生物类中英文术语对照
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第一章细胞遗传学基础
细胞(cell)细胞膜(cell membrane)
质膜(plasma membrane,plasmalemma)细胞质(cytoplasm)
细胞器(organelle)基质(cytoplasmic matrix)
线粒体(mitochondria)内质网(endoplasimic,ER)
粗面内质网(rough reticulum,rER)滑面内质网(smooth endoplasmic reticulum,sER)高尔基体(Golgi body)中心体(centrosome)
核糖体(ribosome)附着核糖体(attached ribosomes)
游离核糖体(free ribosomes)核膜(nuclear membrane)
核基质(nuclear matrix)核液(nuclear sap)
核仁(nucleolus)染色质(chromatin)
常染色质(euchromatin)异染色质(heterochromatin)
结构异染色质(constitutive heterochromatin)兼性异染色质(facultative heterochromatin)染色体(chromosome)着丝粒(centromere)
主缢痕(primary constriction)中着丝粒染色体(metacentric chromosome)近中着丝粒染色体(submetacentric 近端着丝粒染色体(subtelocentric 端着丝粒(te locentric chromosome)次缢痕(secondary constriction)
随体(satellite)端粒(telomere)
核小体(nucleosome)螺线体(solenoid)
单倍体(haploidy)多倍体(polyploid)
异源多倍体(allopolyploid)同源多倍体(autopolyploid)
双精受精(disperm y)合子(zygote)
组成型多倍体(constitutional polyploid)缺倍体(nulliploid)
非整倍性(aneuploi dy)亚倍体(hypoploid)
单体性(monosomy)缺对性(nullisomy)
超二倍体(hyperploid)三体性(trisomy)
双三体性(ditrisomy)四体性(tetrasomy),
染色体不分离(nondisjunction)后期延迟(anaphase lag)
后期延迟运动(delayed movement,lagging)混倍性(mixoploidy)
镶嵌型(mosaicism)嵌合型(chimerism)
细胞(cell)细胞膜(cell membrane)
质膜(plasma membrane,plasmalemma)细胞质(cytoplasm)
细胞器(organelle)基质(cytoplasmic matrix)
线粒体(mitochondria)内质网(endoplasimic,ER)
粗面内质网(rough reticulum,rER)滑面内质网(smooth endoplasmic reticulum,sER)高尔基体(Golgi body)中心体(centrosome)
核糖体(ribosome)附着核糖体(attached ribosomes)
游离核糖体(free ribosomes)核膜(nuclear membrane)
核基质(nuclear matrix)核液(nuclear sap)
核仁(nucleolus)染色质(chromatin)
常染色质(euchromatin)异染色质(heterochromatin)
结构异染色质(constitutive heterochromatin)兼性异染色质(facultative heterochromatin)染色体(chromosome)着丝粒(centromere)
主缢痕(primary constriction)中着丝粒染色体(metacentric chromosome)近中着丝粒染色体(submetacentric 近端着丝粒染色体(subtelocentric 端着丝粒(te locentric chromosome)次缢痕(secondary constriction)
随体(satellite)端粒(telomere)
核小体(nucleosome)螺线体(solenoid)
超螺线体(super solenoid)核型(karyotype)
核型分析(karyotype analysis)核型模式图(idiogram)
C分带(centromere banding)Q分带(quinacrine banding)
G分带(Giemsa banding)R分带(reverse banding)
N分带(N banding)高分辨显带(high-resolution banding)
细胞周期(cell cycle)间期(interphase)
有丝分裂(mitosis)减数分裂(meiosis)
有丝分裂期(M phase)细线期(leptonema)
凝线期(synizesis)偶线期(zygonema)
联会(synapsis)联会复合体(synapt onemal complex,SC)粗线期(pachynema)双价体(bivalent)
双线期(diplonema)交叉端化(terminalization of chiasmata)
终变期(diakinesis)浓缩期(diakinesis)
染色体重建(chromosome reconstruction)缺失(deletion)
重复(duplication)倒位(inversion)
易位(translocation)中间缺失(interstitial deletion)
假显性现象(pseudo dominance)顺接重复(tandem duplication)
反接重复(reverse duplication)不等交换(unequal crossing over)
剂量效应(dosage effect)臂内倒位(paracentric inversion)
臂间倒位(pericentric inversion)简单易位(simple translocation)
相互易位(reciprocal transloca tion)移位易位(shift translocation)
复合易位(complex translocation)等臂染色体(isochromosome)
