2019托福阅读考试真题(6)
2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习题及答案解析六
2019年托福阅读复习模拟练习题及答案解析六During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women duringthe colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important forcein history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack ofvisibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.During the nineteenth century, however, certainfeminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping recordsof activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources from the coreof the two greatest collections of women's history in theUnited States one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffé College, and the other the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians.Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women" theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great men." To demonstrate that women were makingsignificant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untoldin the American histories being published.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The role of literature in early American histories(B) The place of American women in written histories(C) The keen sense of history shown by American women(D) The "great women" approach to history used by American historians2. The word "contemporary" in line 6 means that the history was(A) informative(B) written at that time(C) thoughtful(D) faultfinding3. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that(A) a woman's status was changed by marriage(B) even the contributions of outstanding women were ignored(C) only three women were able to get their writing published(D) poetry produced by women was more readily accepted than other writing by women4. The word "celebratory" in line 12 means that the writings referred to were(A) related to parties(B) religious(C) serious(D) full of praise5. The word "they" in line 12 refers to(A) efforts(B) authors(C) counterparts(D) sources6. In the second paragraph, what weakness in nineteenth-century histories does the author point out?(A) They put too much emphasis on daily activities(B) They left out discussion of the influence of money on politics.(C) The sources of the information they were based on were not necessarily accurate.(D) They were printed on poor-quality paper.7. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would most likely have been collected by nineteenth-century feminist organizations?(A) Newspaper accounts of presidential election results(B) Biographies of John Adams(C) Letters from a mother to a daughter advising her how to handle a family problem(D) Books about famous graduates of the country's first college8. What use was made of the nineteenth-century women's history materials in the Schlesinger Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?(A) They were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia(B) They formed the basis of college courses in the nineteenth century.(C) They provided valuable information for twentieth-century historical researchers.(D) They were shared among women's colleges throughout the United States.9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT(A) authors(B) reformers(C) activists for women's rights(D) politicians10. The word "representative" in line 29 is closest in meaning to(A) typical(B) satisfied(C) supportive(D) distinctiveBBBDB CCCDA。
