英语国家概况期末复习2

人物与历史文献

US

Tea Act 茶税法

The Treaty of Paris 巴黎公约1783年美英两国于巴黎签订的条约同样成为《巴黎条约》，该条约的签订代表着英国承认美国独立，停止敌对行为，但仅承认美国占领密西西比河以东的土地。

第二次大陆会议(The Second Continental Congress) 费城(Philadelphia)召开George Washington 乔治·华盛顿: commander in Continental Army

«美利坚合众国宪法»（The Constitution of the United States），通称«美国联邦宪法»或«美国宪法»（U.S. Constitution）1787年宪法

Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰斐逊:

The Declaration of Independence «独立宣言»

Abraham Lincoln亚伯拉罕·林肯:

the Emancipation Proclamation «解放黑人奴隶宣言»

Homestead Act «宅地法»

Franklin D. Roosevelt富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福: The New Deal罗斯福新政1933年富兰克林·罗斯福就任美国总统后所实行的一系列经济政策，其核心是三个R：救济（Relief）、复兴（Recovery）和改革（Reform），因此有时也被称为三R新政。

Agricultural Adjustment Act «农业调整法»

National Industrial Recovery Act «全国工业复兴法»

«社会保障法»

马丁．路德．金恩(Martin Luther King)

Civil Rights Movement 民权运动

我有一个梦想(I Have a Dream)

Harry Truman哈瑞．杜鲁门:

杜鲁门主义The Truman Doctrine

马歇尔计划（The Marshall Plan），也称为欧洲复兴计划European Recovery Program

Reagan里根: Star Wars Program 星球大战计划

Irangate Scandal 伊朗门事件

Nixon尼克松: Watergate Scandals 水门事件

Bill Clinton 克林顿: Zippergate Scandal

UK

«大宪章»：Magna Carta / The Great Charter 1215年King John 国王约翰to impose legal limits on the King's personal power in raising money from his subjects «权力请愿书»: The Petition of Right 1628年

Charles 查理一世第29页

«权利法案» :Bill of Rights 第32页

The treaty of Paris 1763年第32页

概念搭配

UK

1、Constitution

A constitution is a set of rules and conventions that lays down the powers and functions of state institutions and their relationship with each other.

2、The cabinet

The major decision-making body in the government, is often associated with the office of the Prime Minister.

3、Tribunal (法院，仲裁机构)

A more informal and less expensive alternative to civil and criminal courts, which handles minor cases outside of the official court system.

4、The Lord Chancellor（英国上议院的）大法官

The Lord Chancellor is head of the judiciary (司法部，法院)in England and Wales.

5、The social security system

It is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need from the cradle to the grave.

US

1、Congress (国会)

The legislative branch of the federal government ,is made up of the Senate and the House of Representative.

2、The Supreme Court

Consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices.

问答题

英国部分

Unit 3 P41

1. Who were the main foreign invaders of Britain at different times in British history? What contributions have they respectively made to the British culture, or what impacts have they had? 英国历史上不同时期主要的外国侵略者？及对英国的文化贡献或影响？P13

(1)Julius Caesar 凯撒大帝(55BC) Hadrian’s Wall Words of Latin origins, Roman numbers, the solar calendar, Roman laws, and the census人口普查 ['sensəs] took root locally. Christianity spread

(2)Germanic tribesmen 日耳曼人developed the Heptarchy, ['heptɑːkɪ]七王国；七头统治；七国连盟established Old English

(3)Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊Christianity gained hold in Britain

(4)Normans 诺曼人made Norman feudalism封建主义；封建制度['fjuːdəlɪz(ə)m]

2. What was the social background for the Reformation to take place in England? What major achievements did the Elizabethan [i,lizə'bi:θən] 伊丽莎白一世时代的era ['ɪərə] witness?英格兰革新的社会背景？伊丽莎白一世见证的成就？P28

In the Middle Ages, the Church had gained not only material importance, but also extensive power in politics and law. ﹙P28﹚

Elizabeth: Putting to rest the religious issues;

Reducing the power of the old nobility;

Reaching farther than before through trade and adventure;

Defeating Armada at sea Cultural and artistic movements (the English Renaissance) 3. How did the English Civil War break out? What were the consequences of the war?英国内战如何爆发？结果如何？P29

The absolute rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisies. Charles took conteraction. He wanted to arrest Pym, Hampden and three other leaders of the Commons, but he failed to do so. So, he departed for the north, hoping to find supporters in the west and north districts. Thus the Civil War began. Consequences: The King Charles’s arm was defeated. Charles I was beheaded. In 1649, the House of Lords and the office of King were abolished and a Council of State was set to carry the executive work of the government, and England was declared a Commonwealth.

Unit 4 P50

4. What are the characteristics of the British Constitution ?英国宪法的特点？P43