory; the only large city in northern Australia
Fires Tick Farming
The Aborigines used fire as a hunting tool,they cleared areas using fire in order to stimulate the growth of grazing pastures and drive out small animals that they could easily capture,which is called firesticking farming.
Murray-Darling Basin (墨累达令流域)
3370 kilometers long, watershed covers one 7 of the land area of Australia, is Australia's most important agricultural area. The name of this river basin is from the basin's two major rivers, the Murray and darling rivers.
European Settlement
Causes: the industrial revolution transformed the country from a largely rural society almost entirely dependent on agriculture to a towncentered one engaged increasingly in commercial manufacturing. However, the rapid population growth in London and other areas also brought about various social problems. The rising crime rate compelled Britain to find somewhere to house the population of its overcrowded prisons.
Melbourne: the capital city of Victoria; Australia's second largest city Brisbane: the capital of Queenland; Australia's third largest city
History
Early History Discovery and Exploration European Settlement Colonization The Road Toward Federation Australia in the 20th Century
Lake Eyre(艾尔湖)
The lowest point in the country Some 12 meters below sea level
Climate
1、Southern Hemisphere January and February are the hottest summer months June and July are the coldest winter months 2、Vary greatly from region to region tropical area—hot all year without winter temperate regions of the south: enjoy a moderate climate, with hot summers and mild winters The coldest areas are the highlands and plateaus of Tasmania and the southeastern portion of the mainland.
European Settlement
First permanent colony The group found the Botany Bay is an unsuitable choice, so they moved north to Sydney on January 26, 1788, a date now celebrated as Australia day. Here, Phillip established Britain’s first permanent colony. New colonies: Hobart in Tasmania (1804) Brisbane at Moreton Bay (1824) Albany in Western Australia (1826)