2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周的托福考试已经顺利结束，参加考试的考生对答案肯定很关注。
接下来就和看一看2019年6月1日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage 1 Megafauna Extinctions in Ancient Australia古澳大利亚大型哺乳动物的灭绝（重复2018.12.01）话题重复2018.03.11 The Australian Megafauna Extinctions。
生物史上大型动物的灭绝在各个地方情况有所不同。
而究其灭绝原因，科学家提出了两种说法，一是climate，一是认为hunt。
Passage 2 The Formation of Early Earth早期地球的形成（首考新题）Passage 3 Colonial America and the Navigation Acts 殖民时期的美国和航海法案（重复2015.03.07）先讲了早期英国殖民者对美洲的殖民引起了一些不满，因为收税过高且限制他们的一些产品与英国竞争。
后面着重讲其实这种殖民统治也对美国经济有好处，如帮他们买产品到欧洲，有英国海军保护等。
最后说美国农民虽然参与市场经济，但前提还是满足自己，所以也会通过生产来和别人换。
Passage 4 Mexican Mural Art墨西哥壁画艺术（重复2015.09.19）第一段：壁画艺术出现及原因分析。
墨西哥壁画艺术的主题主要涉及社会政治问题，伴随呼唤打破以欧洲为中心的文化依赖，寻求真正的自我表达的艺术形式，这是拉美第一个现代艺术运动，影响深远。
该艺术的出现紧跟在墨西哥革命之后，原因是多样的：1.受到革命乐观主义的影响；2.文化上追求突破欧洲为中心的传统，去寻找艺术的自由表达尝试；3.由一批成熟有力的艺术家领导；4.收到有远见的教育部长的支持，拨钱拨场地给艺术家去使用。
第二段：风格定性。
艺术家的共同信仰：墨西哥壁画艺术家都相信艺术的力量去改造成为一个更好的社会、去挑战陈规旧习、去丰富国民的文化生活；现代性：该艺术也是现代的，因为其创作目的是去挑战老旧传统；大众性：该艺术还是一种平易近人的大众艺术，是为了教育启蒙大众，尤其是工人阶级。
2019年托福阅读考试部分真题答案
2019年托福阅读考试真题答案2019年托福阅读考试真题答案（网友版）1、鸟类是恐龙的后代；2、陨石为什么对地球形成有影响；3、落叶树与长青树；4、讲fish在temperate water和permanent water，然后fun gi在这俩不同环境里对植物的作用，然后为了提高生产农业上的应用；5、一种动物数量减少的三个因素。
人为的物种引进，但是clim ate最显著，让migrate提前；6、讲化学风化和生物风化。
chemistry weathering 跟biolog y weathering，讲rock腐蚀。
有三种过程：水化氧化和碳酸化，化学的有三种：湿度、氧气、钙化物；7、temporary pools，主要说生物在这些pool里的好处，比如说main predator fish没法在那个dry的环境里生存之类的8、碳断代法在北美F考古点的应用。
最初的研究发现人类最早在north American，是F群落，然后研究sample来证明中间出了问题，但是后来reexam的时候证实了，但是后来又discovery了一些spearpoints，发现其实Celvius更早。
是Radio Carbon一个方法分析一个人种的时间，大长段落。
一直以为是很古老的，但是俩人做了research以后发现比它年轻很多，然后有人又做了research证明确实如此；9、在16世纪，欧洲人口增长了大约三分之一。
人口的增长极大地影响了普通欧洲人的生活。
第一阶段的增长有益的，农场的盈余带动了城镇的经济增长。
然而随着人口增多问题也逐渐显现，对政府财政和普通人的生活都造成了严重影响；10、土星pluto’s status；11、蝙蝠定位bats echolocation12、New England农业13、天文，chronites14、动物数量和捕食数量，成功率的关联；15、19世纪美国的文化与艺术。
主要讲美国文学从英国中分离，逐渐演化出国家特色和民族特色，举了很多名人、作家和艺术家的例子；16、一篇讲bat，超声波回声定位，很精准可以捕捉猎物。
2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案托福考试几乎是每个店铺的学生，都需要参加的考试，那么最近的托福考试真题是怎样的呢？来和看看2019年7月13日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage1 Why Paleozoic Insects were So Large？为何古生代昆虫如此之大？（重复2016.12.10）本文共4段。
第1段提出Paleozoic 之前大气含氧量不是很大；第2段讲到Paleozoic 含氧量大大提升，因此 insects 可以吸收更多氧气，所以变得更大。
第3段讲到air got denser 所以更多insects可以飞；第4段讲到为什么insects没有变得像飞机一样大，因为都有limit。
Passage 2 Mesopotamian and Egyptian Settlements美索不达米亚和埃及的定居方式（重复2017.11.18）美索不达米亚和埃及的城市分布情况。
美索不达米亚的城市共用语言、钱币，城市间的精英之间有土和资源的竞争，城市和城市之间会进行资源交换，所以其城市的大小取决于可以从相邻城市所获得的利润的多少。
埃及的城市分布在尼罗河流域，每个地区都可以使用到水资源，并且其贸易很公平，埃及的城市的人口分布非常均匀，所以埃及的城市时间比美索不达米亚的时间长。
Passage 3 The Chaco Roads查科道路（重复2017.02.25）主要讲的是美国有一个地方道路有神秘性，平时没有动物或者推车之类的经过。
对于这个地方有两种不同的说法。
一是这条路还是目的在于交通和运输，另一个说法是除了交通运输的作用，这条道路可能也有着某些宗教性用途，论证的过程中有图片作为证据。
细节描述了几条从Chaco峡谷里的大房子Pueblo Bonito 和大房子Chetro Ketl 延伸出来的狭窄小路向上攀升，攀上了Chaco峡谷的北缘，然后这几条小路汇聚于Pueblo Alto变成一条道路。
2019年11月托福真题回忆
2019年11月托福真题回忆2019年11月托福真题回忆不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。
对于托福考试而言，每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，通过考试就会更容易一点点。
搜集整理了2019年11月托福真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
2019年11月举行了6场考试，时间分别是11月2日、11月3日、11月9日、11月10日、11月16日、11月17日。
以下内容仅供参考。
