英语国家概况各单元知识点汇总'

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英语国家概况总结资料全

Unit1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack〔英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗〕2.The basic information of each country:Count ry Capital AreaMemoEngla nd London最大1.最不会把自己的“英格兰文化区别于其他文化〞3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:●British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derivesfrom this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur〔被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑〕, drove the Saxons back.关于亚瑟王的一些名词：Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔剑Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰尔) in Cornwall: Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地方。

《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分

《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。

预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。

移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。

现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。

城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。

1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。

美国是移民国家。

第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。

三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。

第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。

第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。

来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。

Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。

四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。

从东海岸向西部迁移。

第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。

第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。

第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。

Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。

自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。

代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。

1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。

1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。

60年代爆发民权运动。

1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。

英语国家概况考试复习要点

英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain GB/G.B. British Isles British Empire The Commonwealth The United KingdomThe UKThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Geographically; the British Isles includes Great Britain; the whole of Ireland; and all the offshore islandsPolitically; the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis本尼维斯山the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians格兰扁山脉4.the longest river：The Severn River 塞文河The most important river in Britain and the second longest river: Thames泰晤士河5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh内伊湖 Northern Ireland6. Backbone of England：the Pennies奔宁山脉The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人..8.Basis of Modern English raceThe earlist people known in Britain were nomads游牧者from mainland Europein the Old Stone Age旧石器时代;followed by Neolithic新石器时代 Iberians伊比利亚人 and the Beaker Folk比克人in the Bronze Age青铜器时代9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxons to the English state①.established 'Old English'②.laid the foundations of the English state③. divided the country into shires④. created the 'Witan' to advise the Kingthe basis of the Cabinet10.different invadersFirst invasion—In 55 BC; Julius CaesarSecond—Caesar's second raid in 54 BCThird and final—In 43 AD; Emperor Claudius; final and successful Roman invasion of Britain recordedLeft—In 410; Germanic barbarian attack Rome; forcing Roman troops to leave Britain; and thus ending its occupation of the island History9.Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” Sir Francis Drake10. The Norman Conquest and its consequencesThe Norman Conquest 1066-1071Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January; 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William; Duke of Normandy; heard the news of Harold’s coronation; he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.Consequences：It increased the process of feudalism.William established a strong monarchy in England.He introduced new ideas in laws.It brought changes in the church.The French language came along with the Normans.11.When was the feudal system established in England 封建制度Under William; the feudal system was completely established. Medieval Britain 1066-148512. Who signed Great Charter King John 签署大宪章13. Great Charter time; contents; natureTime: Magna Carta 1215Contents:内容A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals withouttheir consent;B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;C. should the king attempt to free himself from law; the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it; by civil war or by otherwise.Nature: a feudal document14.The Hundred Years’ War①. Time: intermittently from 1337 to 1453②. Countries: France and Britain③. Factors: partly territorial and partly economicThe English kings wanted to get back the lost land in France.The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders.New national consciousness of England④. Fuse: French throne succession——Edward III claimed the French Crown. The French refused to recognize the claim.⑤.Three outstanding stages of the warA. At first the English were brilliantly successful.B. Henry V renewed the war in 1415 and he was recognized to the French throne in 1420.C. After Henry V’s death in 1422; the French; encouraged by Joan of Arc; their national heroine; drove the English out of France.⑥. Two decisive reasons for French to win:effective use of guns &“Joan of Arc”⑦.Significance:The war was very expensive and it cost the English great deal of death; wealth and property; thus the feudal rule was weakened in the war.⑧.Effects of the war: After this war; the ruling Normans began to:A. regard England as their home.B. regard themselves as belongings to the English nation.C. reestablish English language as their official language.D. make effort to try to develop their industryThe expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of separate English national identity; while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.15.The War of Roses 1455--1485①. Rival groups：the House of Lancaster & the House of York②. The name of the war：The Lancastrians wore the badge of the red rose and the Yorkists wore the badge of the white rose; so the war got such a name.③. Nature of the war：feudal civil war; for power and wealth; for the possession of the Crown④.Reason：In the Hundred Years’ War; the loss was great. So the war-like nobles wanted to recoup for the loss; thus they all wanted to get power. The English nobles began to be divided and began to support different groups; in such a situation; the war broke out. At that time; the House of Lancaster was in power and Henry VI1422-1461 was the king and the House of York wanted to displace the House of Lancaster.⑤.Result:The Yorkist got complete victory; House of York 约克王朝1461-1485 but a third House; the House of Tudor got the power. Henry VII became the king. So a new important Dynasty began in English history.⑥. Consequence：Henry Tudor won descendant of Duke of Lancaster Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for 30 years; ordinary people were little affected. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. This war shook off much of the feudal burden; so it paved way for the development of capitalism.16. The English Reformation①. ReasonsA. The church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body; but also a political and legal power as well. The greed and lazinessof the church hindered the social and political progress of England.B. Henry VIII had trouble in his divorce. He realized that foreign interference in England must be stopped.②. CourseA. By a special act by parliament ; Henry divorced and broke with the Pope.B. In 1534; Act of Supremacy: Henry became the head of the English Church.③.EffectsA.English Church became independent of Rome. The Roman Catholic church was international; the English Church was strictly national.B. The new landlords formed a new class--- a new nobility.C. Those who want to change any part of the faith were called Protestants.D. Henry’s trust in Parliament allowed the House of Commons to develop rapidly.④.NatureThe struggle between the English Church & Catholicism was essentially a struggle between the new “nobility” of money & bourgeoisie on the one hand and the remnants of feudalism on the other.⑤.People involvedA. Edward VI1547-1553: king after Henry Ⅷ’s deathB. “Bloody” Mary1553-1558:daughter of Catherine; reestablished Catholicism and burnt three hundred Protestants.C. Elizabeth I 1558-1603: Queen after Mary; restored Anglican Church.17. Renassaince in England is largely literary. Important repersentativesDistinguished Representatives：A. Sir Thomas More; the greatest English humanist; “Utopia”B.William Shakespeare1564-1616greatest dramatist ; 37 comedies; tragedies and historiesC. poetry----Spenser; Sidney; Shakespeare & DonneD. John Milton’s Paradise Lost; 1667E. English materialism---Francis Bacon1561-1626also a statesman& an essayist18.Civil War 1642-1649内战①.Background of the war战争的背景The absolutist rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisie; Charles took counteraction; the war broke out.②. Groups of the warA. Roundheads--supporters of Parliamentfree farmers; tradesmen; craftsmenB. Cavaliers/Royalists--King’s supportersCatholics; feudal lord <West & North of England>③.Consequence1649; Charles’ army was defeated; he was beheaded; in May 1649; England was declared a Commonwealth共和政府时期.In 1653; Cromwell was made Lord Protector护国公 for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate摄政时期 and Parliament was dissolved. He became a “king”in all but name.19.The Glorious Revolution of 16881688年的光荣革命After thre e years’ struggle; the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II. Being afraid of another revolution; the leaders of the two parties planned a coup Detat. In June 1688; the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as The Glorious Revolution.20. Whigs and Tories辉格党和保守党The Roundheads—The Whigs—The Liberal PartyThe Cavaliers—The Tories—The Conservative Party21. The Industrial Revolution 1780-1830工业革命①.Definition 定义During the latter half of the eighteenth century; a rapid series of extensive changes began; especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions that the whole series of changesis often described as the “Industrial Revolution”.②. Inventions发明A. In 1750s iron smelting was revolutionized.B. In 1769; the steam engine was created by James Watt.C. In 1785; the power loom the application of power to machineryD. The use of iron and coalE. In 1764; the Spinning Jenny was inventedG. In 1814; the first successful steam locomotive③. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution工业革命的后果A. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world.B. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low- priced goods in a more efficient manner.C. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged.D. British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. It laid a foundation for the “ factory of the world”.E. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.F. Two conflicting classes were born .G．A series of important inventions in the textile industry markedthe beginning of Industrial Revolution: 工业革命Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机Spinning mule 走锭细纱机Power loom 动力纺纱机Steam engine 蒸汽机H．Means of transportation交通方式canals were dug to ship goodsthe locomotive invented in 1814the first railway completed in 1825large merchant fleetI．By the middle of 19th century; the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in BritainJ．Its influence：Britain changed in many ways1dramatically increased industrial productivity2the process of urbanization3changes in class structure4The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians—the most important political issue22. James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.Government and Politics23. constitutional monarchy; the head of state is a king or a queen.君主立宪制国家;国家的首脑是国王或女王..24.the monarch is supposed to reigns but not rule.To reign but not to rule: perform ceremonial duties; symbolic 25.three elements of parliament议会组成The Crown The House of Lords The House of Commons26.The main functions of Parliament议会的主要作用To legislateTo vote the taxation and expenditures of the governmentTo examine government policies and administrationTo debate major current political issues27.Where does the real power lie Cabinet内阁Cabinet：The major decision-making body in the government28.two parties in the UK政党The Labour Party: believe in the supervision of industry by the government; distribution of wealth and equal opportunity for everyoneThe Conservative Party: support private enterprise and minimal state regulation; accept the mixed economy; believe in a governing class with a natural right and special privilegesJudiciary司法29. There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary andthe Attorney General.30. The jury composed of 12 members. 陪审团有12个成员..31. Scotland Yard伦敦警察厅: headquarter of the Metropolitan PoliceEducation32.the compulsory education义务教育Primary and secondary education in the UK is compulsory. Children between 5 --16 years old are obliged to attend school.33.two education systemprivate schools 私立学校 public schools公学34. the oldest university：OxfordOthers35.The largest religious festival：Christmas36. The oldest newspaper：The Times37. most famous broadcasting company：the British Broadcasting Corporationthe BBCThe most desirable home: a detached house 最理想的家:独立式住宅Part Two USAThe country1. 50 states the largest; the smallest; the purchased ones50个州 Alaska—the largest 阿拉斯加州Rhode Island—the smallest 罗德岛州Texas—the largest on the mainland德克萨斯州Alaska—the purchased ones购买2. 13 colonies13个殖民地Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North AmericaDelaware 特拉华 Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚 New Jersey 新泽西Georgia 乔治亚 Connecticut康涅狄格 Massachusetts 麻萨诸塞Maryland 马里兰 South Carolina 南卡罗来纳New Hampshire 新罕布什尔 Virginia 弗吉尼亚 New York 纽约North Carolina 北卡罗来纳 Rhode Island 罗德岛3. 5 great lakes; the longest riverLake Michigan; Lake Superior; Lake Huron; Lake Erie; Lake Ontario the longest river：the Mississippi River密西西比河4.who discovered the new continentIn 1492; Christopher Columbus; found America; a new continent instead of India.History4.Independence war1775; 13 colonies began rebellion1776; proclamation of independence1777; victory at Saratoga; the turning point of American revolution1781; surrender of Britain1783; Treaty of Paris represented the formal acknowledgement of the US as an independent nationCauses:growing intense conflicts between the British government and the American people:The British government:•to bring the development of the colonies under control•to collect more taxes.•practiced unfair price policies•put into effect many taxes:The Stamp Act: 印花税法令an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercialdocuments opposition by the colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766the Townshend Acts唐森德条令All goods imported into the colonies must be taxed. They were appealed in 1770.The 13 colonies:•wanted more power to determine their own business•opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies.•The Boston Massacre波士顿大屠杀 1770•Some British solders fired at the people; killed four and wounded many. The event made the people indignant.•The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件•demonstration 1773 by citizens of Boston who disguised as Indians raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumpedhundreds of chests of tea into the harbor organized as a protest against taxes on tea•an example of the conflicts between the British•government and the American people. 5.Continental congressThe First Continental Congress1774 第一次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in September; 1774 before the war.•encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.•Colonial militia units were organized and weapons and ammunition were collected and stored since then.Beginning of the War•The shots at Lexington started the Independence War on April 19; 1775.The Second Continental Congress 第二次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in May; 1775 three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord.•The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington; a Virginia militia commander. The Declaration of Independence July4; 1776 独立宣言• drafted by Thomas Jefferson• adopted by the Congress on July4; 1776• declared the independence of the 13 colonies6. Civil war内战1861-1865The Situation Before the War:Two economic systems in the North and the SouthNorth Capitalist EconomySouth PlantationThe Growth of the working classUncle Tom’s Cabinfree and slave states 1860Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.a war to abolish slaveryUnion army Vs. Confederate armySurpasses all other wars for the tragedy and destructiveness.Effect: put an end to the salve system in AmericaAftermath of the war:In south: KKKKu Klux KlanIn north: building an enterprising way of lifeIn west: cowboy7.Great depression 1930’s经济危机The stock market crash in 1929Massive unemployment; factory and mill closings; and mortgage foreclosuresA breakdown of the nati on’s entire economy8.New DealFranklin D. Roosevelt: “New Deal” 罗斯福新政The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reformAmerican Identity9.melting pot/ “a nation of immigrants”熔炉/“移民国家”Reasons:①.Country was settled; built; and developed by generations of immigrants②. America continues to take in more immigrants than any other country.③. The most heterogeneous多种多样的 societiesInfluence:America exercising far greater influence on Europe than Europe on America.10.Indian Reservations印第安保留地Indians’struggle and sufferings:①. first driven out of their familiar land②. either wholly or partially destroyed③. lose their land to white invaders④. lose their peaceful family & community life⑤.“Indian Reservations”Today’s Indians:①. the poorest②. lower incomes③. the highest unemployment; school dropout; and suicide rates④. malnutrition & mental illness & short life expectancy⑤. call of pan-IndianismPolitical Institutions11.Checks and balances 分权制衡12.Congress国会The legislative branch of the federal government.Congress：Senate 参议院:2年选1/3;6年House of Representatives 众议院:2年全选;2年表格对比：Congress Members Be elected Terms of office represent Senators 100 1/3 every 2 years 6 years All of the people in a state & their interestsRepresentatives 435 every 2 years 2 years Population of “congressional districts”Congress makes all laws.Each state has two Senators; regardless of population; and; since there are 50 states; then there are 100 senators.13.General election大选Is elected every 4 years4-year term of officeNo more than 2 full terms allowedHe must convince Congressmen; the Representatives & theSenators.14.two parties两党the American political system is dominated by two political parties:the Democratic Party民主党donkeythe Republican Party共和党elephantThe Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey; whilethe Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant.15.The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the onlyorgan which has the power to interpret the Constitution最高法院唯一有权解释宪法Educationpulsory education义务教育Elementary初等 and secondary中等 education—the basis of publiceducation; free and compulsory; 12 gradesOne academic year—from September through JuneDifferent divisions of school systems:elementary school—one through eighthigh school—next four yearselementary school—one through sixjunior high school—seven through ninesenior high school—ten through twelveHigher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. 高等教育始于哈佛学院的建立The beginning of higher education—the founding of Harvard College in 163617.list some famous universites in America; are they public or private The oldest one isIvy League—including eight universities Brown; Columbia; Cornell; Dartmouth;Harvard; Pennsylvania; Princeton; and Yale MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院Harvard is the oldest one.Others18.the typical American festival isNew Year’s Day新年 Epiphany显现节;主显节Lent四旬斋 Candlemas Day圣烛节、土拨鼠日St. Valentine's Day情人节 Easter复活节 Thanksgiving Halloween万圣节 Washington's Birthday华盛顿诞辰日Lincoln's Birthday林肯纪念日 President's Day总统纪念日19.Independence Day 美国独立纪念日Independence Day is the most important patriotic holiday.The national day—the 4th of July On this day in 1776; the Continental Congress adopted The Declaration of Independence.4th July: The Fourth of July is a very important holiday in the U.S.We celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence by representatives of the thirteen American Colonies.On July 4; 1776; John Hancock; Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin; well-known patriots; declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. This holiday is considered the `birthday of the United States of America.' It is the greatest non-religious holiday on the U.S. We celebrate this day with fireworks and parades.。

