外文翻译---变电站的综合概述
英文翻译
A comprehensive overview of substations
Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life.
Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage.Therefore, the
substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability, sensitivity and other indicators.
Power plants and substations are connected user link in the middle, transformation and distribution of electric energy to play the role. According to the different tasks substation can be divided into step-up transformer step-down transformer substation and two broad categories. Step-up substation built on the general power plant, the general step-down transformer near the load center built on the low.V oltage can also be divided according to medium voltage substation (60 kV and below), high-voltage substations (110 ~ 220 kV), EHV Substation (330 ~ 765 kV) and Ultra High V oltage Substation (1000 kV and above). In electric power system according to their status as a hub substation can be divided into the middle substation substations and terminals. This requires a substation part of economic rationality, the second part of safe and reliable, the only way to the normal operation of substation work services for the national economy. There are step-up transformer step-down transformer substation and two broad categories.Substations have been equipped with various protection devices, these devices are based on lower short-circuit load to a maximum load conditions, such as configuration settings and, therefore, in the event of the failure was similar to the specific circumstances under to judge by the system should automatically trip protection, and now the protection of the whole trip has been a very short time, the lifting of the fault, the system will automatically reclosing devices and the gateway to restore power quickly. This is to protect the lower the load is very favorable. This will not only protect the safety of the load equipment is in favor of extending the service life and reduce equipment investment, and improved reliability of electricity supply, which is to improve the efficiency of industrial and agricultural production is very effective.Substations have been equipped with various protection devices, these devices are based on lower short-circuit load to a maximum load conditions, such as configuration settings and, therefore, in the event of the failure was similar to the specific circumstances under to judge by the system should automatically trip protection, and now the protection of the whole trip has been a very short time, the lifting of the fault, the system will automatically reclosing devices and the gateway to restore power quickly. This is to protect the lower the load is very favorable. This will not only protect the safety of the load equipment is in favor of extending the service life and reduce equipment investment, and improved reliability of electricity supply, which is to improve the efficiency of industrial and agricultural
production is very effective.Increase in the efficiency of industrial products means lower product costs, increase market competitiveness, which will enable enterprises to increase for the national economy and make a greater contribution to development. Electricity supply reliability and other fields, can improve people's quality of life, improve their living conditions.
Analyse change to give or get an electric shock a mission for carrying and customers carries etc. circumstance, choose the address, make good use of customer data proceed then carry calculation, ascertain the correct equipment of the customer. At the same time following the choice of every kind of transformer, then make sure the line method of the transformer substation, then calculate the short-circuit electric current, choosing to send together with the electric wire method and the style of the wire, then proceeding the calculation of short-circuit electric current. This first step of design included:(1) ascertain the total project (2) load analysis(3) the calculation of the short-circuit electric current (4) the design of an electric shock the system design to connect with system and the choice of line project (5) the choice and the settle of the protective facility (6) the contents to defend the thunder and protection of connect the earth. Along with the high and quick development of electric power technique, electric power system then can change from the generate of the electricity to the supply the power.
Design the task this time is aim at intensity of mastering of every subject knowledge of this speciality reflecting, and of test this speciality’s study result. first, analyze the tend of load department according to all parameter of load about system and circuit on task book. It expounds the necessity to this situation from the rspect of increasing load. Then through to the generalization of planning to build the transformer substation and the analysis of the load materials, safe, economy and dependability are considered, has confirmed the mainly wiring form of 10kV. Calculated and supplied power in the range and confirmed TV station's number of the main voltage transformer through load finally, capacity and type, capacity and type of using the voltage transformer stand surely at the same time, finally, the result of calculation of calculating that and short out according to the electric current of largest lasting job, make the circuit to protect, the voltage transformer is protected, the bus bar is protected, prevent the thunder from protecting.