11月2日托福口语真题回忆：Q1：该不该花相同的时间学世界历史和本国历史Q2：学生食堂和教师食堂是不是可以合并？阅读：学生提议把学生食堂和教师食堂合并原因 1：解决空间问题原因 2：能和老师多沟通交流，faculties dining听力：Agree 对学生好，但是 worry 对老师可能不太好原因1：老师不需要那么大的空间吃饭，而且老师还可以去其他地方吃饭，因为教授有更多选择，像local restaurant/办公室所以食堂 not fully use原因2：老师可能吃饭的时候不想聊天交流，concern 教授可能会被学生打扰Q3：术语解释：人造海岸线（shoreline territories）海岸线的自然保护措施，同时免受侵蚀和保护动植物，对环境友好，又 protect building from ocean，又不会减少生物多样性。
Q4：two advantages of small business，通过和 big business 比较来展开好处 1：costumer directly，让 owner involved，更容易赚钱好处 2：flexible，方便 adjust，比如开店到夜里11月2日托福听力真题回忆：C1.学生越过老师去申请了一个什么职务，但是实际上是要学校选举的C2.老师推荐写澳大利亚自己开窍的印象派画家C3.女生找教授问为什么自己上次交的作业分数低，教授说她交晚了，并说下次presentation 女生还有机会提高分数，然后女生说自己想的演讲内容，最后说之后 paper也想写这个主题，教授让她讲完 presentation 再补充C4.音乐小组C5.考古课作业陶器C6.课堂作业团队合作咨询C7.一个同学不想group work，想独自完成问卷调查，他不满意组员的时间冲突C8.最优选择理论C9.学生换一个校园工作，现在的工作不适合她；她有志愿者经历，符合老师推荐的另一个工作，但这个工作在校园外，学生没车有驾照，可以用短途汽车L1.月球上水的痕迹，月球上可能有水，和月球形成，两个理论L2. 地形变化板块理论L3.岩画L4.气候变化反射理论L5.心理学实验孩子合作，研究 3-5 岁小孩子具有 planning 的能力，让他们共同解决问题，设置了两组，用工具拿到玩具L6.造山运动，板块学说的提出影响了之前的认识L7.提到发现了一个M，在另一处也发现了。
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析(6)
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6）【托福】Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial periodlived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China."Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775.The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century itwas virtually stripped of its timber. The available farmland was occupied, there was little in the region beyond the cityto attract immigrants. New York and Philadelphia, by contrast, served a rich and fertile hinterland laced with navigable watercourses. Scots, Irish, and Germans landed in thesecities and followed the rivers inland. The regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia became the breadbasketsof North America, sending grain not only to other coloniesbut also to England and southern Europe, where crippling droughts in the late 1760's created a whole new market.1. Which of the following aspects of North America inthe eighteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The effects of war on the growth of cities(B) The growth and influence of cities(C) The decline of farming in areas surrounding cities(D) The causes of immigration to cities2. Why does the author say that "the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America" (lines 1-2)?(A) The influence of the cities was mostly negative(B) The populations of the cities were small, but their influence was great.(C) The cities were growing at a great rate.(D) Most people pretended to live in cities3. The phrase "in place of " in lines 4-5 is closest in meaning to(A) connected to(B) in addition to(C) because of(D) instead of4. The word "attendant伴随的" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) avoidable(B) accompanying(C) unwelcome(D) unexpected5. Which of the following is mentioned as an element of modern capitalism?(A) Open competition(B) Social deference(C) Social hierarchy(D) Independent craftspeople6. It can be inferred that in comparison with North American cities, cities in Europe, the Middle East, and China had(A) large populations(B) little independence。
2019年1月7日托福阅读答案解析
2019年1月7日托福阅读答案解析>>>免费试听：【四科联报】托福听说读写临考预测班(针对1月考)第一篇： Electric Lighting and the American Homes内容回忆：本文共6段第一段，讲到19世纪末，20世纪初美国工业和交通用电在白天达到顶峰。
电力供应在夜里有剩余，电力企业在寻求会在夜里消费电力的新领域。
虽然线路铺的普及，电网建设成本下降。