2018总结——新版《英语国家概况》各单元核心生词总结

2018总结——新版《英语国家概况》各单元核心生词总结第一篇：2018总结——新版《英语国家概况》各单元核心生词总结Chapter 1 Loch Lomond罗蒙湖freight [freɪt] 货运；运费；船货prevail [prɪ'veɪl] 盛行，流行westerlies ['wɛstɚliz]西风带mammal ['mæm(ə)l] 哺乳动物 roe [rəʊ] 獐predominantly [prɪ'dɒmɪnəntlɪ] 主要地；显著地Chapter 2 iberian [ai'biəriən] 伊比利亚人；伊比利亚语teutonic [tju:'tɔnik] 日耳曼人的Iona爱奥那岛（苏格兰一小岛）columba [kə'lʌmbə] 天鸽座；鸽属 monastery ['mɒnəst(ə)rɪ] 修道院；僧侣 witan ['wɪtən] 国会成员manorial [mə'nɔrɪəl] 庄园的；采邑的 christianize ['krɪstʃən,aɪz] 使成基督徒Chapter 3 oath [əʊθ+.誓言，誓约；诅咒，咒骂 allegiance [ə'liːdʒ(ə)ns] 效忠，忠诚；忠贞immediate [ɪ'miːdɪət] 立即的；直接的；最接近的Domesday Book *'duːmzdeɪ] 最后审判日 compiled [kəm'paɪl] 编译的sponsorship ['spɒnsəʃɪp] 赞助；发起；保证人的地位；教父母身份 extent [ɪk'stɛnt] n.程度；范围；长度Plantagenet [plæn'tædʒənit]金雀花王1154-1485年significance [sɪg'nɪfɪk(ə)ns] 意义；重要性；意思 clause [klɔːz+ 条款 magna carta大宪章territorial [,terɪ'tɔːrɪəl] 领土的；土地的；地方的brutally ['brʊtli] 残忍地；野蛮地；兽性地Chapter 4 Lancaster兰卡斯特 Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特compromise ['kɒmprəmaɪz] 妥协，和解；折衷cavaliers [,kæv ə'liəs] 骑士 Oliver Cromwell奥利弗·克伦威尔Chapter5 nonconformist [nɒnkən'fɔːmɪst] 不属于圣公会的英国基督教徒enclosure [ɪn'kləʊʒə;en-] 附件；围墙；围场Jeremy Bentham杰里米·边沁（英国哲学家）utilitarianism [jʊ,tɪlɪ'teərɪənɪz(ə)m] 功利主义/ 6modify ['mɒdɪfaɪ] 修改refer [rɪ'fɜː+参考；涉及；提到；查阅mechanization [,mekənaɪ'zeɪʃən] 机械化；机动化 consequent ['kɒnsɪkw(ə)nt] 结果industrialize [ɪnˈdʌstrɪəlʌɪz] 使工业化 allies *ˈæ,laɪz] 同盟国league *liːg+ 联盟；社团；范畴 tension ['tenʃ(ə)n] 紧张，不安Neville Chamberlain内维尔·张伯伦appeasement [ə'piːzm(ə)nt] 缓和，平息；姑息hasten ['heɪs(ə)n] 加速；使赶紧；催促 Margaret Thatcher玛格丽特·撒切尔emphasis ['emfəsɪs] 重点；强调；加强语气manifesto [mænɪ'festəʊ] 宣言；声明；告示Chapter6 conventional [kən'venʃ(ə)n(ə)l] 传统的 barley ['bɑːlɪ+ 大麦 oat [əʊt] 燕麦sugar beet *biːt+ 甜菜rapeseed ['reɪpsiːd+ 油菜籽infrastructure ['ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə] 基础设施；公共建设 financial [fa ɪ'nænʃ(ə)l] 金融的；财政的，财务的 tourism ['tʊərɪz(ə)m] 旅游业；游览Chapter7 sovereign ['sɒvrɪn] 君主；独立国；最高统治者coronation [kɒrə'neɪʃ(ə)n] 加冕礼nobility [nə(ʊ)'bɪlɪtɪ] 贵族；高贵；高尚 Lords temporal世俗贵族,上议院世俗议员peeress ['pɪərɪs] 有爵位的妇女；贵族夫人hereditary [hɪ'redɪt(ə)rɪ] 世袭的；世代相传的 suffrage ['sʌfrɪdʒ] 选举权；投票；参政权；cabinet ['kæbɪnɪt] 内阁的；私下的，秘密的magistrate ['mædʒɪstrət;-streɪt] 地方法官 bail [beɪl] 保释custody ['kʌstədɪ] 拘留 bobby ['bɒbɪ] 警察Chapter8 voluntary ['vɒlənt(ə)rɪ] 自愿的；志愿的；自发的；故意的compulsory [kəmˈpʌlsərɪ] 义务的；必修的；被强制的secretary *ˈsekrətrɪ] 秘书；书记；部长；大臣 curriculum [kə'rɪkjʊl əm] 课程,总课程applicable [ə'plɪkəb(ə)l]可适用的；可应用的；合适的Beatles ['bi:tlz] 披头士合唱（摇滚乐队）/ 6Guardian ['gɑːdɪən+ 监护人，保护人；守护者digital ['dɪdʒɪt(ə)l] 数字的；手指的Chapter 9 Michigan ['miʃigən] 美国密歇根州；密歇根Superior *suːˈpɪərɪə] 苏必利尔Huron ['hjuərən] 休伦湖Ontario安大略湖Rio Grande River里奥格兰德河Detroit [di'trɔit] 底特律（美国一座城市）volcano [vɒl'keɪnəʊ] 火山Mauna Loa莫纳罗亚山（夏威夷岛的活火山）sugar cane甘蔗pineapple ['paɪnæp(ə)l] 菠萝 Honolulu [,hɔnə'lu:lu:] 火奴鲁鲁Eskimos爱斯基摩人Chapter 10 California [,kælɪ'fɔ:njə] 加利福尼亚 Texas ['teksəs] 德克萨斯州amnesty ['æmnɪstɪ] 大赦，特赦 resident *ˈrɛzɪdənt] 居住的；定居的partial ['pɑːʃ(ə)l+ 局部的；偏爱的；不公平的ancestry ['ænsestrɪ] 祖先；血统Chicano [tʃi:'kɑ:nəu+ 奇卡诺人Hispanic [hi'spænik] 西班牙的assimilation [ə,sɪmɪ'leɪʃən] 同化；吸收 diabetes [,daɪə'biːtiːz+ 糖尿病；多尿症alcoholism ['ælkəhɒlɪz(ə)m] 酗酒tuberculosis [tjʊ,bɜːkjʊ'ləʊsɪs] 肺结核；结核病 suicide *'s(j)uːɪsaɪd] 自杀disproportionate [,dɪsprə'pɔːʃ(ə)nət] 不成比例的 incidence ['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns] 发生率；影响Chapter11 Virginia弗吉尼亚州Pilgrims ['pɪlgrɪmz] 清教徒Philadelphia [,filə'delfjə;-fiə] 费城declaration [deklə'reɪʃ(ə)n]（纳税品等的）申报theory *'θɪərɪ] 理论；原理；学说；推测philosopher [fɪ'lɒsəfə] 哲学家；哲人Saratoga [,særə'təugə] 萨拉托加Alexander [,ælɪg'zændɚ] 亚历山大Hamilton ['hæmiltən] 汉密尔顿-名；哈密尔顿-城市James Madison詹姆斯·麦迪逊（美国前总统）/ 6ratification [,rætəfə'keʃən] 批准；承认，认可Napoleonic [n ə,pəuli'ɔnik] 拿破仑一世的forcibly ['fɔːsɪblɪ] 用力地；强制地；有说服力地Louisiana [lu:,i:zi'ænə] 美国路易斯安那州 frontiersmen ['frʌntjəzmən] 拓荒者manifest destiny天定命运O’Sullivan奥沙利文confederate [kən'fed(ə)rət] 同盟国Chapter12 Muckraker ['mʌk,rekɚ] 探听丑闻的人prosperous ['prɒsp(ə)rəs] 繁荣的；兴旺的 corruption [kə'rʌpʃ(ə)n] 贪污，腐败；堕落 regulate ['regjʊleɪt] 调节，规定laissez faire *lei'sei'fεər] 放任；自由主义 Woodrow Wilson伍德罗·威尔逊，总统（1913-1921）reduction [rɪ'dʌkʃ(ə)n] 减少；下降；缩小；还原反应decentralized [di'sɛntrəl,aɪz] 使分散；使分权neglect [nɪ'glekt] 疏忽，忽视；忽略 commission [kə'mɪʃ(ə)n] 委员会 investigate [ɪn'vestɪgeɪt] 调查；研究conference ['kɒnf(ə)r(ə)ns] 会议；协商；联盟frustration [frʌ'streɪʃn] 挫折creditor ['kredɪtə] 债权人，贷方 Ku klux klan三K党foreclosure [fɔː'kləʊʒə] 丧失抵押品赎回权Franklin D.Roosevelt富兰克林罗斯福（美国总统）pragmatist ['prægmətɪst] 实用主义者；爱管闲事人 Tennessee Valley Authority田纳西州流域管理局 stimulation *ˌstɪmjʊ'leʃn] 刺激；激励，鼓舞formulation [fɔːmjʊ'leɪʃn] 构想，规划；公式化implementation [ɪmplɪmen'teɪʃ(ə)n] 实现；履行incident ['ɪnsɪd(ə)nt] 事件，事变；插曲Chapter13 violation [vaɪə'leɪʃn] 违反；妨碍，侵害；违背；senator ['senətə] 参议员McCarthy [mə'ka:θi+ 麦卡锡（姓氏）Vietnam *ˌvjet'næm+ 越南（南亚国家）vietminh [,vjet'min] 越南独立同盟；越盟领导人Geneva [dʒi'ni:və] 日内瓦（瑞士西南部城市）Hochiminh（越南）胡志明市communique [kə'mju:nɪkeɪ] 公报，官报diplomatic [dɪplə'mætɪk] 外交的；外交上的；老练的Barack Obama巴拉克·奥巴马Chapter14-16/ 6bloc [blɒk] 集团optimism ['ɒptɪmɪz(ə)m] 乐观；乐观主义circulation [sɜːkjʊ'leɪʃ(ə)n] 流通，循环；发行量 petroleum [pə'trəʊlɪəm] 石油 extreme poverty极端贫穷petition [pɪ'tɪʃ(ə)n] 请愿；请愿书vice president [,vais'prezidənt] 副总统；副主席mandatory ['mændət(ə)rɪ] 强制的；托管的；命令的 option ['ɒpʃ(ə)n] 选项；选择权；买卖的特权 patriotic *ˌpætrɪˈɒtɪk] 爱国的parade [pə'reɪd] 游行；阅兵；炫耀 concert ['kɒnsət] 音乐会Nathaniel纳撒尼尔 Hawthorne霍桑 Edgar埃德加 Allan Poe爱伦·坡Chapter 17-18 semicircular[,sɛmaɪ'sɝkjʊlɚ] 半圆的Hudson Bay哈得逊湾（位于加拿大中东部）uninviting[ʌnɪn'vaɪtɪŋ+ 讨厌的，无吸引力的；无魅力的cordillera [,kɔːdɪ'ljeərə] 山脉 Mackenzie [mə'kenzi] 麦肯齐河bison ['baɪs(ə)n] 北美野牛；欧洲野牛multiculturalism[,mʌltɪ'kʌltʃərəlɪzm] 多元文化论Montreal[,mɔntri'ɔ:l] 蒙特利尔（加拿大东南部港市）hockey ['h ɒkɪ] 曲棍球；冰球Ontario安大略省（加拿大省份）Governor General（大英帝国国协内独立国家或殖民地等的）总督 prairie ['preərɪ] 大草原；牧场adequate ['ædɪkwət] 充足的；适当的；胜任的 canola [kə'nəʊl ə] 一种菜籽油 timber ['tɪmbə] 木材；木料Halifax ['hælifæks] 哈里法克斯Chapter 19-20 platypus ['plætɪpəs] 鸭嘴兽 wattle ['wɒt(ə)l] 金合欢树floral ['flɔrəl] 花的；植物的，植物群的；花似的marsupial [mɑː'suːpɪəl+ 有袋的；袋状的kangaroo *,kæŋgə'ruː+袋鼠continuously [kən'tɪnjʊəsli] 连续不断地 influx ['ɪnflʌks] 流入；汇集；河流的汇集处 vegemite咸味酱yeast *jiːst+ 酵母；泡沫；酵母片；引起骚动因素 peanut *'piːn ʌt] 花生prestigious [pre'stɪdʒəs] 有名望的；享有声望的Sydney Cove 悉尼湾homosexuality ['hɒməʊ,seksjʊ'ælətɪ] 同性恋/ 6Brisbane ['brizbən] 布里斯班（澳大利亚东部城市）Perth [pɜrθ+ 珀斯，佩斯（澳大利亚城市）Chapter 21-22 Matthew Flinders马修·福林达斯 alongside [əl ɒŋ'saɪd] 在旁边informal [ɪn'fɔːm(ə)l] 非正式的；不拘礼节的matrimonial [mætrɪ'məʊnɪəl] 婚姻的；与婚姻有关的bicameral [,baɪ'kæmərəl] 两院制的；有两个议院的 poultry ['pəʊltr ɪ] 家禽inroad ['ɪnrəʊd] 侵袭，袭击；减少Newcastle ['nu,kæsəl] 纽卡斯尔（英国港市）vehicles *ˈviːɪk(ə)lz] 交通工具 beverage ['bev(ə)rɪdʒ] 饮料quota ['kwəʊtə] 配额；定额；限额 Hay Point海波因特（地名）Telstra Corporation澳洲电信volcanic [vɒl'kænɪk] 火山的；猛烈的；易突然发作的pohutukawa [pəu,hu:tə'kɑ:wə+ 桃金娘科常绿树 secluded [sɪ'kluːd ɪd] 隐蔽的；隐退的，隐居的missionary ['mɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] 传教的；传教士的 Waitangi怀唐伊（新西兰地名）entitled [ɪn'taɪtl] 有资格的；给与名称的mutton ['mʌt(ə)n] 羊肉integrating ['ɪntɪgreɪtɪŋ+ 整合；积分；集成化 trilogy ['trɪlədʒɪ] 三部曲；三部剧scenic *'siːnɪk] 风景优美的；舞台的；戏剧的Chapter 23-24 endemic [en'demɪk] 地方性的；风土的 stoat [st əʊt] 白鼬 hare [heə] 野兔reptile ['reptaɪl] 爬虫类的；卑鄙的 lizard ['lɪzəd] 蜥蜴；类蜥蜴爬行动物Massachusetts [,mæsə'tʃu:sits] 马萨诸塞州（美国）dire ['daɪə] 可怕的；悲惨的；极端的 prototypical [,protə'tɪpɪkl] 原型的；典型的tenor ['tenə] 男高音mccormack [məˈkɔ:mək] 麦考马克（人名）sinn fein新芬运动（要求爱尔兰独立）Downing Street Declaration唐宁街声明saint [seɪnt] 圣人；圣徒；道德崇高的人boisterous ['bɒɪst(ə)rəs] 喧闹的；狂暴的；猛烈的secular ['sekjʊlə] 世俗的；长期的；不朽的, 修道院外的教士，(对宗教家而言的)俗人/ 6第二篇：英语国家概况课后题总结和答案Chapter 1 land and people1.what are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?The British Isles,Greant Britina and England are geographical names, no the official names of the country,while the official name is the United Kingdom,but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian.2.Describe the geographical position of Britian?Britain is an island country.It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.3.Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands.4.Does Britain have a favourable climate? why?Yes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate---winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature,too.5.what are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest? The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three:1)The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;2)the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate;3)the North Atlantic Drift,a warm current,passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.The northwestern part has the most rainfall,whilethe south-eastern corner is the driest.6.Describe the distribution o f Britain’s population.Britain has a population of 57 million.It is densely populated, with an average of 237people per square kilometre.It is also very unevenly distributed , with 90%of the population in urban areas,10% in rural areas.Geographically, most British people live in England.Of the total of 57 million people, 47 million live in England, 14 million live in London and Southeastern England.7.What are the three natural zones in Scotland?The three natural zones in Scotland are : the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands ,and the southern Uplands.8.What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish?The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,while the Scots,Welsh and rish are Celts.9.What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England? How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive? The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.The Scots are hospitable ,generous and friendly.Irish are known for their charm and vivacity as well as for the beauty of their Irish girls.Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.10.What is the main problem in Northern Ireland?Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland.Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are the dominant group,while the latter are seeking more social,plitical and economic apportunities.The britishGovernment and the government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.第三篇：各单元教学总结第一单元教学总结这册教材我也是第一次教，跟大家一样，看到一篇篇从未教过的新课文，我也很困惑，教什么呢，怎么教呢，我想老师们的困惑也大抵来自这两方面。

