高考英语语法考点：动词时态和语态

【考点解读】

一、动词的时态

1．一般现在时

(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often usually every day等时间状语。

Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.

On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.

(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象，无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。

“Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say，“because every step shows.”

—So what is the procedure?

—All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.

(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。

My parents have promised to come to see me before I leave for Africa.

(4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作，但限于少数动词。如begin come leave go arrive start stop return open close等。

The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.

2．一般过去时

(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。

I didn’t realize then but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon.

Michael’s father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier.

I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970 almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.

(2)注意句型：was/were about to do ... when ...中when后从句的动词用过去式。

I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.

3．现在完成时

常用的时间状语有：so far recently lately once/twice/three ...times before ever by now in the last/past few years over a long time up to now yet already just since等。主要用于以下几种情况：

(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

—Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa.

—Well it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.

(2)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

They have been good friends since they met at a meeting.

Shakespeare’s play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.

(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。

①It is (has been)＋一段时间＋since从句

This (That/It) is the first (second ...) time＋that从句

This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.

②在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。

—When shall we restart our business?

—Not until we have finished our plan.

4．过去完成时

(1)过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。常与for since等构成的时间状语连用。

He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all he had had it for a very long time.

We first met on a train in 2010.We both felt immediately that we had known each other for years. (2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。这类动词常见的有：hope plan mean expect intend suppose want think等。

I had hoped to be back last night but I didn’t catch the train.

(3)在特殊句式hardly/scarcely ...when ...; no sooner ...than ...中，主句常用过去完成时，该句式意为“一……就……；刚……就……”。

Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.

5．将来完成时

将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by＋将来的某个时间”。

—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.

—I know. By next month he will have saved enough for a used one.

6．现在进行时

表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作；表近期特定的安排或计划；go come等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。

You are always studying in the library. Why not have a picnic this afternoon?

7．过去进行时

(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。

—Did you catch what I said?

—Sorry. I was answering a text message just now.

—Have you finished reading JaneEyre?

—No I was doing my homework all day yesterday.

(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。

—I don’t understand why you didn’t go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.

—I’m so sorry. But I was doing my homework.

8．现在完成进行时

(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。

The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.

(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。

Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.

9．将来进行时

将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow。

—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?

—I’m sorry but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about five?