家庭用电开始兴起。
但局限于小范围的富余家庭。
第二段，电力改变了美国的家庭(统领全文主旨句)。
介绍家庭用电普及之前，美国的家庭主要靠燃烧汽灯照明。
例举了汽灯的诸多弊端，如，光线昏暗，燃烧放出烟，放出有毒气体。
然后讲到了美国家庭的房屋特点，为适合汽灯照明，一般空间较大，房间较多。
然后电力输送成本下降后，逐渐开始有家庭用电来照明，电力照明带来诸多好处，如光线改善，没有有毒气体等等。
第三段，建造师们观察到了家庭用电带来的变化，开始设计新的房屋格局，以便适合电力照明。
虽然成本有下降，但是电力照明的成本相对汽灯还是偏高。
所以建筑师们开始设计出缩小了的房屋空间，比如设计出了类似于我们今天的客厅，餐厅，厨房，跟以前比，也缩小了尺寸。
合并了一些以前房屋的生活空间。
第四段，讲到家庭用电成本的降低，电力企业发现了家庭用电是个新的市场，增大了投入，随着电网的普及，用电成本下降，使得家庭用电越来越普及。
第五段，例举了美国的bungalow这种房屋，即单层*房。
从1900年到1920，这种单层*房数列骤增到700多万。
因为空间较以前的多层大房子小，用电量相对较少。
节约了用电量，被大多美国数家庭接受。
第六段，家庭用电还改变了美国人的生活，尤其是在阅读方面。
因为照明条件的改善，越来越堵的美国人喜欢花更多的时间来阅读，成年人也能够花更多的时间陪孩子们阅读，增进了家庭沟通。
美国家庭阅读量的增加，从图书馆借出的书籍数量得到了证实。
词汇题：1. properties = characteristics2. substantially = significantly3. allegedly = supposedly4. apparent = obvious第二篇：Extinction of the Mammoths内容回忆：本文共8段第一段，介绍Mammoths(猛犸象)生活的时间，和灭绝的时间。
2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案刚过去的托福考试相信大家都很感兴趣，题目有多难？答案是怎样的？就跟着店铺来一起看一看2019年10月12日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
概述Distribution of Seaweeds（重复14年4月19日考题）Early life-forms and Earth’satmosphere（重复14年6月15日考题）Colonial America and the NavigationActs（重复15年3月7日考题）Historical Trends in European UrbanDesign（重复15年4月18日考题）Artisans in Sixteenth-CenturyEurope（重复15年1月10日考题）Wool Industry in Fifteenth-CenturyEurope（重复16年2月28日和18年3月10日考题）Insect Wings（重复16年5月22日和17年10月29日考题，昆虫翅膀。
P1引入话题，翅膀化石，引发很多猜测speculation；P2讲了原始翅膀protowings，提出了一个theory，讲了翅膀的作用；P3指出上一段理论问题，说protowing需要和身体连接hinged，并且需要有肌肉控制翅膀的拍动，所以提出了另外一个理论解释翅膀的起源。
）Dynastic Egypt and the Nile River（重复17年5月20日考题）The Origin and Development ofEgyptian Agriculture（重复18年9月9日考题）The Dawn of Life（重复18年9月16日考题）The Heavy Bombardment and Life onEarth（重复18年1月6日下午考题）Nile Floods（重复18年9月9日考题）Text in Dutch Painting（重复19年1月12日考题；艺术绘画中文字的演变）The Dawn ofLife（重复18年9月16日考题）最早的有生命痕迹的证据在澳大利亚southwesternGreenland的岩石上被发现，距今有35亿年。
2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析
2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析最新一期的托福考试已经圆满结束，这次的考试引发了大家的热议。
今天就和一起看看2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析。
Passage1 Isolation and Diversification in the Tropical Rainforest热带雨林物种隔离与多样性（重复2016.07.10）热带雨林物种多，那里的植被超过1000种，欧洲有40种。
由于大平原的动物要走很久才能寻找到合适的生活地点，热带雨林的动物不能，他们被限制在有限的空间内，所以热带雨林物种很多。
热带雨林里的屏障阻碍动物们的扩散，描述了如何阻碍。
树冠（canopy）是热带雨树中浓密的树叶和枝干各种交织形成的，动物们很难突破这层canopy，只能在最高层的这层canopy之下活动，所以无法扩散到外界。
所以限制在内的植物们就多样化（diversify）。
50-70米是超级高的且喜阳光的树种们为了晒太阳浴而拼命生长突破最高canopy形成的。
因此有种s鸟就生活在这里，他们可以去任何地方，所以列举了三个州有这种鸟，而且种类较少，他们俯瞰着森林。
紧接着讲k这种树，因为突破canopy长得高，可以将种子散播更远，于是south American都有这种树。
Passage 2 The Theories of Megafauna Extinction大型动物灭绝理论（重复2018.08.26，2017.01.07）讲的是某一时期哺乳动物大范围灭绝的原因：先说可能是由于气候变化，但是文章后面进行了否定，因为之前也有气候变化，但是也没有灭绝。
然后猜测和人类捕杀有关，但澳洲等一些地方的考古证明一些灭绝的动物已经和人类和平共处了上千年，而且一些人类更爱捕杀的动物如reindeer反而没有灭绝。
最后说人类活动间接导致了这些动物的灭绝。
Passage 3 Flightless Bird不会飞的鸟（重复2019.01.26，2018.03.10）岛屿上退化掉飞行能力的鸟。
2019年12月17日托福真题：托福阅读真题
2019年12月17日托福真题：托福阅读真题第一篇： Ancient Amazonian Agriculture本文共4段。
第1段讲了亚马逊西部盆地的土壤贫瘠，却能支撑数量庞大的人口在当地生存，仅仅是Swiden agriculture不足以解释其原因。
第2段总说古代亚马逊人有三种生存策略。
第一种是flood agriculture，它的优势是土壤很肥沃以及农民每年能够收获两种作物。
第3段分说第二种策略。
两千年前，当地的人将animalbones,shellfish和一些其它的human trash掩埋进土壤，以此形成了deep,fertile and dark soil。
第4段分说第三种策略，当地人依赖树生存，种了很多rubber tree, palm tree等待，以此来获取fruit, oil, timber, rubber和fiber等。