This graduation project take the 10kV transformer substation as the main design object, this 10kV transformer substation is the local important transformer substation, is
the electrical power system 10kV voltage rank important part. This transformer substation is equipped with 2 main transformers, in the station the host wiring divides into 10kV,and 0.4 kV two voltages ranks.This design first chapter is an introduction, mainly elaborated the transformer substation in electrical power system status. Designs the transformer substation the principle and the goal as well as the transformer substation basic situation. Second chapter is shoulders the computation and the transformer choice, carries on the load computation according to the known transformer substation load material to the transformer substation. Through the load which obtains had determined the host changes the capacity and a number, the host change the pattern, the winding wiring way, the accent press the way and the host changes the impedance. Third chapter is the transformer substation electricity host wiring design, separately through to 10kV side electricity host wiring drawing up, chooses the stablest reliable wiring way. Fourth chapter is the short class computation, first determined short-circuits the spot, calculates various parts reactance, then to respectively short-circuits separately to carry on the computation, obtains respectively short-circuits the short-circuit current. Fifth chapter is the electrical equipment choice, the electrical equipment including the generatrix, the circuit breaker, the isolator, the electric current and the voltage transformer, the fuse. Sixth chapter is the power distribution equipment, mainly carries on the design to the transformer substation power distribution equipment. Seventh chapter is anti-radar with the earth, this chapter has carried on the choice to the arrester, as well as has determined the earth way. Through to the 10kV transformer substation design, causes me has to the electrical engineering and its the automated specialized branch curriculum to be comprehensive, system grasping, strengthened apply theory to reality the ability, raised the project consciousness, exercised me independently to analyze and the solution electric power project design question ability.
[key words] substation ,load ,transmission system , distribution high voltage network ，correction equipment.
变电站的综合概述
随着经济的发展和现代工业建设的迅速崛起，供电系统的设计越来越全面、系统，工厂用电量迅速增长，对电能质量、技术经济状况、供电的可靠性指标也日益提高，因此对供电设计也有了更高、更完善的要求。设计是否合理，不仅直接影响基建投资、运行费用和有色金属的消耗量，也会反映在供电的可靠性和安全生产方面，它和企业的经济效益、设备人身安全密切相关。
电力工业是国民经济的一项基础工业和国民经济发展的先行工业，它是一种将煤、石油、天然气、水能、核能、风能等一次能源转换成电能这个二次能源的工业，它为国民经济的其他各部门快速、稳定发展提供足够的动力，其发展水平是反映国家经济发展水平的重要标志。由于电能在工业及国民经济的重要性，电能的输送和分配是电能应用于这些领域不可缺少的组成部分。所以输送和分配电能是十分重要的一环。变电所是使电厂或上级电站经过调整后的电能书送给下级负荷，是电能输送的重要部分。其功能运行情况、容量大小直接影响下级负荷的供电，进而影响工业生产及生活用电。若变电所系统中某一环节发生故障，系统保护环节将动作。可能造成停电等事故，给生产生活带来很大不利。因此，变电所在整个电力系统中对于保护供电的可靠性、灵敏性等指标十分重要。