第二章分子遗传学基础
基因gene 外显子exon
内含子intron 基因组genome
密码子codon 起始密码子initiator
同义密码子synonym 多义密码子ambiguous codon
核糖体ibosome 表观基因组学epigenomics
启动子promoter 增强子enhancer
沉默子silencer 化学修饰chemical modification
基因突变gene mutation) 碱基base
回复突变reversion) 暗修复dark repair)
切除修复excision repair) 缺口修复gap repair
错配修复mismatch repair 重组recombination
同源重组homologous recombination 转座transposition
限制性核酸内切酶restriction endonuclease 载体vector
第三章免疫遗传学基础
免疫力immunity 免疫防immunologic defence
自我稳定homeostasis 自身免疫病autoimmune disease
非特异性免疫non-special immunity 特异性免疫special immunity
免疫应答immune response 细胞免疫应答cellular immune respons 免疫系统immune system 免疫球蛋白mmunoglobulin (Ig)
抗体antibody (Ab) 结构域domain
型群phenogroup 调理作用opsonization
基因簇gene cluster 重组信号序列recombination signal sequence (RSS) 类别转换class switch 同种型转换isotype switch
质量性状qualititative character 遗传descendiblity heredity inherit 染色体chromosome 性染色体sex chromosome
常染色体euchromosome 伴性遗传sex-linked inheritance
限性遗传sex—limited inheritance 从性遗传sex—influenced inheritance 血型blood group 显性上位作用dominant epistasis
隐性上位作用recessive epistasis 重叠作用duplicate effect
基因座位gene locus 等位基因allele
复等位基因multiple alleles 上位基因epistatic gene
性连锁基因sex-linked gene 显性性状dominant characters
隐性性状recessive characters 育种breeding
杂交育种cross breeding 伴性基因sex-linked genes
隐性纯合子allozygote 杂合子heterozygote
显性基因dominant gene 隐性基因recessive gene
就巢性broodiness
自别雌雄auto-sexing 骡鸭mule duck
测交test cross 隐性致死recessive lethal
半致死基因semi-lethal gene 标记基因marker gene
父本male parent 母本female parent
繁殖力fecundity 遗传效应genctic effect
杂交优势heterotic vigor 经济性状practical characters
碱基对base pair 遗传缺陷genetic defects
下位基因hypostatic gene 基因文库gene library
完全显性complete dominance 不完全显性incomplete dominance
共显性codominance 连锁遗传linkage inheritance
数量性状quantitative trait 表型值phenotypic value
基因型值genotypic value 数量性状基因座quantitative trait locus
主效基因major gene 上位效应epistatic effect
系统环境效应systimatic evirenmental effect 随机环境效应randomatic envirenmental effect 加性效应additive effect 显性效应dominance effect
育种值breeding value 重复力repeatability
遗传力heritability 遗传相关g enetic correlation
表型相关phenotypic correlation 环境相关environmental correlation
广义遗传力heritability in the broad sense 狭义遗传力heritability in the narrow sense
实现遗传力realized habitability
最大可能生产力most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA)
持久性环境效应permanent environment effect
暂时性环境效应temporary environmental coefficient
组内相关系数intra-class correlation coefficient
最大似然法maximum Likelihood ( ML)
约束最大似然法restricted Maximum likelihood (REML)
最小范数二次无偏估计法minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (INQUE)
最小方差二次无偏估计法minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimation, (MIVQUE)
最佳线性无偏预测best Linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)
最佳线性无偏估计best linear unbiased estimation (BLUP)
混合模型方程mixed model equation (ME)
方差分析analysis of variance (ANOV A) 类方差分析法ANOV A-like method
第六章动物生长发育的规律