词汇题：1. explicable = mysterious2. engaged in = practiced3. intentional= plan4. profusely =abundant第二篇： The Origin of Flight in Birds第1段介绍出土了一种叫做Archeopteryx的动物骨骼，这种动物有着现代鸟类的羽毛 modern flight feather,同时又有爬行动物的特征reptile animals feature，比如说有牙齿。
第2段提出有些观点认为鸟类的翅膀是为了飞行儿进化，有些观点认为鸟类的翅膀是为了隔热和给身体保暖而进化。
第3段介绍了关于鸟的翅膀起源的第一个理论，即tree-down-theory。
第4段介绍了第二个理论，即ground-up-theory。
词汇题：1. repetitive = happen many times2. elaborate =developed3. retention = keeping第三篇： Transport of Sediment by River第1段介绍了stream的定义，以及指出stream沉淀沉积物有三种方式，即 dissolve, suspending和river bed。
2019年托福阅读真题解析：泥土如何形成
2019年托福阅读真题解析：泥土如何形成5月28日托福阅读真题三篇文章是Reconstructing Prehistoric Human Lifestyle(重建史前人类的生活方式)，How Soil isFormed(泥土如何形成)和Mate Choice In Birds(鸟类配偶选择)。
分别重复2015.09.17第一篇，2014.07.12第二篇，和2015.10.24第三篇，是典型的老题拼盘重复。
三篇文章，集合了人类考古、地质和生物学三个常见话题，专业词汇泛滥，长难句增多，篇章结构的整体性增强。
下面，给出今天第二篇和第三篇文章的知识框架和词汇串讲。
第二篇 How Soil is Formed(泥土如何形成)第1段：泥土形成是一个动态过程(a dynamic process)，受到母体材料(parent material)、气候、地形(topography)和时间的影响。
第2段：母体材料是松散的一堆物质(unconsolidated mass)，在此之上泥土开始形成。
来源上看，母体材料能够是原处的地质基底物质(geological substrate)，也能够是通过风吹、水流、冰川移动或重力沉降而从远处带来的沉淀物(sediment/deposit)。
因为远方沉淀物的多样性，所以由远方沉淀物形成的泥土往往更肥沃(fertile)。
不管母体材料的来源是什么，最终形成的泥土组成都是地质岩石类物质，例如火成岩(igneous rocks)、沉淀岩(sedimentary rocks)和变质岩(metamorphic rocks)，这些岩石的化学组成决定了泥土的组成。
第3段：气候影响着风化过程的强度和性质(the intensity and nature of weathering)，并且影响着当地植被类型(vegetation type)，这些进而都对泥土形成产生影响。
具体来看，日温差和季节温差导致泥土物质的冷热交替。
2019年10月19日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年10月19日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周末完成的托福考试，相信大家都对真题和答案很感兴趣，那么今天就来和店铺一起来看看2019年10月19日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
volcano on MarsSumerian Contributions（重复14年5月24日考题）Art and Culture of PacificNorthwest Communities（重复15年3月7日考题）Earth＇s Atmosphere（重复15年1月10日考题）Tree Species Identification inTropical Rain Forests（重复15年11月15日，17年7月8日考题）Attribution Bias（重复16年8月21日和18年5月19日考题；归因偏见）Causes of Industrialization in theUnited States（重复16年6月4日考题）The Volcanoes on Mars（重复17年12月9日考题）Orchids（兰花，重复17年10月14日，18年3月31日，19年6月15日考题）Extinction of the Mammoths（重复17年1月7日和10月28日，18年9月9日考题；冰川期猛犸象灭绝理论，涉及气候因素，但有局限性）The Sogdians and the Silk Road（重复17年12月2日，19年3月31日考题；粟特人和中国，丝绸之路）Shipbuilding in Venice（重复18年4月15日考题，可以参考TPO25-2）Honeybee Communication（18年3月11日考题）鱼类的smelling系统，Lobe fish和ray fish对比Totem Poles， a type of NorthwestCoast art真题详解Attribution Bias（重复16年8月21日和18年5月19日考题；归因偏见）P1：社会心理学家发现我们预判他人行为的过程是可以预知的，其中判断失误不是偶然，而是因为我们容易犯系统性的归因错误，即Attribution BiasP2：最常见的归因偏见，也是根本性的归因偏见，就是把个人行为归咎于人品而非外在环境。
2019托福阅读考试试卷真题和答案(10页)
2019年托福阅读模拟试题及答案解析托福阅读原文The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencinga severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’spotential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves ofcoal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat.By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’spotential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling incircles atthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763：Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The useof powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helpediron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting ofpig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 inthe 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the Britishiron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production wasonly 17：000 tons, but by 1844： with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, ithadincreased to 3,000：000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.