英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料

Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰）由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral （圣保（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。

英语国家概况章节概要

英国概况1. Land and People 国土与人民Different names for Britain and its parts 英国的不同名称及其区域正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

简称：联合王国，或UK。

首都伦敦。

它包括不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。

不列颠诸岛：包括不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛和几百个小岛。

爱尔兰岛：岛的北部地区，即北爱尔兰属于联合王国；岛的南部地区，称为爱尔兰共和国或爱尔兰，1949年独立，首都是都柏林。

三个政治区域：英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士。

由于帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国。

两次世界大战后，其殖民地不断独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦取代。

英联邦：是由原英国殖民地组成的一个自由联合体，各独立成员国间，根据贸易协议实行经济合作。

英联邦没有特别的权力，目前有50个成员国。

2. Origins of the Nation 英国的起源Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特人的到来和迁居自公元前700年不断迁入，来自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国，比利时和德国南部。

三次入侵高潮：第一次是公元前600年，盖尔人。

第二次是公元前400年，布立吞（不列颠）人。

第三次是公元前150年，贝尔盖人。

强大的酋长卡西弗洛诺斯，莎士比亚剧本中的辛白林。

技艺：农耕，沼泽地排水，修建房屋，铁匠。

后裔：山地苏格兰人，爱尔兰人，威尔士人。

语言：是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础。

宗教：德鲁伊德教。

德鲁伊德指智者，占星家和占卜者。

采用活人祭祀。

Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons 现代英格兰民族的基础：盎格鲁--撒克逊人三支日尔曼（条顿）部落的入侵：朱特人：来自朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）。

酋长亨及斯特和霍塞，帮助肯特国王伏泰根驱逐皮克特人和苏格兰人后，转而攻击伏泰根，最终亨及斯特成为肯特国王。

撒尔逊人：来自德国北部。

建立了埃塞克斯，苏塞克斯，威塞克斯。

英美概况各章节重点知识点总结整理

Section one：Origin of the English NationThe native Celts●The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish, and the Welsh. And the Celtic language is thebasis of Welsh and Gaelic.●Religion: Druidism.●Stonehenge: the circular arrangement of large stones in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, England, was probably builtbetween about 3000 and 1000 B.C by Celts, but its function remains unknown.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)●Romans got possession of England by driving native Celts into Scotland and Wales. They failed to conquerScotland. They built two great walls: the Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent Picts in Scotland from invading England.●Many towns’ names end with: ster, cester, and shire. e.g., Lancast er, Winchester, Y orkshire, deriving fromcastra (Latin word for camp).●Religion: Christianity.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (446-871)(mainly occupied the Lowland Zone)●New invader: Jutes (now the county of Kent), became the king of Kent. Soon after their relat ives and othertribes came trooping after them——●It is a collective name for the seven Anglo—Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th century. They areKent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria. After the 9th century, the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading Danes.●Saxons and Angles came from northern Germany. After they had taken possession of all the England, theywere divided into 7 principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy. those tribes were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand.(hero: King Arthur)●Religion: Teutonic, practicing multi-goddism. Tiu(the god of war, Tuesday), Woden(heaven, Wednesday),Thor(storms, Thursday),Freya(peace, Friday)●Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to convert the English to Christianity. With the help of the king of Kent, hebecame the first Archbishop of Canterbury.●The A-S nominated local officials: sheriffs.●Open-field farming system: 3 big fields+commons. This system is the basis of the English agrarian civilizationand subsistence farming.●Witan: the A-S created the Witan (a group of wise man) to advice the king, the Witan was the forerunner of thepresent-day Privy Council.●Alfred the Great: the father of the British Navy & his writings were the beginning of prose literature. Made atreaty with Danes----Dane law.●Viking invasions: in the 8th, 9th, 10th centuries A.D. V ikings from North Europe, brought a new wave ofinvasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Briton.●Canute: Witan chose the Danish leader, as king of England. he included England part of a Scandinavianempire(inc luded Norway and Denmark)●Edward the Confessor: built Westminster Abbey.The Norman Conquest (1066)●William the Conqueror: the first Anglo-Norman king of England.●Battle of Hastings: ?Influence of the Norman Conquest●Feudalism: the nobles got fief, from the sovereign. But they were obliged to pay certain dues and armed manaccording to their estates to the king. They (known as barons or the king's tenants=in -chief, made up the upper landed class. They give fiefs to sub-vassals (known as lesser nobles, knights, and free man).They should take oaths of loyalty to the king directly as well as to their immediate overlords.●William built the Tower of London as a military fortress. He replaced the Witan with the Great Council thatwas composed of his tenants-in-chief.●Domesday Book: in order to have a reliable record of all lands and discover how much his tenants-in-chiefcould be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to make investigations. These clerks finally compiled a property record known as Domesday Book in 1085.this book stated the extent, value, population, and ownership of the land.Section two：The Great Charter and Beginning of ParliamentHenry II 'Reforms●William died and left his Normandy to Robert, England to William Rufus, all his money to Henry. William IIwas killed when hunting, Henry I succeeded him.●Henry I had no male heir, his nephew Henry II became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty金雀花王朝.●The new king strengthened the Great Council. Chancellor is the chief number, in charge of the administrativeand judicial system. The present day Lord Chancellor is his successor.●Administrative reform：Replaced the traditional land tax based on hides with a new tax based on annual rentsand chatells.●Judicial reform: divided the country into 6 circuits. Itinerant judges focused their attention on baron’s propertyand abuse of privileges. Decisions made by a circuit court was regarded as a precedent judgment, becoming the basis of the Common Law习惯法.✓the Common Law is a judge-made or case-made law based on the various of local customs of the A-S, it was common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only a little community;✓Lead to the founding of the jury system, (the juries were chosen from among local freeman to help circuit judges from London. Function: bring accusation against malefactors and swear to the innocence of the accused, the judge gave verdict at first but gradually the jury was empowered to give verdict. Principle: no free man should be punished without a just trial by his peers.✓It replaced the primitive English trials----by ordeals or battles. Abolished the benefit of clergy.●Thomas Becket: the king’s chief secretary. In 1162, Henry made him the Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping hewould assist him in church reforming. But Thomas was against the king, and finally he was killed by the King.After his death, he was put upon the list of English saints as a martyr to the church.●Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales”(24 tales)King John●Many people believed that Robin Hood, a legendary outlaw, was a contemporary of John.●In fear of the Pope suspend public services, John promised to send a yearly tribute to him; John became avassal of the Pope.The great charter 大宪章P93●In 1215, the insurgent nobles met the king at Runnymede, and forced his to sign: the Great Charter (the MagnaCarta), the most important documents in English history.Beginning of Parliament●After John died, his 9 years old boy Henry III was put on the throne.和父亲是一丘之貉●Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother in law, was the defender of the Great Charter. But king refused to acceptthe Provisions of Oxford was finally put into prison. In 1265,.each county sent two knights, and each town tworepresentatives to join the meeting at Westminster,(the earliest English parliament)●Edward I succeeded, conquered Wales, gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales, a title held by the heirto the throne ever since.Section 3: decline of feudalism of EnglandThe hundred years’ war (1337—1453)●This war refers to the war between France and England, and ended in victory for the French, leading toexpulsion of English from France. The reason of the war: territorial and economic disputes.（direct course:Edward 3 claimed his succession to French throne, but being denied）●Joan of Arc圣女贞德: A national heroine in French history during the hundred year's war. She leaded peasantssuccessfully to drive the English out of France.●The war sped up the decline of feudalism. Gunpowder is a blow to the knights, who are pillars of feudal orderand the “flower of feudalism”.●The Black Death: It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread throughEurope in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cure. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. (change serfdom农奴身份to paid labour)●The government issued a Statute of Labour, saying it is a crime for peasants to ask more wages. Otherwise,they will be branded with the letter“F” on their forehead.The peasant uprising (1381)●The government imposed a flat rate poll tax to fund the hundred years’ war. Wat Tyler led the rebels. Theuprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage隶农制. A whole new class of yeomen farmers 自耕农emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.The wars of the Roses (1455-1485)●The wars of Roses ：After the Hundred Y ear's War, in order to decide who would rule England, a war brokeout between the House of Lancaster （won）and the House of Y ork, which were symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. In nature it was a war between the commercial-minded gentry in the south and the backward landowners in the north and west. It is usually regarded as the end of English Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world history.Section 4:the Tudor Monarchy and the Rising BourgeoisieThe new monarchy●Henry VII is the founder of the Tudor Monarchy, served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismin English history.●American was discovered.Henry VIII and reform of the church●Henry VIII: the quintessential Renaissance sovereign famous for founding the Church of England.●Martin Luther desired the reform of the church.●The reform of the church coincided with the Renaissance. The immediate course was Henry VIII’s divorcecase.●Henry didn’t want to alter theology in any way. What he did was only to get rid of Papal interferences inEngland’s internal affairs.●Henry VIII was followed by Edward VI, switching to Protestant theology and his drastic reform has beencalled “the Reformation” in English history.●Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’s daughter and she was a Catholic. After she became Queen, about 300Protestants were burnt as heretics, for they held Protestant views. As a result, people call her "Bloody Mary". Elizabeth 1(1533-1603)●Externally, Elizabeth successfully played off against each other two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.●Establish charter companies, such as East India Company.●The Spanish king Philip finally made war with Armada (the Invincible Fleet).Elizabeth was regarded as thefoundation-layer of the British Empire.●Elizabeth Age refers to the English golden age.Section five: the English civil war(Bourgeois Revolution)Background of Revolution●Enclosures and the peasant uprising created a new working class, proletariat.●James 6 of Scotland was welcomed to the throne as James 1.this marks the major step to the unification of the two kingdoms.James 1(1603-1625) and the parliament●James said:"no bishop, no king", relations between the Puritans and the king deteriorated.●The Catholics were also opposed to the king for his staunch support of the Church of England. The night bonfire festival is celebrated on November 5, with fireworks and bonfire on which Guy Fawkes was burnt in effigy to remember the day Gunpowder Plot of 1605,reminding the English people the danger of Catholic restoration.●Many puritans refused to conform the King James V ersion, so they became "nonconformists", in 1620,201 nonconformists sailed from Plymouth in a ship named Mayflower. They were called Pilgrims.●James 1 believed "Divine Right of Kings", dissolved the parliament for 7 years. He was called the wisest fool. Charles 1●He followed a pro-Catholic ism policy.(In Elizabethan times, puritans were popular)●The puritans were noted for simple dress, high moral standards, demand of equality, and egalitarian [i,ɡæli'tεəriən]attitudes.The civil wars●The puritans made up the most revolutionary section. So the Bourgeois Revolution was also known as the Puritan Revolution.●The left wing of the revolutionary forces found a leader: Oliver Cromwell.●Oliver Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.●"Roundhead" was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings.●The civil war is the beginning of modern world history.Restoration●Charles II put an end to the Republic. They took over Manhattan Island from Dutch and named it New Y ork.●His brother James 2 succeeded, reviving Catholicism.●Glorious Revolution of 1688 also called the White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed. It was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians . Finally, William III (Jamea’2 son in law)and Mary ascended the English throne.●W and M childless. Mary’s sister succeeded. Scots accepted the Act of Union, in1707, Great Britain was born.Hanover dynasty.Section six: the industrial revolution and the chartist movementBackground of industrial revolution●The new class managed to accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered America and Africa through colonization and the notorious triangular trade.●James watt made the steam engine practiced for industrial use.●Enclosure movement: to make a profit by selling grain, landowners began to replace the small“open fields” with hedge-divided large fields. (A new system of crop rotation was introduced.) Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Tenants were driven off their lands.●Farmer George.Effects of the industrial revolution (1750-1850)●The workshop of the world.●As a result, class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour, became the major problem.●The forests of chimneys turned Birmingham to “Black C ountry”●The transition from an agrarian civilization to industrial civilization was criticized by Luddites.●Theory: social Darwinism (Origin of Species---natural selection) and Malthusianism and Adam Smith (laissez-fair).The chartist movement (1836-1848,3times)●The chartist movement Was a mass movement of working class to fight for equal political and social rights.●Document: the People’s Charter人民宪章，drawn by London Workingmen’s Association.●Two groups: moral force chartists and physical force chartists.Queen Victoria (“the grandmother of Europe”, suffered hemophilia ) “The Polite Society”●The V ictoria Age: a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom. The 63-year reign of Victoria was the longest of any monarch in British history. She was official head of state not only of the United Kingdom but also the British Empire, which included Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa.●In 1840,the Opium War against China.●The trade union act of 1871 legalized the trade unions, ------- set up Labor Representation Committee (LRC) ----------- it changed this name to Labor Party.。