变电所是联系发电厂和用户的中间环节，起着变换和分配电能的作用。根据变电所任务的不同，可将变电所分为升压变电所和降压变电所两大类。升压变电所一般建在发电厂，降压变电所一般建立在靠近负荷中心的低点。根据电压等级还可分为中压变电所（60千伏及以下）、高压变电所（110～220千伏）、超高压变电所（330～765千伏）和特高压变电所（1000千伏及以上）。按其在电力系统中的地位可分为枢纽变电所、中间变电所和终端变电所。这就要求变电所的一次部分经济合理，二次部分安全可靠，只有这样变电所才能正常的运行工作，为国民经济服务。变电所有升压变电所和降压变电所两大类。升压变电所通常是发电厂升压站部分，紧靠发电厂。降压变电所通常远离发电厂而靠近负荷中心。下面的所设计得就是10KV降压变电所。变电所的主要设备有电力变压器，母线和开关设备等。变电所内都装设有各种保护装置，这些保护装置是根据下级负荷地短路、最大负荷等情况来整定配置的，因此，在发生类似故障是可根据具体情况由系统自动做出判断应跳闸保护，并且，现在的跳闸保护整定时间已经很短，在故障解除后，系统内的自动重合闸装置会迅速和闸恢复供电。这对于保护下级各负荷是十分有利的。这样不仅保护了各负荷设备的安全利于延长是使用寿命，降低设备投资，而且提高了供电的可靠性，这对于提高工农业生产效率是十分有效的。工业产品的效率提高也就意味着产品成本的降低，市场竞争力增大，进而可以使企业效益提高，为国民经济的发展做出更大的贡献。生活用电等领域的供电
可靠性，可以提高人民生活质量，改善生活条件等。
变电所是电力系统的一个重要组成部分，由电器设备及配电网络按一定的接线方式所构成，他从电力系统取得电能，通过其变换、分配、输送与保护等功能，然后将电能安全、可靠、经济的输送到每一个用电设备的转设场所。作为电能传输与控制的枢纽，变电站必须改变传统的设计和控制模式，才能适应现代电力系统、现代化工业生产和社会生活的发展趋势。随着计算机技术、现代通讯和网络技术的发展，为目前变电站的监视、控制、保护和计量装置及系统分隔的状态提供了优化组合和系统集成的技术基础。该地区变电所所涉及方面多，考虑问题多，分析变电所担负的任务及用户负荷等情况，选择所址，利用用户数据进行负荷计算，确定用户无功功率补偿装置。同时进行各种变压器的选择，从而确定变电站的接线方式，再进行短路电流计算，选择送配电网络及导线，进行短路电流计算。选择变电站高低压电气设备，为变电站平面及剖面图提供依据。本变电所的初步设计包括了：（1）总体方案的确定（2）负荷分析（3）短路电流的计算（4）高低压配电系统设计与系统接线方案选择（5）继电保护的选择与整定（6）防雷与接地保护等内容。随着电力技术高新化、复杂化的迅速发展，电力系统在从发电到供电的所有领域中，通过新技术的使用，都在不断的发生变化。变电所作为电力系统中一个关键的环节也同样在新技术领域得到了充分的发展。
本次设计任务旨在体现对本专业各科知识的掌握程度，同时检验本专业的学习结果。首先根据任务书上所给系统与线路及所有负荷的参数，分析负荷发展趋势。从负荷增长方面阐明了建站的必要性，然后通过对拟建变电站的概括以及出线方向来考虑，并通过对负荷资料的分析，安全，经济及可靠性方面考虑，确定了10kV以及站用电的主接线，然后又通过负荷计算及供电范围确定了主变压器台数，容量及型号，同时也确定了站用变压器的容量及型号，最后，根据最大持续工作电流及短路计算的计算结果，做出线路保护，变压器保护，母线保护，防雷保护。
本次毕业设计以10kV 变电站为主要设计对象，该10kV变电站是地区重要变电站，是电力系统10kV电压等级的重要部分。该变电站设有2 台主变压器，站内主接线分为10kV、0.4 kV 三个电压等级。本设计的第一章为绪论，主要阐述了变电站在电力系统中的地位。设计变电站的原则和目的以及变电站的基本情况。第二章是负荷计算及变压器的选择，根据已知变电站的负荷资料对变电站进行负荷计算。通过得出的负荷确定了主变的容量和台数、主变的型式及主变阻抗。.三章是变电站电气主接线的设计，分别通过对110kV、35kV、10kV侧电气主接线的拟定，选择出最稳定可靠的接线方式。第四章是短流计算，首先确定短路点，计算各元件的电抗，然后对各短路点分别进行计算，得出各短路点的短路电流。
第五章是电气设备的选择，电气设备包括母线、断路器、隔离开关、电流和电压互感器、熔断器。第六章是配电装置，主要对变电站的配电装置进行设计。通过对110kV变电站设计，使我对电气工程及其自动化专业的主干课程有一个较为全面，系统的掌握，增强了理论联系实际的能力，提高了工程意识，锻炼了我独立分析和解决电力工程设计问题的能力。
[关键词] 变电站、负荷、输电系统、配电系统、高压网络、补偿装置
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails
世界贸易和国际贸易【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.360docs.net/doc/a05429447.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
变电站外文翻译外文文献英文文献变电站的综合概述(工程科技)
附录Ⅲ 英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load
110kv变电站设计说明
目录 摘要 (3) 概述 (4) 第一章电气主接线 (6) 1．1110kv电气主接线 (7) 1．235kv电气主接线 (8) 1．310kv电气主接线 (10) 1．4站用变接线 (12) 第二章负荷计算及变压器选择 (13) 2．1 负荷计算 (13) 2．2 主变台数、容量和型式的确定 (14) 2．3 站用变台数、容量和型式的确定 (16) 第三章最大持续工作电流及短路电流的计算 (17) 3．1 各回路最大持续工作电流 (17) 3．2 短路电流计算点的确定和短路电流计算结果 (18) 第四章主要电气设备选择 (19) 4．1 高压断路器的选择 (21) 4．2 隔离开关的选择 (22) 4．3 母线的选择 (23) 4．4 绝缘子和穿墙套管的选择 (24) 4．5 电流互感器的选择 (24) 4．6电压互感器的选择 (26)
4．7各主要电气设备选择结果一览表 (29) 附录I 设计计算书 (30) 附录II 电气主接线图 (37) 10kv配电装置配电图 (39) 致 (40) 参考文献 (41)
摘要 本文首先根据任务书上所给系统与线路及所有负荷的参数，分析负荷发展趋势。从负荷增长方面阐明了建站的必要性，然后通过对拟建变电站的概括以及出线方向来考虑，并通过对负荷资料的分析，安全，经济及可靠性方面考虑，确定了110kV，35kV，10kV以及站用电的主接线，然后又通过负荷计算及供电围确定了主变压器台数，容量及型号，同时也确定了站用变压器的容量及型号，最后，根据最大持续工作电流及短路计算的计算结果，对高压熔断器，隔离开关，母线，绝缘子和穿墙套管，电压互感器，电流互感器进行了选型，从而完成了110kV电气一次部分的设计。 关键词：变电站变压器接线
国际贸易英文文献