托福阅读试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexportedto other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually becameinsufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT：A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inv entionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that i ndicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy： its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendouslyimp ortant. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed withiron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appe tite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions： An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoicesthat express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.托福阅读答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。
2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案托福的最新一期考试，在上周末进行，大家对自己的考试有信心吗？跟着店铺来一起看看2019年10月26日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
A map of the Levant with Natufianregions across present-day Israel，Palestinian territories，and a long armextending into Lebanon and SyriaClimate Change and the NatufianPeople（14年6月15日考题）Did Sauropods live in Swamps？（重复15年9月17日，17年12月16日和19年4月14日考题；腕龙是否生活在沼泽里？最大的蜥脚类动物，一直认为它生活在沼泽中，依靠水中浮力支撑庞大体重，身体构造也适合在水中，比如长脖子让鼻孔露在水面呼吸；反驳观点认为它无法承受巨大的水压，胸腔无法承受无法正常呼吸，并且它的腿脚可以承受巨大的体重；长脖子的用处并不是用于吃更高处的植物，因为计算机模拟发现脖子的运动幅度只能吃地面2-3米高的植物）Life In the Desert（重复16年10月16日考题）Towns in the High Middle Ages（重复16年9月11日和17年4月1日考题；中世纪欧洲主要是农业社会，城镇的特点有：人口密度大；劳动分工；以市场贸易为基础，被地主控制，商人们为此和地主之间有竞争。
）The Qualities of a Good TroutStream（16年12月3日，17年4月15日和18年12月1日考题；trout 鲑鳟鱼）A Debate about Dinosaurs（重复17年11月18日，18年12月8日和19年5月4日考题；恐龙是否是温血动物，灭绝是否跟环境巨变有关）Extinction of the Mammoths（重复17年10月28日和1月7日考题；冰川期猛犸象灭绝理论，涉及气候因素，但有局限性）1968混乱年（重复18年3月24日，7月14日，19年1月5日和6月16日考题；the mostturbulent year，战后反对集权统治，要求自由平等，媒体力量大，带来变革，影响了社会，宗教等）Optimal Foraging Among Primates（18年1月13日和19年5月11日考题，猿类使用工具，最大化获得的营养，最小化消耗的能量）The role of the Horse inTransportation埃及的发展钢材对于美国工业发展的重要意义美国某种A开头的公路，从不被接受到被接受，讲了这类公路的好处第一次工业革命促进了德国城镇发展，经济上走向统一某种海洋植物，长度可达50米，从海底长到接近海面，形成海洋森林，具有两种不同的繁殖季且后代会有不同的基因，可以形成生态圈sea otter的生存情况和其对kelp生长的影响（吃它的根部），也讲了人类对于sea otter的影响，猎捕其皮毛。
2019年5月7日托福阅读真题
2019年5月7日托福阅读真题阅读部分词汇题第一篇题材划分：环境类绝大部分淡水存有冰川中，可用的地表水只有40%左右。
因为人们过度用来灌溉和饲养牲畜，所以地表水愈来愈少。
当refill跟不上用的速度了，地表水就开始缺乏。
地表水层由沙子石头等组成，水少了以后就开始collapse，出现一些holes，这样地表水层的空间就更小了。
有个400米深的水井，人们就大量使用导致周围的浅一点地方都没有水了，人们只能废弃那些地方。
后来又讲了一种叫做土地盐碱化的相关灾害对海边的影响。
相似TPO练习推荐TPO-14 Maya Water ProblemsTpo24 Lake Water相关背景资料：Soilsalinity is the salt content in thesoil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Saltsoccur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by naturalprocesses such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean.It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation.Causes of soil salinityThe excess accumulation of salts, typicallymost pronounced at the soil surface, can result in salt-affected soils. Saltsmay rise to the soil surface by capillarytransport from a salt-laden watertable and then accumulatedue to evaporation. They can also become concentratedin soils due to human activity, for example the use of potassium as fertilizer,which can form sylvite, a naturally occurring salt. As soil salinity increases,salt effects can result in degradation of soils and vegetation.Salinization as a processcan result from：-high levels of salt inwater.