英语国家概况必背-英语国家概况答案

英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英语国家概况各单元知识点汇总

《英语国家概况》一、课程性质、目的和要求（一）课程性质随着社会的进步和科技的高速发展，中外各种交流越来越密切，了解和掌握一些英语国家的文化传统也显得极为重要。

英语国家概况是面向英语专业三年一期学生开设的专业必修课程。

《英语国家概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化背景的教科书，旨在帮助英语专业学生和英语自学者了解这些国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理，历史，政治，经济，社会生活和文化传统方面的基本知识。

（二）课程目的该课程旨在提高英语水平为目的。

该课程可以通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，在教学过程中实行语言教学与文化知识课紧密相结合，以学生为中心，帮助学生能够理解课文，掌握英语，吸取知识，适当的补充对重大事件和人物的历史背景，典故，以提高学生的学习兴趣。

课后可以适当布置一些思考题，指导学生进行有效的自学，拓宽他们的知识面。

（三）课程要求该课程要求学生对英语国家的社会文化背景有一定的了解，能够对中西方社会和文化的差异有一定的理解和认识，正确看待中西方社会文化差异性与多元性。

二、教学重点和难点（一）教学重点英国部分：英国历史、英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。

美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国历史、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。

（二）教学难点英国部分：英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。

美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。

三、教学内容第一章英国第一课：英国的国土和人民教学内容：英国的地理特征，四部分的山水河流，气候状况，英国的各个民族。

这一部分主要从整体对大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国作一个综述。

了解英国不同名称的含义，英国的地理特征、河流和湖泊、气候的特点以及影响气候的因素，了解英国的民族构成、人口结构及其特点；了解英国的语言构成及阶级状况。

第二课：英国历史教学内容：英国的起源（1066年诺曼征服之前的历史，即英国早期遭受的三次外族入侵）：诺曼王朝，金雀花王朝，兰开斯特王朝，约克王朝，都铎王朝，斯图亚特王朝，克伦威尔时期的共和国，复辟时期，光荣革命，工业革命，宪章运动，英帝国的殖民扩张，一战及二战中的英国，战后到八十年代末的英国。

余志远《英语国家概况》笔记和课后答案pdf网课视频

余志远《英语国家概况》笔记和课后答案pdf网课视频第一部分英国第1章国土与人民1.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Geographical Features1. The UK’s Geographical Location and Its Size2. Rivers and LakesⅡ. Climate1. A Maritime Climate2. Factors Which Influence the Climate3. RainfallⅢ. Plant and Animal Life1. Plant Life2. Animal LifeⅣ. People1. Ethnic Groups2. Languages3. Religion4. Urbanization5. Population Growth6. Migration Patterns【重难点归纳】1. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales. Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. The total population of the UK was around 63 million, which is the third-largest in the European Union and the 22nd-largest in the world.3. The UK is a developed country with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally.4. The UK’s capital is London, and it has other major cities including, Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester in England and so on.1. 大不列颠由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。