生长growth 生长中心growth center 发育development
胚胎期term of embryo 生后期term of birth after
累积生长accumulation growth 相对生长relative growth
绝对生长absolute growth 生长波growth wave
第七章性别决定与性别控制
雄异配型male heterogamety 雌异配型female heterogamety
异配性别heterogametic sex 同配性别homogametic sex
性反转sex-reversal 半合基因hemizygous gene
从性遗传sex-conditioned inheritance 限性遗传sex-limited inheritanc
伴性遗传或性连锁遗传sex-linked inheritance
睾丸决定因子(TDF) testis determining factor
拟(伪)常染色体区域( PAR) pseudoautosomal-region
Y染色体性别决定区sex-determiningregion of Y chromosome
第二性征(副性征)secondary sexual character
第八章遗传病与遗传病控制
染色体病chromosomal disease 线粒体遗传病mitochondrial disease
单基因遗传病monogenetic disease 多基因遗传病polygenetic or multigene disorder 失显non penetrance 不完全外显incomplete dominance
不规则外显irreqular dominance
并蹄syndactylism 多趾polydactylism
性连锁遗传病sex-linked disorder 抗病育种breeding for disease resistance
性转变sex reversal 诱变剂mutagen
断裂剂clastogen 致畸剂teratogen
猪的应激综合征porcine stress syndrome (PSS)
恶性高热综合症milignant hyperthermia syndrome (MHS)
常染色体显性遗传autosomal dominant disorder
常染色体隐性遗传病autosomal recessive disorder
第九章畜禽品种
物种species 品种breed 品系strain, line
专用品种special-purpose breed 兼用品种dual-purpose breed
海福特牛Hereford 夏洛莱牛charolais
利木赞牛limousine 安格斯牛angus
阿伯丁-安格斯牛aberdeen-angus 契安尼娜牛chianina
荷斯坦牛Holstein 中国荷斯坦牛china holstein
西门塔尔牛Simmental 尼里-拉维水牛nili-ravi
世界西门塔尔牛联合会WSF 澳洲美利奴羊australian merino
丹麦红牛danish red 摩拉水牛murrah
婆罗门牛Brahman 圣格鲁迪牛santa gertrudis
肉牛王beefmaster 婆朗格斯牛brangus
婆罗福特牛braford 西门婆罗牛simbrah
夏白雷ch arbray辛地红牛red sindhi
纯血马thoroughbred 阿尔登马ardennes
超细毛型super fine merino 细毛型fine merino
中毛型medium wool merino 强毛型strong wool merino
罗姆尼羊romney marsh 无角陶赛特羊poll dorset
萨福克羊Suffolk 诺福克羊norfolk
考力代羊corriedale 夏洛莱羊charollais
萨能山羊sannen安哥拉山羊angora goat
努比亚山羊Nubian 波尔山羊boer goat
大白猪large white 长白猪landrace
杜洛克猪duroc 汉普夏猪hampshire
皮特兰猪pietrain隐性白羽鸡recessive white
来航鸡leghorn 罗斯褐蛋鸡ross brown layer
海波罗肉鸡hybro broilers 咔叽·康贝尔鸭khaki campbell ducks 枫叶鸭maple ducks 樱桃谷肉鸭cherry valley meat ducks 莱茵鹅rhine geese 郎德鹅landoise geese
王鸽king pigeons 非洲鸵鸟african ostriches
美国七彩雉鸡american seven-colour common pheasants
第十章动物生产性能测定
生产性能测定performance testing
猪应激综合征porcine stress syndrome (PSS)
测定站测定station test 场内测定on-farm test
肉用家畜butcher’s beast肉嫩度meat tenderness
体尺测量body measurement 线性外貌评定linear classification system 产奶量milk yield 排乳速度milking rate
产蛋性能egg laying performance 蛋品质egg quality
羊毛品质wool quality 繁殖性能breeding performance
第十一章质量性状选择原理与方法
质量性状qualitative trait 选择selection
显性基因dominant gene 隐性基因recessive gene
伴性遗传sex-linked inheritance 测交test cross
随机交配群体mendelian population or randomized mating population
检验概率probability of detection
第十二章数量性状的选择原理与方法
多性状的选择multiple-trait selection 单性状的选择single trait selection
间接选择indirect selection 直接选择direct selection
表型值phenotypic value 选择差selection differential
选择反应selection response 选择强度selection intensity
选择指数selection index 顺序选择tandem selection
独立淘汰independent Culling (level)家系family