-landscape features thatallow salts to become mobile (movement of water table).-climatic trends that favoraccumulation.-human activities such asland clearing.-Irrigation - salt runofffrom streets (in winter if the streets are salted for snow)第二篇题材划分：地质类主要内容：火星是否存有生命体火星探索发现表面没有水，减少了有生命的可能。
2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案上周末完成了最新一期的托福考试，大家一定很想知道自己考得怎么样？来和看看2019年11月2日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
阅读篇章Fossil interpreted as a nesting oviraptorid Citipati at the American Museum ofNatural History. Smaller fossil far right showing inside one of the eggs.The Decline in the Population（重复11年4月9日考题；文章主要讲英国伦敦在罗马时期的人口衰退，原因有四。
伦敦一场大火，造成人口下降。
苏格兰什么政策。
货物在本地生产，贸易人员流动少。
战争时期因为英国士兵把一些瘟疫带了回来，造成大量人口死亡。
）讨论恐龙是否被孵化（文章内容可以参考15年2月1日和18年8月26日考题Dinosaurs and Parental Care）Domestication（重复15年10月31日考题）The Postwar Economic Boom（重复16年1月24日考题）The Development of Agriculture（重复16年11月21日和18年5月19日考题）The Green Revolution（重复17年4月1日考题）The Evolution of Grass andHerbivores（17年2月18日，7月2日和11月11日，19年2月24日考题；植物防御技能的进化演变）A Debate about Dinosaurs（重复18年12月8日，19年5月4日和10月26日考题；恒温还是变温）Greece Emerges from the Dark Ages （重复18年7月14日考题）Irrigation and Early Civilizations（重复18年3月31日和19年4月14日考题）Amphibian Distribution andAbundance（新题）Calcium Carbonate in the Ocean（新题）石头对考古的重要性厄尔尼诺（可以参考TPO43-3）罗马供水系统The molars（磨牙，臼齿）ofthree species of elephant illustrate their different feedingpreferences （l-asian elephant，c-african elephant， r-Mastodonginganteum）篇章详解The Green Revolution（重复17年4月1日考题）第1段：The green revolution can date as far back to 1930s。
2019年托福阅读真题解析：鸟类配偶选择
2019年托福阅读真题解析：鸟类配偶选择今天阅读三篇文章是Reconstructing Prehistoric Human Lifestyle(重建史前人类的生活方式)，How Soil is Formed(泥土如何形成)和Mate Choice In Birds(鸟类配偶选择)。
分别重复2015.09.17第一篇，2014.07.12第二篇，和2015.10.24第三篇，是典型的老题拼盘重复。
三篇文章，集合了人类考古、地质和生物学三个常见话题，专业词汇泛滥，长难句增多，篇章结构的整体性增强。
下面，给出今天第三篇文章的知识框架和词汇串讲。
第三篇 Mate Choice In Birds(鸟类配偶选择)第1段：与雌鸟相比，雄鸟在羽毛(plumage)和体型上彼此差别很大(引出话题)。
达尔文认为这是雄鸟针对雌鸟的配偶竞争(mate competition)导致的。
伴随着繁殖成功，这些导致繁殖成功的特定性状(specific traits)也流传于后代，如硕大体型、花哨俏丽的羽毛(fancy plumage)、复杂婉转的歌声(intricate songs)和惊艳的表演(striking displays)。
虽然达尔文对于雄鸟配偶竞争的理论被认可，但现实中雄鸟的竞争，雌鸟对于雄鸟的选择，以及配偶之外的资源竞争以更加错综复杂的关系相连。
第2段：配偶对象之间的相互评估(mutual assessment)对求偶成功起着重要作用。
雄性的装饰炫耀(the ornaments and displays)能够表明它所处的优越状态，进而吸引雌性选择自己作为伴侣。
雌性钟爱能够长时间表演的雄性，这说明它们有更多的脂肪储备，所以有水平和自己产下更多的后代(descendant/offspring)。
第3段：为什么雌性会选择羽毛鲜艳和长时间表演的雄性?科学家提出优秀基因假说(good-genes hypotheses)解释这个现象。
2019年12月托福真题回忆
2019年12月托福真题回忆信念和斗志宜聚，懈怠和悲观宜散，我们的斗志因信念而燃起，不懈怠、不悲观，落实每一个知识点。
无忧考网搜集整理了2019年12月托福真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
2019年12月举行了5场考试，时间分别为12月1日、12月7日、12月8日、12月14日、12月21日。
以下内容仅供参考。
12月1日托福口语真题回忆：Q1：家长应不应该管制学生使用社交媒体：Should parents monitor their children’s access to social media?Q2：建议设定不同返校日期，分流，避免同一天返校。
且这样可以有人做志愿者；赞成，因为住高楼如果同一天返校，等电梯要等死。
且早也没事干，当志愿者可以认识新朋友Q3：心理学，用激励法做一些平时不愿意做但是很有用的事儿。
教授举了自己的两个例子：1、教授喜欢看书但不喜欢做家务，所以让让自己做家务的时候才能看书。
2、教授不喜欢健身但喜欢看电影，所以可以一边健身一边看电影Q4：植物为了防止被过度啃食的方法，一种是再生能力，一种是让自己不好吃或不能吃。
例子： Ri grass 根在土里很深，被吃了上面的也没事。
B grass 的新草长在旧的死的腐烂的老草里，动物不会去吃。
12月1日托福听力真题回忆：C1、学生去找书，但是没找到；C2、学生询问申请，但是说了一堆暖气的问题；C3、美国原住民 paper 的讨论；C4、关于停车。