英语国家概况复习整理

英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。

以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。

英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。

2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。

华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。

美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。

3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。

渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。

加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。

4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。

堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。

澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。

5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。

惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。

新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。

二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。

英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。

美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。

加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。

2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。

英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。

美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。

加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。

英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版

可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。

英语国家概况复习指南

英语国家概况复习指南一、各章重点练习上册：Unit 1，PP. 15-17Part 1. 1,Britain is no longer an imperial country.2,the Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries.4, the stereotype of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of the British people.5. When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes. 6, the Scots and Welsh have a strong sense of being British.12 the title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition.Part 2. 2, characteristics of London: the culture centre, the business centre, the financial centre5, the Tower of London, is historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by William the Conqueror6, the Anglo-Saxons were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England9the majority of people in Scotland live in the Upland.Part 3. 6 Britain is a country with a history of invasions. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, in the late 8th century they experienced raids from Scandinavia and in the 11th century they suffered invasions from NormansUnit 3, PP. 46-48Part 1. 1. It is no doubt that the Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world2. In Britain, the process of the state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution, in contrast to France and the US3,the oldest institution of government in Britain is the Monarchy.4, the divine right of kings means the sovereign derived his authority from his subject7. Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy8. Britain, like Israel, has a written constitution of the sort which most countries have.9. Common laws are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts.Part 2.1, characteristics of British government: it is both a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, it is the oldest representative democracy in the world, it has no written form of constitution.2, Charles I , the king, was executed in the civil war.4, about the Great Council: it included barons and representatives from countries and towns, it was sometimes summoned by the kings to contribute money, it represented the aristocrats as well as communities.6, about the Constitution: it is the foundation of British governance today, Conventions and laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution, the common laws are part of the Constitution.8. The descriptions of the Queen‟s role: the Queen symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British state, acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister, is the temporal head of the Church of England.Part 3. 2, The doctrine of the …divine right of kings‟ held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subject8, in Britain, the official head of state is the Queen while the real centre of political life is in the House of Commons9 The British constitution consist of statute law, the common law and the conventions.11. Strictly speaking the Parliament today consist of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.12. life peer should be nominated by Prime Minister and appointed by the sovereignPart 4. 1(In 1688, King James Ⅱ‟s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the politicians of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.)Unit 4, PP. 65-68Part 1.1, In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances.2, anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit can stand as an MP8, children from the upper-middle-class usually have a better education than those from the working or middle-class.10, one of the distinctive features about the British class-system is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.11. the majority of Br itain‟s recent immigrants have mainly come from North Asia and Caribbean countries.Part 2. 1. Lords in the House of Lords cannot voted in the general election, members in the House of Commons, the UK citizens above the age of 18, the UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.2, the House of Commons is a” vote of no confidence” decided.4, at least 326 seats in the House of Commons should a party hold in order to win the election5 the description about the Conservative party: it has been in power for an unusually long period of time, it prefers policies that protect individual‟s rights and it receives a lot of the funding from big companies, 8, about the life peer: they are not from the aristocratic families, they earned their titles through their outstanding achievement, the titles cannot be inherited by their children.10 the characteristic of the hereditary aristocracy in the UK: the noble titles can be inherited by the children, they usually own historic houses in the country, the senior members can be lords in the House of LordsPart 3. 2, the party which wins the majority seats in parliament forms the government and its party leader becomes the Prime Minister.7, There are three major parties in the UK; the Conservative party, the Labour party and the Liberal Democratic party11. A university teacher would probably read a newspaper like The Guardian while a manual worker would probably read The SunPart 4. 1(General election are very important in western democracy.According to the author, they provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders.)Unit 5, PP. 82-83Part 1. 1,by the 1880‟s the Britain economy was dominant in the world.3, by the end of the World War II, Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to develop its manufacturing industry and borrowed large amounts from the US and France5 in the 1970s, with the soaring price of oil and high rates of inflation, Britain went through a bad period. In 1979, the Labour party had to step down from the government., 6the leaders of Conservatives, Margaret Thatcher started a series of reforms. An extensive programme of privatization was carried out, and she was successful in and all-round way Part 2. 1, about the UK economy: Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies, Britain has experienced a relative economic decline in1945, some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capita2. the reason for the relative economic decline since 1945: Britain did not invest modern equipment and new products, Britain spend a high proportion of its national wealth on the military, Britain had been heavily in debt to finance the war.Part 3. 2, a low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment is a characteristic of the UK economy.3, since 1945, the UK economy has experienced relative decline rather than absolute decline. 5, in1979, the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher came into power and carried out a programme of reform.7the UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: primary industries, second industries and tertiary industriesPart 4.1, 2(The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned business (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatisation was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.)Unit 7, PP. 116-118Part 2. 1, in Britain, the great major of parents send their children to state schools 2, in Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can legally receive completely free education 4, The University of Buckingham is a privately funded university in Britain8,National Curriculum included: children must study the subject like English, mathematics, science and so on. Children must pass the national tests, and teachers must teach what they are told9. About the British education system: it‟s run, funded, supervised by the state,Part 3. 1, the two oldest universities in Britain are Oxford and Cambridge2,two famous public schools mentioned in the text are Eton and Winchester8 Comprehensive schools provide a general education, teaching students everything from academic subjects like literature and science to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentryUnit 8, PP. 129-131Part 1. 1, when the Second World War ended, Britain no longer was the largest military power in Western Europe4, the Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain‟s foreign policy.5,the main government department involved is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office(FCO)9. Britain is not a member of the NATO due to its disagreement with some European countries on defence policy.Part 2.2, China, Russia, France, Britain, and the United States are the permanent members of the UN Security Council3, Britain ruled a third of the globe in its imperial prime4,the present British foreign policy is mainly influenced by some of the following factors: its imperial history, its geopolitical traits, and its special relationship with the United States6 Nowadays the British foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in the United Nations, the EU, NATO, etc.Part 3. 1, when the Second World War was over, Britain was active in setting up the United Nations and became one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council2,the present foreign policy of Britain is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits5, the general direction of Britain‟s foreign policy is decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet7. According to the author, Britain is a parliamentary democracy, so the government‟s foreign policy in theory represents the desires of its electorate.10Britain spends more money on defence than most other developed nations and it is the third largest spender in the world and is ranked the fifth or the sixth in terms of its military powerPart 4.5(In the author‟s opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies.There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.)Unit 9, PP. 144-146Part 1. 5, The Advertising Code ensures that advertisements are legal, decent, honest and truthful.7. the Telegraph readers, for example, will be soft on crime, be quite feminist and interested in green politics.Part 2. 3, About British media: they supply people with news, keeping them informed of w hat‟s happening in the world, they help shape British culture, they provide entertainment.10. about the tabloids: they are often called “the gutter press”, they mainly deal in scandals and gossip about famous people, they carry stories with colour photos and catchy headlines.Part 3.8. for a long time the BBC had two channels. BBC One entertains people with sports, drama, current affairs, etc.; BBC Two provides special interest audience with documentaries and shows12. the media have many functions. They provide people with information about political and social problems. They carry advertising and also play an important role in forming a national culture.Unit 11, PP. 183-185Part 1. 3. Most of the people in Northern Ireland are Catholics while the majority of the people in the republic are Protestants6. After the Great Famine, there was a rapid decline of population and many Irish people emigrated to other country.8. Although the language of the Celts survived through history, their language is not the official language.Part 2. 2. In 1541, Henry VII declared to be the king of Ireland, the first English monarch to do so6. the word …Ireland‟ is used ambiguously to mean both the Republic and Northern Ireland 9．The Celts were warrior peoplePart 3. 1. Ireland is situated off the northwest coast of Great BritainUnit 12, PP. 202-204Part 1. 3. In Ireland, the President is only a symbolic Head of State and does not have executive powers8. The highest in ranking in the Irish legal system is the High Court, which has full jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.Part 2. 4, Up until 1970‟s the Irish economy was inward-looking6. All residents of Ireland, regardless of citizenship are qualified to vote at local elections Unit 15, PP. 254-255Part 1. 4. Dreaming is shared by the members of an indigenous group about how the features of their land were created.5. Dreaming helps the indigenous people to survive in the harsh environment of the desert of Australia7. European travelers declared the continent of Australia terra nullius before the British didPart 2. 1. Wombat, Koala and Kangaroo are native Australia animal,5. In late 18th century, British take over the continent of Australia and dec lare it “terra nullius”7. Under the assimilation policy, the aboriginal people should forget their own culture and take on the white culture.Part 3. 