家系内选择intra-family selection 家系选择family selection
遗传进展genetic gain 数量遗传学quantitative genetics
阈模型threshold model 阈性状threshold trait
阈值threshold value 遗传同化genetic assimilation
第十三章个体遗传评定
分子血缘相关阵numerator relationship matrix
估计育种值estimated breeding value (EBV)
估计传递力estimated transmitting ability (ETA)
相对育种值relative breeding value (RBV)
最佳线性无偏预测best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)
混合模型方程组法mixed model equations (MME)
综合育种值total breeding value 经济加权值economic weight
系谱测定pedigree testing 同胞测定sib testing
后裔测定progeny testing 顺序选择法tandem selection
独立淘汰法independent culling 综合选择指数selection index
动物模型animal model 公畜模型sire model
公畜-母畜模型sire-dam model 外祖父模型maternal grandsire model 孟德尔抽样Mendelian sampling 对数据迭代iteration on data
生产质量quality of production
第十四章交配系统
交配体制mating system 交配系统mating system
选型交配ssortative mating 同型交配positive assorrtative mating
异型交配negative assortative mating 近交衰退inbreeding depression
近交inbreeding 远交outbreeding
生长growth 繁殖reproduce
适应性adaptability 活力vigor
敏感susceptible 遗传致死因子hereditary lethals
近交系数inbreeding coefficient 亲缘系数coefficient of relationship
畸形abnormalities 环境条件critical environmental conditions
第十五章杂交体系与杂种优势的利用
级进杂交grading crossing 导入杂交Introduction crossing
育成杂交rearing crossing 简单经济杂交simple corssing
三元杂交three—way crossing 轮回杂交rotational crossing
顶交top crossing 生产性双杂交double cross
近交系inbred line 专门化品系specialized strain
合成系synthetic strain 杂种优势heterosis
一般配合力general combining ability 特殊配合力specific combining ability 双列杂交(diallel crossing)合成群体synthetic population
相互轮回选择reciprocal recurrent selection
第十六章品种与品系培育
艾维因avian 单系monooringinator line
迪卡delcalb 地方品系local line,local strain
地方品种local breed 父系sire line
近交系inbred line 母系dam line
品系strain,line 品系繁育1ine breeding
品种breed 群系polygenesic line
通用品系general purpose line 物种species
育成杂交crossbreeding for formation a new breed
正反交反复选择法reciprocal Recurrent Selection
中国荷斯坦牛chinese Holstein 专门化品系specialized line
群体遗传学population genetics 基因频率gene frequency
基因库gene pool 随机交配random mating
遗传漂变genetic drift 群体有效含量population effective size 保种breeds conservation 平均数mean
质量性状qualitative character 数量性状quantitative character
数量遗传学quantitative genetics 标准差standard deviation
加性效应additive effect 显性效应dominant effect
变异系数coefficient of variation 相关系数correlation coefficient
纯合子homozygote 杂合子heterozygote
表型值phenotype value 育种值breeding value
遗传力heritability 遗传相关genetic correlation
育种breeding 繁育体系breeding & multiplication system
纯种purebred 品种退化degeneration
品群variety population 群体继代选育法systematic breeding
家系family 纯种繁育pure breeding
杂交繁育cross breeding 系谱pedigree
后裔测验progeny test 种畜breeding stock
选种selection 世代间隔generation interval
遗传进展genetic progress, genetic advance 个体选择individual selection
家系选择family selection 综合指数选择法comprehensive index method 选配mating system 近交inbreeding
同质选配mating like to like 异质选配mating unlike to unlike