L1、保存绘画不容易褪色的几个方法；L2、一种生物的进化；L3、有个 biochemical 类题，讲的 nanoparticle 引出 jinjusparticle，可以做成 cloth，防水的，后面突然讲了 core 包裹着什么 coat；L4、华盛顿的雕像；L5、社会在没有农业情况下的起源；L6、微生物的认识；L7、巨石阵；L8、发出噪音的蜥蜴；L9、文艺复兴时期的音乐创作。
12月1日托福写作真题回忆：综合写作冰川做淡水来源是否好。
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2019年托福考试模拟训练试题及答案1In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiously watched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first glimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giant planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.Although this impact event was of considerable scientific import, it especially piqued public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening television newscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientific endeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the fact that we ourselves live on asimilar target, a world subject to catastrophe by random assaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should not have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.1. The passage mentions which of the following with respect to the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9?(A) They were once combine in a larger body.(B) Some of them burned up before entering the atmosphere of Jupiter.(C) Some of them are still orbiting Jupiter.(D) They have an unusual orbit.2. The word "collectively" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) respectively(B) popularly(C) also(D) together3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT(A) a dismembered body(B) a train(C) a pearl necklace(D) a giant planet4. Before comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in July 1994, scientists(A) had been unaware of its existence(B) had been tracking it for only a few months(C) had observed its breakup into twenty-odd fragments(D) had decided it would not collide with the planet5. Before the comet fragments entered the atmosphere of Jupiter, they were most likely(A) invisible(B) black(C) frozen(D) exploding6. Superheated fireballs were produced as soon as the fragments of comet Shoemaker- Levy 9(A) hit the surface of Jupiter(B) were pulled into Jupiter's orbit(C) were ejected back through the tunnel(D) entered the atmosphere of Jupiter7. The phrase "incinerated把。
烧成灰 itself" in line9 is closest in meaning to(A) burned up(B) broke into smaller pieces(C) increased its speed(D) grew in size8. Which of the following is mentioned as evidence of the explosions that is still visible on Jupiter?(A) fireballs(B) ice masses(C) black marks(D) tunnels9. Paragraph 2 discusses the impact of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 primarily in terms of(A) its importance as an event of great scientific significance(B) its effect on public awareness of the possibility of damage to Earth(C) the changes it made to the surface of Jupiter(D) the effect it had on television broadcasting10. The "target" in line 20 most probably referred to(A) Earth(B) Jupiter(C) the solar system(D) a cometADDBC DACBA词汇补充：cacia 金合花accordion 手风琴acquamarine 海蓝宝石acre 英亩acronym首字母缩拼词acute 敏锐的adobe 土墙adorn 装饰adrenaline 肾上腺素affiliate 使隶属于affinity 密切关系afloat 漂浮着aide 副官airborne 在空中alchemist 炼丹家aldosterone 醛固酮alga 水藻allegory 寓言all-star 由明星演员组成的allusive 含暗示的;含典故的aloof 远离的;孤零的aluminum 铝alumni 男校友amateur 外行的。