4. Most of Australia‟s population lives in the Mediterranean and temperate climates.8. Young indigenous women were forced to help the white settlers in sealing, which was one of the first industries of AustraliaPart 4.5(The policy of assimilation was implemented at the beginning of the 20th century. It was founded on the belief that the white culture was progressive and superior while the indigenous culture was inferior. To implement the policy, indigenous children were taken away from their parents to be put into protected reserves, whose purpose was to destroy the culture of the Dreaming and replace it with Christianity. The impact of the policy is devastating on the indigenous people, as their children grew up losing both their families and culture. In nature, it is the extension of the policy of segregation.)Unit 16, PP. 271-273Part 1.1, Dreaming is about a people being at one with the country which means that people do not own the land, but the land owns the people who have responsibilities of guardianship towards it2 Anglicanism is the British particular form of ProtestantismPart 2. 1, Salvation Army, Methodism and Congregationalism are different versionsof Protestantism2 Islam, Judaism and Hinduism are not, but Buddhism is now the fastest growing non-Christian belief system in AustraliaUnit 17, PP. 283-285Part 1. 1, The European settlement in Australia started in 1788 in Sydney5. The convict husbands of free wives could be assigned to work for their own families as ticket-of –leave servantsPart 2. 6, The Wakefield Scheme was implemented most thoroughly in South Australia8Today there are more” blended families” as people separate and remarry, bringing their two sets of children into their new partnershipUnit 18, PP. 295-297Part 1. 1, The Australia political system follows the Western democratic tradition, reflecting British and Northern American experience7. The …shadow cabinet‟ of the opposition can take over the government when there is a constitutional crisis10. Difference in Australia is now represented by three political parties whose basic conflicts now centre around both class and environmental issuesPart 2.1The gold rush helped to increase the population of Australia significantly 5. Tariff rates have lowered has happened in Australia economyPart 3. 3,.In the massive post-World War 11 immigration programme, Australia favoured the migrants from Britain than those from Southern and Eastern Europe7. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are at the centre of the Australian parliamentary power下册Unit1Part 13. Most of New Zealanders live in cities and towns with more people living in the South Island than the North Island4. Maori people have given up their cultural tradition and have adopted many aspects of western life5. New Zealanders are keen to get involved in environmental protectionPart 2.3. Factors contribute to New Zealand‟s environmental achievement: Favorable geographic features, Low population and a late development of industry4. New Zealand‟s three largest ethnic groups in term of population are new Zealanders with European ancestry, Maori and people from the Pacific Island8. In 1769, James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for BritainUnit 2, PP. 28-29Part 1. 2, New Zealand Parliament has two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Representatives8. New Zealand has now four major markets, with the United States being the biggest onePart 2. 1. The House of State of New Zealand is the British monarch4. The three levels of local government are regional councils, territorial authorities, and community boards6. Major exports of New Zealand: dairy products, fish, woolUnit 3, PP. 48-49Part 1. 3.The first English permanent settlement was founded in California4. Massachusetts was established by English puritans who separated themselves from the Roman Catholic Church5. the state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers7. by the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America were ready to separate themselves from Europe8 .George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as thefounding fathers of the United States of AmericaPart 2.1, the American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants was correct around the time of the American Revolution4, some of the characteristics of Protestantism; challenging the authority of the Pope, salvation through faith .establishing a direct contact with God5, American values come from Puritanism: respect of education, intolerant moralism, a sense of mission8 the theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from John LockePart 3.6, Martin Luther was the first to star the Religious Reformation and next important leaders of the Reformation was John Calvin11, two most important principles of the Holy Experiment were the spirit of liberty and equality, and separation of state and church,13name two of the taxes imposed in North American colonies by the British Parliament on the event of the American Revolution: the stamp tax and the tea taxUnit 4, PP. 60-621.When the war of independence was over, the Unite State was one unified nation as it istoday3.the US Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government6, the president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives9. Today, the United State has two major political parties, one is the Democratic Party formed before 1800, the other is the Republican Party, formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West10, Americans have to join a political party in order to vote or to be a candidate for public officePart 2. 5. The legislative is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes(it can also declare war or put foreign treaties into effect)6. The powers of the president: can vote any bill passed by Congress, has the authority to appoint federal judges when vacancies occur. Has broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal department9. The powers of the president is written into the Constitution in 1787 the Bill of Rights, the judicial review, the political party system are notPart 3. 5, A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constitution parts with some rights reserved to each.6. The US federal government consist of the following three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial.7. The Congress is divided into the House of Representatives with 435 members who serve two-year terms, and the Senate with 100 lawmakers who serve six-year terms9. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 chief justice and 8 associate justices.Part 4. 2, (A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constitution parts, with some rights reserved to each.4.The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to theConstitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.)Unit 5, PP. 77-79Part 1. 1. Alexander Hamilton was the third president of the United States3.The first factory in the United States was a cotton textile mill.5.Many people believe that the economic freedom of capitalism is crucial to America‟seconomic success.6.The stockholders make profits even when the company loses money7.One reason for America‟s affluence is that a lot of people have inherited wealth from theirparentsPart 2. 2. T he …American system‟ of mass production was first used in firearms industry 5. A part of the service industry: Banking, Management consultation, AirlinePart 3. 4. The best-known stock exchange is the New York Stock Exchange located in the Wall Street area of New York City6. The Constitution of The United State bars all kinds of internal tariffs, so manufacturers do not have to worry about tariff barriers when shipping goods from one part of the country to anotherPart 4.4(Corporation is a form of business organization. Compared with the sole proprietorship and the partnership, the corporation may survive the death of its founder or founders. Because it could draw on a pool of investors, it is a much more efficient tool for raising the large amounts of capital needed by expanding business.And it enjoys limited liability, so investors only risk the amount of their investment and not their entire assets.)Unit 8, PP. 130-131Part 1. 4. One of the things that decides whether an applicant can be accepted bya college is his/her scores on the School Aptitude Tests5. According to the author, lager universities are always better, and more desirable universities are always more expensive.6. It takes at least four years to get a bachelor‟s degree from an institution of higher learning in the USPart 2. 3. In the US school systems, the divisions are Elementary school and Secondary school8.In order to go to university, secondary school students must meet the followingrequirements: high school records and recommendations from their teachers get good scores in the SAT.9.Harvard University, Yale University and Princeton University have large endowmentsfrom wealthy benefactors.10.T o get a bachelor‟s degree, an undergraduate student is required to do the following:attending lecture and complete assignments, passing examinations, earning a certain number of credits at the end of the four years at collegeUnit 14, PP. 232-235Part 1. 1. American foreign policy has been swinging between isolationism andinterventionism since World War II2.The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 and theWarsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into two military blocs. And the Cold War began 6, when Ronald Reagan become president in 1982, he wanted to beat the Soviet Union in the space of technology race and so he initiated the Star Wars project7, in 1948 President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine, which is generally regarded as the formal declaration of the implementation of the US containment foreign policy8. After Korean War, the US made necessary adjustment and adopted a strategy of contraction.9. At the end of the Second World War, a concrete wall, separating East and West Berlin, was built which became the symbol of the Cold War11. After the Step.11 terrorist attack, anti-terrorism became a priority on the agenda of the majority of the countries all over the world.Part 2. 1, the American foreign policy up to WW II can be described as swinging between isolationism and internationalism.6, what did US mean by containment? It would use whatever means to prevent the Soviet Union from breaking out of its sphere of influence.7, Vietnam War last about 20 years8. In 1972, President Nixon made a trip to China to improve relations with People‟s Republic of China10The Clinton Administration made the following elements: national security, economic prosperity, promotion of democracy. the three pillars of American foreign policy Part 3. 1. Up to the Second World War, American foreign policy can be described as swinging between isolationism and interventionism2, The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into two military blocs with a large number of non-aligned countries in between. Arms race began11.U nder the Clinton Administration, the US national strategy was engagement andexpansion, which means the US would take a more active part in world affairs and would more actively promote market economic and American style democracy in the world. Part 4. 2, (The US put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. By containment, the US meant that it would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the Soviet Union from breaking out of its sphere of influence. In order to contain communism, the US fought two was in Asia: the Korean War and the Vietnam War.3.When George W. Bush became president in 2001, he said his top advisers pursued astrategy that has significantly changed some of the principles that have been practiced in American foreign policy for years. This strategy has two prominent elements: unilateralism and faith in military strength. The review policies and international agreements from the point of view of American national interests. If they think any international agreement is not in line with American national interests, they will not hesitate to discard it.))Unit 17, PP. 294-295Part 1. 1, Canada is the largest country in North America continent3, the majority of Canadian population live in an area not far away from the Canadian-US border4.Newfoundlanders have an Irish accent because their ancestors came from Ireland8. Canada became a country in 1949 with the entry of Newfoundland into the Union.Part 2. 1. Contrast to its physical size, Canada has a small population.5.French colonists first came and settled in Canada6.Statements about Central Canada: early European settlements started from here, morethan half of Canada‟s population live in here, it has the largest cities like Toronto and MontrealUnit 18. PP. 308-310Part 1. 3, the Governor-General is the representative of the Queen and is the head of the government4,the Canadian parliament is divided into an upper house called the House of Commons, anda lower house called the Senate.6. the Constitution Act was introduced by Brian Mulroney to ensure Canadian‟s legal rightsPart 2. 1. The Prime Minister is the most influential person in the Canadian government2,The Bloc Quebecois party represents the most interest of Quebec.5. Ontario and Quebec are densely populated in Canada9. Quebec is the home of the most French-speaking people in Canada翻译1.2.Britain is a country with a history of invasions. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, in the late 8th century they experienced raids from Scandinavia and in the 11th century they suffered invasions from Normans3. The doctrine of the …divine right of kings‟ held that the sovereign derived his auth ority from God, not from his subject4. The British constitution consist of statute law, the common law and the conventions.5.There are three major parties in the UK; the Conservative party, the Labour party and the Liberal Democratic party6.7.8.910.It consists of a Congress that is divided into the House of Representatives with 435 members who serve two-year terms, and the Senate with 100 lawmakers who serve six-year terms, the legislative branch is made up of elected representatives from all of the states and is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect11. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 chief justice and 8 associate justices.。