近交系数inbreeding coefficient 杂交crossing
杂种crossbred, hybrid 杂种优势heterosis, hybrid vigor
配合力combining ability
第十七章动物遗传资源保护与利用
遗传资源genetic resources 生物多样性genetic diversity
物种入侵species invade 形态学morphological
平均数mean 变异系数variation coefficient
基因频率gene frequency 基因型频率genotype frequency
参数parameter 平均杂合度average heterozygosity
核苷酸多态性nucleotide polymorphism 系统发育phylogeny
数据库database 生态系统ecosystem
生物群落biopopulation 基因组genome
数据库管理系统database management system 地理信息系geography information system 图象分析系统imaging analysis system 远程登陆Telnet internet
家畜livestock 迁徙migration
细胞库cell bank 细胞系cell line
扩增片段长度多态性amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)
随机扩增多态DNA random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)
单位点微卫星多态性single locus microsatellite polymorphism
序列标记微卫星sequence marker polymorphic
遗传多样性保护genetic diversity conservation
DNA单链构象多态性DNA single strand conformational polymorphism
核苷酸替代平均数目nucleotide substitution average number
第十八章现代生物技术与动物育种
生物技术biotechnology 基因工程gene engineering
蛋白质工程protein engineering 细胞工程cell engineering
发酵工程fermentation engineering 人工授精artificial insemination (AI)
胚胎移植embryo transfer ( ET) 核移植nuclear transplantation
遗传标记genetic marker 免疫遗传标记immunogenetical marker
型群phenogroup生化遗传标记biochemical genetic marker
基因组genomics 基因芯片gene chip
动物转基因技术transgenic technology or transgenesis
第十九章动物育种规划与繁育体系
育种规划breeding scheme 育种目标性状breeding goal traits
育种目标breeding goal 经济加权系数economic weighting coefficients 遗传差距genetic lag 综合育种值total breeding value
时间差距time lag 主动育种群active breeding herd
贴现discount 基因流动法gene flow method
边际效益marginal profit 传递矩阵transmission matrix
育种效益breeding returns 育种投入量breeding costs
选择周期cycle of selection 选择通径paths of selection
第二十章动物育种数据管理与软件应用
育种数据Breeding data 育种记录Breeding records
校正因子Adjustment factors 加性校正因子Additive adjustment factors 乘性校正因子Multiplicative adjustment factors 遗传组模型Genetic group model Bartlett’s检验Bartlett’s test Levene's 检验Levene's test
计量数据Quantitative data 计数数据Count data
无序分类数据Unordered Categorical Data 有序分类数据Ordered Categorical Data
方差组分V ariance components 非求导算法Derivative-free algorithm
R法Method R 公畜模型Sire model
协方差函数Covariance functions 随机回归模型Random regression model
动物模型Animal model 重复力模型Repeatability model
传递力Transmitting ability 遗传趋势Genetic trend
母体效应模型Maternal effect model 母体遗传效应Maternal genetic effect
母体永久环境效应Maternal permanent environmental effect
最佳线性无偏估计Best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE)
最佳线性无偏预测Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)
约束最大似然法Restricted maximum likelihood
期望最大化算法Expectation maximum algorithm
平均信息算法A verage information algorithm
马尔克夫链蒙特卡洛Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
Newton-Raphson(NR)算法Newton-Raphson(NR)algorithm
Fisher判分法(MSC)Method of scoring (MSC)
Choleskey分解Choleskey decomposition
数据库管理系统Database management system
系统环境因素Systematic environmental factors。