医学英语术语学及应用
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In case of the word “brother”, it is of similar nature. In Greek it is phrater, in Latin frater, in Sanskrit bhratar, in French frere and in German bruder
The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)
The influence of the Normans: beef and cow
Beef → Anglo-Norman Cow → German The mixture of the two languages: Middle
Words Evolved from Old English
Old English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures, organs, substances, and basic concepts of human activities.
Anglo-Saxons
Old English (450 -1100)
the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants → out of what is know England → Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words.
The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)
William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, subsequently King William I, invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066. They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman. The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.
Words Originated from Greek
acme coma glaucoma pandemic psychology
anorexia diagnosis metastasis paralysis
colon dyspeptic necrosis pneumonia
Words Originated from Latin
Words Borrowed from Italian
Influenza malaria quarantine
Words Borrowed from Spanish
Mosquito quinine
Finally, the 20th century saw two world wars, and the military influence on the language
Chapter Two
An Etymological Study of Medical English
Based on their origin, medical terms can be divided into two large categories: native and borrowed.
Horsepower, airplane, typewriter (English roots)
This burst of neologism continues today, visible in the field of electronics and computers: cyber-, bios, hard-drive, and microchip
Words Originated from Greek
From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. And medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek.
Words Borrowed from French
Hospital faint
jaundice doctor
benign disease mortuary embolism
anatomy artery
ambulance antibiotic
chronic lymph
malaise
pathology
William Shakespeare
Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
The principal distinction between Early Modern English and Late modern English is vocabulary.
Two historical factors: Industrial Revolution and the British Empire
Neologism :oxygen, protein, nuclear, vaccine (Latin /Greek roots)
Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
In addition, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English.
Anatomic Words
ankle chest gum lip organ
back ear hair liver throat
bladder eye hand lung tongue
blood foot knee neck
Words Denoting Concepts
ache blind breath bruise fever heal mind cold
Of all the different branches in IndoEuropean family, two are of paramount importance, the Germanic and the Romance. English is in the Germanic group of languages.
Old English (450 -1100)
The invader’s language , Anglo-Saxon, developed into what we know as Old English
water, stone, foot, fire, sheep, and strong derive from Old English roots
Words Borrowed from French
After the Norman Conquest, the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language. A great number of French words, including those used in medical works, took their roots in English. Borrowing from French has continued till present time.
surgeon palpitation prostate rehabilitation
Words Borrowed from German
Aspirin
barbiturate
biology
chemotherapy chromosome gene
genome
leukemia
neuron
psychoanalysis schizophrenia testosterone
Old English (450 -1100)
The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas.
Words Originated from Latin
Abscess autopsy clinic hydrophobia muscle panacea
acute bacteria cortex inflame obstetrics prognosis
aorta cell dystrophy medicine placebo tumor
The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire. With the expansion, the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire. Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest.
The word for father vater (in German), pater (in Greek), pedar in (Persian), pater (in Latin), and pitr (in Sanskrit)
Indo-European and Germanic Influences
医学英语术语学及应用
Chapter One
An Etymological (词源的 ) Study of English Language
Indo-European and Germanic Influences
English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, a very broad language family including most of the European languages spoken today.
English
Hale Waihona Puke Baiduarly Modern English (1500 -1800)
The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance. Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language: grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music
The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)
The influence of the Normans: beef and cow
Beef → Anglo-Norman Cow → German The mixture of the two languages: Middle
Words Evolved from Old English
Old English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures, organs, substances, and basic concepts of human activities.
Anglo-Saxons
Old English (450 -1100)
the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants → out of what is know England → Scotland, Wales, Cornwall and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words.
The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100 -1500)
William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, subsequently King William I, invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066. They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman. The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.
Words Originated from Greek
acme coma glaucoma pandemic psychology
anorexia diagnosis metastasis paralysis
colon dyspeptic necrosis pneumonia
Words Originated from Latin
Words Borrowed from Italian
Influenza malaria quarantine
Words Borrowed from Spanish
Mosquito quinine
Finally, the 20th century saw two world wars, and the military influence on the language
Chapter Two
An Etymological Study of Medical English
Based on their origin, medical terms can be divided into two large categories: native and borrowed.
Horsepower, airplane, typewriter (English roots)
This burst of neologism continues today, visible in the field of electronics and computers: cyber-, bios, hard-drive, and microchip
Words Originated from Greek
From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. And medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek.
Words Borrowed from French
Hospital faint
jaundice doctor
benign disease mortuary embolism
anatomy artery
ambulance antibiotic
chronic lymph
malaise
pathology
William Shakespeare
Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
The principal distinction between Early Modern English and Late modern English is vocabulary.
Two historical factors: Industrial Revolution and the British Empire
Neologism :oxygen, protein, nuclear, vaccine (Latin /Greek roots)
Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
Late Modern English (1800 - Present)
In addition, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English.
Anatomic Words
ankle chest gum lip organ
back ear hair liver throat
bladder eye hand lung tongue
blood foot knee neck
Words Denoting Concepts
ache blind breath bruise fever heal mind cold
Of all the different branches in IndoEuropean family, two are of paramount importance, the Germanic and the Romance. English is in the Germanic group of languages.
Old English (450 -1100)
The invader’s language , Anglo-Saxon, developed into what we know as Old English
water, stone, foot, fire, sheep, and strong derive from Old English roots
Words Borrowed from French
After the Norman Conquest, the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language. A great number of French words, including those used in medical works, took their roots in English. Borrowing from French has continued till present time.
surgeon palpitation prostate rehabilitation
Words Borrowed from German
Aspirin
barbiturate
biology
chemotherapy chromosome gene
genome
leukemia
neuron
psychoanalysis schizophrenia testosterone
Old English (450 -1100)
The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas.
Words Originated from Latin
Abscess autopsy clinic hydrophobia muscle panacea
acute bacteria cortex inflame obstetrics prognosis
aorta cell dystrophy medicine placebo tumor
The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire. With the expansion, the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire. Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest.
The word for father vater (in German), pater (in Greek), pedar in (Persian), pater (in Latin), and pitr (in Sanskrit)
Indo-European and Germanic Influences
医学英语术语学及应用
Chapter One
An Etymological (词源的 ) Study of English Language
Indo-European and Germanic Influences
English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, a very broad language family including most of the European languages spoken today.
English
Hale Waihona Puke Baiduarly Modern English (1500 -1800)
The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance. Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language: grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music