英语国家概况复习笔记TheUK

英语国家概况复习笔记TheUKThe UKUnit 11.The official name：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Since 1927)national flag：The Union Flag OR popularly known as the Union Jacknational anthem（国歌）：GOD SAVE THE QUEENnational capital of the country ：London：Greater London⼤伦敦都市区: the City of London + 32 boroughs[?b?r?]（⾃治的市镇）The City of London伦敦城: at the center of the metropolitan-the financial center of thecountryInner London: the City of London + its 12 boroughsOuter London: 20 boroughs [?b?r?]（⾃治的市镇）surrounding Inner London2. The location and size of the country （了解）3. The terrain [t??re?n]（地形）, rivers and mountains of the countryRoughly two kinds of terrain---highland and lowland.The highland area --- in the northern part of the country, comprising the mountainousregions of Scotland, Northern Ireland, northern England and north Wales.The lowland area --- especially in the Midland, southern and eastern England.The longest river in the UK is River Severn（塞⽂河）.Among the most important rivers is the Thames（泰晤⼠河）, which is second longest but is the deepest river in the county. Ben Nevis（本·尼维斯）is the highest peak of the UK.（⼤不列颠境内的最⾼⼭峰，海拔1，343.8⽶，位于苏格兰西部的格兰扁⼭脉)Lough Neagh (396km2)(內伊湖): the largest lake in the whole country4. The natural resources of the countryCoal 煤●Britain has a rich deposit of coal with major coal mines in central and southwest of England.●For the last decades, there has been a steady decline in both coal production and number of coal mines.Petroleum [p??tr?uli?m] ⽯油●1965 saw discovery of big oil and oil fields under the North Sea, east of Britain.5. The climate of the countryTemperate maritime climate（温带海洋性⽓候）What are the characteristics of the climate in Great Britain?FoggyRainyUncertain and changeable6. Major citiesLondon ;Edinburgh [?edn?b?:r?] 爱丁堡;Cardiff [?kɑ:d?f] 加地夫（威尔⼠的主要海港）;Belfast [?bel?f?st] 贝尔法斯特（北爱尔兰⾸府）;Birmingham ['b?:mh?m] 伯明翰市（英国中部城市，第⼆⼤城市）Manchester: the Guardian（卫报）Glasgow：[?ɡlɑ:sɡ?u] 格拉斯哥（苏格兰最⼤城市，第三⼤城市）7. Population Density and Population DistributionPopulation density: 248 persons per square kilometer.The Population of the UK is the 3rd largest in Europe.Population distribution: high urbanization (7 conurbations)7 conurbations：Greater London⼤伦敦区, W. Midlands西密德兰都市郡, South Yorkshire 南约克都市郡, W. Yorkshire西约克郡都市郡, Greater Manchester⼤曼切斯特都市郡, Merseyside默西赛德都市郡(England), Tyne& Wear泰恩及威尔都市郡(Scotland) （了解）8. Nations and the Languages Spoken1) Nations: English, Scottish, Welsh and IrishEnglish (80%): descendants [d?'send?nts] 后裔of Anglo-SaxonsWelsh, Irish & Scottish:：descendants of Celts2）Languages：A) English (official language):B) Gaelic [?g?l?k] 盖尔语: Scotland & Northern IrelandC) Welsh [wel?] 威尔⼠语: Wales [we?lz]3) T he history and development of the English language(p.7)Old English (450AD-1100 AD) influenced by Old Norse (古斯堪的纳维亚语) spoken by Vikings (北欧海盗) and was closely related to the German and Dutch (荷兰) languages. The introduction of Christianity added the first wave of Latin and Greek words to the language and ended with the Norman Conquest.Middle English (1100AD-1500AD) French replaced English as the official language in England. Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary and ended with the Black Death (⿊死病).Modern English (1500AD- present) Assimilating(吸收) words from Latin and Greek words throughout the Renaissance (⽂艺复兴) such as William Shakespeare and the King James Bible.Standard English= the Queen’s Englis h= BBC EnglishExplanation of Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England.It is preferred by the educated andit is widely used in media and taught at schools. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. It is also the norm（标准）carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.9. Religion1. Britain is a multi-faith society in which everyone has the right to religious freedom.2. Christianity is the dominant religion of the country. Most of citizens are eitherProtestant ['pr?t?st?nt]新教徒or Catholic.3. English nation: The church of England（英格兰圣公会）is the established church of theEnglish nation.4. The major non-Christian communities in Britain are the Jews, the Moslems and theBuddhists.10. Character and manners of British peopleConservatismTalking about the WeatherPunctuality11. Traditions and custom●Trooping the Color英国皇家军队阅兵仪式around the Bucking Place in London（P.62）to celebrate the Queen’s Birthday Parade. (The Changing Guard ceremony)●Religious FestivalsChristmas ( Three Christmas Traditions )①Christmas pantomime [?p?nt?ma?m] (童话剧)②Queen's Christmas message③Boxing Day（节礼⽇）Easter纪念耶稣复活Halloween12. MediaNewspaperTraditionally British newspapers have been divided into "quality", serious-minded newspapers (usually referred to as "broadsheets宽幅印刷品" because of their large size) and the more populist ['p?pj?l?st] 平民化, "tabloid" varieties.Quality Press: The Times（泰晤⼠报）, The Guardian（卫报）, The Daily Telegraph（每⽇电讯报）Tabloid [?t?bl??d] 通俗⼩报: The Sun on SundayTelevision and BroadcastBBC（the British Broadcasting Corporation）, ITV(Independent Television) 英国独⽴电视台, BSkyB（the British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC）英国天空⼴播集团TV programs done well by the BBC (P.60)Unit 4. British Economy1. The Relative Decline of British Economy (Why?)1) The country suffered a great loss in the two World Wars.2) The era[r]时代of the British Empire was over.3) Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence.4) Britain failed to invest in industry after WWII.However, the decline is not an absolute one. The UK is not poorer than before. In fact, it iswealthier and more productive than before. The only thing is that other countries develop faster than the UK. So, the UK has experienced a relative decline.2. Recent History of British Economy1970 - high Inflation rate, strikes1979 - Reformation Program（改⾰⽅案）by Thatcher government→去国有化privatization [?pra?v?ta?'ze??n]What was the content of the programThatcherism [?θ?t??(r)z?m] 撒切尔主义：Throughout the 1980s an extensive program of privatization was carried out.---Denationalization [?di:?n??n?la?'ze??n] ⾮国有化①Government expenditure [?k?spend?t??(r)] 花费was reduced；②Taxation reformed；③Foreign exchange controls lifted外汇管制解除④Rules governing banks loosened；⑤Worker strikes restricted.What was the long-term results①Inflation(通货膨胀) has been controlled②Unemployment rate falling③Encouraged by low interest rates, investment has increased. It is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of international investment --- it is the second biggest international investor in the world.Policies of Blair Government & Results （P.45）Policies: ①Blair made the Bank of England independent.②In social policy, the Blair government changed the old Labor Party’s practice of usingtax system, public expenditure[?k?spend?t??(r)] 花费and price controls to reduce inequality and put an emphasis on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes. It also emphasized individual responsibility.Results:①limit government spending②keep inflation under control③reduce unemploymentBy the end of the 20th century, British economic growth surpassed that of other major European countries.3. The Current British Economy1) Primary IndustriesAgricultureA. Features: small population, high mechanization[?mek?na?'ze??n]机械化and highefficiency; but can not satisfy its domestic needsB. Chief agricultural products：wheat（⼩麦）,barley [?bɑ:li]⼤麦,sugar beet(甜菜) and potatoesEnergy production (5% of national wealth).Main energy resources: coal (Rio Tinto Group⼒拓集团),oil (Shell 壳牌, British Petroleum and British Gas)2) Secondary Industries:P .473) Tertiary Industries: 65% of national wealth1. (P .50)Foreign Trade ---- Lifeline. Britain is both an importer and exporter in the world.2. FinanceThe position of London in the world economyCentral Bank----Bank of EnglandThe Big Four: Lloyds 劳埃德, Barclays 巴克莱银⾏, Midland ⽶德兰，the National Westminster Bank Group 国民西敏寺银⾏3. Currency ：Pound Sterling [paund ?st ?:li ?] 英镑Unit 3 Political System1. Political System : Constitutional Monarchy [ ?k ?nst ??tu:??n ?l ?m ?n ?ki ] 君主⽴宪制What does it mean by Constitutional Monarchy?The King or Queen reigns [re n]君主统治and is the head of the country, but dose notrule the country. The country is governed, in the name the Sovereign [ ?s ?vr ?n ] 君主, but by His or Her Majesty ’s [ ?m?d ?? sti ]陛下government---- a body of ministers who are responsible to Parliament [ ?p ɑ:l?m ?nt ]议会.2. Parliament议会（最⾼⽴法机关）、⽴法政府、⾏政部门司法机关 [ d ?u?d ri ]上议院下议院君主Parliament:The UK is a unitary [ ju:ntri ]中央集权country.The British Parliament is often referred to assupreme legislative authority（最⾼⽴法机关）of the UK.The Main functions are making laws and supervising（监督）government and finance.The life of Parliament is fixed at five years.Sovereign: Theoretically[ ?θ??'ret?kl? ]理论上, the Queen has all the power. In reality, she does everything on the advice of the Prime Minister.The significance of the Queen? P.32It represents the continuity and adaptability of the whole political system and is a symbol of British unity, an indissoluble [ ?? nd??s?lj?bl ] (牢不可破的) bond among people who retain many regional and cultural difference.( 它代表了整个政治体系的连续性和适应性，是英国团结的象征，⼈们保留了许多地区和⽂化差异的不解之缘。