Strategic transformations in Danish and Swedish big business in an era of globalisation, 1973-2008 The Danish and Swedish context In the difficult inter-war period, a state-supported, protected home market orientation had helped stabilise both Denmark’s and Sweden’s economies, but after WorldWar II priorities changed. Gradually and in accordance with the international economic development, restrictions on foreign trade were removed, and Danish and Swedish industry was exposed to international competition. As a consequence, several home market oriented industries –such as the textile and the shoe industry –were more or less outperformed, while in Sweden the engineering industry soon became the dominant leader of Swedish industry, with companies such as V olvo, Ericsson, Electrolux, ASEA and SKF. In the Danish case, the SMEs continued to be dominant but in combination with expanding export oriented industrial manufacturers such as Lego, Danfoss, Carlsberg and the shipping conglomerates ok and A.P. moller-Marsk. In Sweden and Denmark stable economic growth continued into the 1970s, but due to the problems during the oil crises, the economies came into fundamental structural troubles for the first time since World War II. In the beginning this was counteracted by traditional Keynesian policy measures. However, because of large budget deficits, inflation and increasing wages, both the Danish economy from 1974 and the Swedish economy from 1976 encountered severe problems. Towards the late 1970s Denmark’s and Sweden’s economic policies were thus increasingly questioned. It was clear that Keynesian policy could not solve all economic problems. Expansive fiscal policies in terms of continued deficits on the state budget could not compensate for the loss of both national and international markets and step by step the Keynesian economic policy was abandoned. The increased budget deficit also made it difficult for the state to support employment and regional development. These kinds of heavy governmental activities were also hardly acceptable under the more market oriented policy that developed first in Great Britain and the USA, but in the 1980s also in Denmark and Sweden (Iversen & Andersen, 2008, pp. 313–315; Sjo¨ gren, 2008, pp. 46–54). These changes in political priorities were especially noticeable in the financial market. After being the most state regulated and coordinated sector of the economy since the 1950s, then between 1980 and 1985 the Danish and Swedish financial markets underwent an extensive deregulation resulting in increased competition. Lending from banks and other credit institutes was no longer regulated, and neither were interest rates. The bond market was also opened as the issuance of new bond loans was deregulated in Sweden in 1983. When the control of foreign capital flows was liberalised in the late 1980s the last extraordinary restriction was now gone. Together with the establishment of the new money market with options and derivates, this opened up to a much larger credit market and the possibility for companies to finance investments and increase business domestically as well as abroad (Larsson, 1998, pp. 205–207). Another important part of the regulatory changes in the early 1980s were new rules for the Copenhagen and Stockholm stock exchanges. Introduction on the stock exchange was made much
变电站设计外文翻译 毕业设计
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