英语国家概况_0

英语国家概况篇一：英语国家概况完整篇复习重点英语国家概况chapter1Landandpeople第一章英国的国土与人民I.Differentnamesforbritainanditsparts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.geographicalnames:thebritishIsles,greatbritainandengland.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.officialname:theunitedKingdomofgreatbritainandnorthernIreland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.ThebritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislands-greatbritain(thelargerone)a ndIreland,andhundredsofsmallones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Threepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofgreatbritain:england,scotlandandwa les.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1)englandisinthesouthernpartofgreatbritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopulousse ction.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2)scotlandisinthenorthofgreatbritain.Ithasthreenaturalzones(thehighlands inthenorth;thecentrallowlands;thesouthuplands)capital:edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。

首府：爱丁堡。

(3)walesisinthewestofgreatbritain.capital:cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。

英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)

英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。

英语国家概况完整篇复习重点Word版

英语国家概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

2022年自考00522英语国家概况核心考点资料

7. Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348, and killed between one half and one third of the population of England. 黑死病是致命性淋巴腺鼠疫的现代名称。这是--种经由鼠蚤传播的传染性疾病,在 14 世纪传播到欧洲。1348 年夏天，它横扫全英国,并夺去三分之一到一半的英国人的生命。
2022 年自考 00522 英语国家概况核心考点资料
第一章国土与人民
1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire land. 官方名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
2. Great Britain is the largest island in Europe. It is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales. Together with Northern lreland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 大不列颠是欧洲最大的岛屿,由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。它和北爱尔兰-起构成了大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
的土地,并将其分发给追随他的诺曼人。他用强大的诺曼政府取代了薄弱的撒克逊统治。于是,封建制度在英国完全确立。

英语国家概况英国知识点小部分

14. Though the weather in Britain is so changeable and unpredictable, the climate is in fact a favorable one. Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. 虽然英国的天气总是如此变化无常，无法预测，但实际上英国的天气相当宜人。英国全年有稳定的降雨量。
24. The roman built two great walls to keep the Picts. There were the Hadrian’s wall running from Carlisle to Newcastle, and the Antonine wall linking the estuaries of the Forth and the Clyde. 罗马人修建了2座长城以抵御皮特人。一条是哈德良长城，从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔，另一条是链接福斯河口和克莱德河口的安东尼长城。
第一部分英国第一章英国地理
1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.
10. Edinburgh, Cardiffof Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

英语国家概况的复习重点

英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇一、地理位置,面积:英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres.美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west.爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States.澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south.新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.二、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature.美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a 50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian.3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate.爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow.澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry.新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries.英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is his official residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most)爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years)加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State.澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States.新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government toa Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly calledDistrict or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session.六、农业英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291)爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.七、对外贸易英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.八、当今面临的问题英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92)美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many ofAmerican people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions.澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.九、教育英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries.美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect ofAmerican higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays.爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591.加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the University fo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students.节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit)加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies.新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties.二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphia and the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.)2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour.3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States.4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers.5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country."6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool"7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents.8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death.9.Memorial Day/Last Monday in May (美国) This day,originally called "Decoration Day",was first celebrated after the Civil War. Now it is a day to honour the memory of those who have given their lives for their country and people enjoy a three-days weekend. It is celebrated in various ways. Parade,bands,concerts,speeches and dinners are held in every American city.10.Independent Day/July 4 (美国) Independent Day is a legal holiday throughour the United States.It is the birthday of the nation. On July 4,1776,the Continental Congress passed and adopted the Declaration of Independence,which cut the tie with Britain and established a new nation. The army marks the occation by firing a thirteen-gun salute every year. In Washington D.C the President traditionally holds open house at the White House and large national banquets.11.Halloween/October 31 (美国) Halloween is a night-time children's holiday.(Trick or treat)12.Guy Fawkes Day/Novemeber 5 (英国) The only other national festival,which the origin lies in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.13.Veteran's Day/Novmber 11 (美国） Veteran's Daywhich was called the Ameristice Day before,origionally celebrated the signing of the 1918 Ameistice (the end of WWI).Now it honours the memory of all men who have ever fought in defense of the country. People spend the day quietly at home and keep two minutes of silence at 11:00 a.m. hoping that future wars will avoided forever and that people will live in a peaceful,friendly world.14.Thanksgiving Day/Fourth Thursday of November (美国) Thanksgiving Day is a typical American holiday.It is an annual day of thanks for the blessings people have enjoyed during the year. The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the English settlers in Plymouth,Massachusetts on December 13,1621. Today the Americans usually hold a big family。

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《英语国家概况》
一、课程性质、目的和要求
（一）课程性质
随着社会的进步和科技的高速发展，中外各种交流越来越密切，了解和掌握一些英语国家的文化传统也显得极为重要。

英语国家概况是面向英语专业三年一期学生开设的专业必修课程。

（二）课程目的
该课程旨在提高英语水平为目的。

课后可以适当布置一些思考题，指导学生进行有效的自学，拓宽他们的知识面。

（三）课程要求
该课程要求学生对英语国家的社会文化背景有一定的了解，能够对中西方社会和文化的差异有一定的理解和认识，正确看待中西方社会文化差异性与多元性。

二、教学重点和难点
（一）教学重点
英国部分：英国历史、英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。

美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国历史、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。

（二）教学难点
英国部分：英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。

美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。

三、教学内容
第一章英国
第一课：英国的国土和人民
教学内容：英国的地理特征，四部分的山水河流，气候状况，英国的各个民族。

这一部分主要从整体对大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国作一个综述。

第二课：英国历史
教学内容：英国的起源（1066年诺曼征服之前的历史，即英国早期遭受的三次外族入侵）：诺曼王朝，金雀花王朝，兰开斯特王朝，约克王朝，都铎王朝，斯图亚特王朝，克伦威尔时期的共和国，复辟时期，光荣革命，工业革命，宪章运动，英帝国的殖民扩张，一战及二战中的英国，战后到八十年代末的英国。

第三课：英国的经济制度和政策
教学内容：了解第二次世界大战后英国经济地位衰落的原因，经济发展的三个阶段的特点以及英国工业、农业等发展的概况。

二战后，英国的经济政策经历了一系列的调节。

从五六十年代的稳步发展，七十年代的经济衰退，到八十年代的撒切尔夫人的经济政策，英国从战前的日不落帝国变成一个二流强国。

英国的工业，农业，外贸政策也将予以详细的说明。

第四课：英国的政治制度和政府机构
教学内容：英国君主立宪政体，由上院与下院组成的英国议会，英国的政党制度，中央政府机构以及地方政府机构。

英国君主立宪制的构成，运行，英国的政党制度，行政机构等将在这一章予以详细介绍。

第五课：英国的社会福利制度
教学内容：英国社会的医疗保健制度、社会保障、宗教和节假日的概况。

英国是一个福利国家，这一章介绍英国国民保健制度，和各种社会保险。

第六课：英国的社会文化
教学内容：介绍英国的社会文化；了解英国的教育制度、传播媒介、体育、艺术的概况。

介绍英国的宗教信仰，节日庆典，文化教育，广播媒体，体育，文艺及娱乐活动。

第二章美国
第一课：美国地理区域划分及人口结构
教学内容：美国自然地理的特征，其中包括地形、河流与湖泊、气候等，以及美国各地区的概况。

美国的地理位置，地形地貌，江河湖泊，气候特征，地理区域的划分；人口与民族：了解美国人口的结构及其变化，美国的移民潮，人口流动以及美国少数民族的概况。

第二课：美国历史
教学内容：美国从殖民时期（1600年）到战后80年代（1980年）里根总统上台期间的历史(其中包括对美洲大陆的“发现”，殖民时期，独立战争，新国家的形成，1812年第二次英美战争，领土扩张和西进运动，南北战争以及南北战争后资本主义的发展，20世纪初美国经济的发展，进步主义运动，第一次世界大战对美国的影响，20年代的美国，经济危机与罗斯福的“新政”，以及第二次世界大战期间的美国；冷战的起源，杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划，柏林封锁和北约集团的形成，美国支持蒋介石集团和朝鲜战争，麦卡锡主义，50年代的民权运动，战后经济的发展，古巴导弹危机，越南战争，1961—1973年的美国社会改革，水门事件及新保守主义等)。

第三课：美国经济特点
教学内容：美国经济迅速发展的原因，美国经济的特点，当前面临的问题以及美国工农业和外贸发展的概况；美国的经济体制，自然资源，工业，农业，外贸，和制度中所存在的问题。

第四课：美国政治制度中的三权分立
教学内容：美国的宪法，总统和政府机构，美国国会，司法机构以及美国主要的政党。

美国的政治制度和政府机构，美国的宪法及其修正案，三权分立制度和制衡制度，立法，司法，行政三个部门的运行和程序及政党制度。

第五课：美国教育
教学内容：美国的教育制度，其中包括小学、中学和大学的教育制度，美国教育制度的特点，成人教育以及教育改革。

美国的教育制度和政策，美国三级教育的内容和形式；美国文学、建筑和音乐；美国的节假日：了解美国节假日的来源及其庆祝方式。

第四章加拿大
第一课：加拿大经济与政治制度
教学内容：了解加拿大的地理位置、地形、气候和行政区以及加拿大的历史
概况；加拿大经济：了解加拿大的自然资源、矿产资源、工农业发展、以及当今加拿大经济所面临的问题。

经济制度和政策，工业，农业，制造业，自然资源，及今日经济状况；加拿大政治：了解加拿大政府机构，政党制度以及魁北克的独立问题。

政府和经济的关系，政府，政党，权力分配。

第二课：加拿大社会文化
教学内容：社会文化状况，双语文化和多元文化，宗教，教育。

第五章澳大利亚
第一课：澳大利亚的国土，人民，历史及经济
教学内容：澳大利亚的地理位置、气候、人口以及行政区划。

澳大利亚的国土与人民，特有的动物植物，人口分布，了解1788年前的澳大利亚以及澳大利亚从英国殖民地至澳大利亚成立联邦的历史(原始土著社会，澳大利亚联邦成立)，一直到二十世纪九十年代；了解澳大利亚的经济结构，特点；制造业，农业，矿产，能源，服务业，和所存在的问题。

第二课：澳大利亚的政治制度
教学内容：澳大利亚的政治制度，其中包括澳大利亚宪法、议会、政党和司法机关；了解澳大利亚社会的特点，土著民族和妇女的社会地位，澳大利亚文化的内涵及澳大利亚发展的方向。

四、考核方式
（一）成绩评定：平时成绩（作业）占总成绩30%。

期终考查占总成绩70%。

（二）考核形式：考查。

（三）考试时间：120分钟。