2013年南开大学经济学考博试题,真题解析,复试真题,考博经验,真题笔记

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考博详解与指导
2009 年南开大学经济学考博试题 2009-微观经济学 一、简答题(35 分) 1、为了应对当前的经济危机,各国政府纷纷采取不同的政策鼓励个人消费。一种政策是增加消费者的收入, 另一种政策是直接向消费者发放等值的购物券。这两种政策哪种更为有效,为什么?(7 分) 2、目前我国政府正在酝酿取消养路费而改征燃油税。试分析这一税制改革将对我国私家车拥有者的消费支 出产生何种影响。(7 分) 3、“两步收费制”和“搭配销售”是垄断企业经常采取的定价和销售策略,其目的是为了尽可能将消费者 剩余转化为企业利润。请阐述这两种策略的具体内容、前提条件和二者之间的联系。(7 分) 4、为什么在长期均衡的条件下,所有生产要素所取得的报酬总量等于社会所生产的产品总量?(7 分) 5、比较道德风险和逆向选择有何相同点和区别。(7 分) 二、计算题(35 分) 1、根据人们的实际观察,消费者对两种商品的需求分别为 x 1 1 /( p 1 p 2 ) , x 2 1 /( p1 p 2 ) 。假定存 在两组不同的价格 ( p1 , p 2 ) 和 ( q1 , q 2 ) : (1)请分别写出在价格 ( p1 , p 2 ) 条件下的需求是价格 ( q1 , q 2 ) 条件下的需求的直接显示偏好的数学表达式, 以及在价格 ( q1 , q 2 ) 条件下的需求是价格 ( p1 , p 2 ) 条件下的需求的直接显示偏好的数学表达式;(5 分) (2)如果上述两个表达式同时成立,所观察到的需求函数是否满足显示偏好弱公理?消费者在上述两种不 同价格条件下的需求量是否会不同?(5 分) 2、企业在生产过程中所产生的污染是一种负的外部性。假定某家企业生产的边际成本 MC 4q ,其中 q 是企业的产量。企业造成的污染给社会带来的边际成本是 2q,企业面对的市场需求是 p 360 q 。请求 解: (1)完全竞争条件下的企业产量和价格,以及社会的最优产量。(5 分) (2)如果政府对每单元产品征收污染税,税率是多少才能使企业的产量与社会的最优产量相一致?(5 分) 3、假定某个寡头垄断的行业内存在两个厂商,它们所面临的行业需求曲线为 D 120 p ,各自的边际成 本为 c1和c 2 。 (1)假定 c1 c 2 0 ,请计算在市场出清条件下的市场均衡价格、两个厂商的各自产量和利润。(5 分) (2)如果厂商 1 是“领导者”,厂商 2 是“追随者”,请计算市场的均衡价格、各自的产量和利润,并说 明“先行者优势”的条件。(5 分) (3)如果 c1 c 2 ,证明厂商 1 采取竞争策略将厂商 2 逐出市场是一种不可置信威胁。(5 分) 三、论述题(30 分) 1、根据福利经济学定理阐述市场竞争、效率与公平之间的关系。(15 分)
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【全国百所名校定向保录】
【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】
2、什么是公共物品,它具有怎样的特殊性质?请推导公共物品的总需求曲线,并说明公共物品的最优化配 置所需满足的条件。(15 分) 2009-宏观经济学 一、简述题(40 分) 1、简述债务——通货紧缩理论。(8 分) 2、在卢卡斯对经济计量政策评估的批判中,预期起什么作用?(8 分) 3、简述短期和长期菲利普斯曲线不同的原因。(8 分) 4、试述实际利率变动对消费的影响。(8 分) 5、简释为什么银行危机经常处于短期经济波动的中心。(8 分) 二、计算与推导题(20 分) 1、考虑一个索罗增长模型,生产函数为 F ( K , AL) 且规模报酬不变,劳动和资本的报酬为其边际产品,即
w F ( K , AL) / L , r [F ( K , AL) / K ] ;另外,
以下问题:
k
K F ( K , AL ) f (k ) F (k ,1) AL , AL ,请回答
(1)请证明 w A[ f (k ) kf (k )] ;(3 分)
(2)请证明净产出等于要素报酬总和,即 wL rK F ( K , AL) K ;(3 分) (3)经济增长的一个经验性事实是:资本的报酬率 r 基本不变,同时产出中分配给资本和劳动的比例也基 本不变。处于平衡增长路径上的索罗经济是否表现出这样的经验性事实?在平衡增长路径上, w 和 r 的增 长率是多少?(4 分)
2、 考虑一个生活 T 期的经济主体, 其终生效用函数为 每期的消费量为
u (C )
t 1 t
T
A u() 0, u() 0 , , 其中, 初始财富为 0 ,
Ct
,每期的收入为
Yt
,其中 t 1, , T ,利率为 0。那么,为什么政府的一次暂时性的减
税对提高该经济主体消费量的作用微乎其微?请用永久收入假说解释。(10 分) 三、论述题(40 分) 1、请对比新古典主义与新凯恩斯主义的理论观点。对于这次经济和金融危机,你认为应该借鉴哪一种流派 的观点来应对?请给出理由。若你认为存在有别于这两种流派的应对之策,也请给出理由。(20 分) 2、开放经济条件下主流宏观经济分析的基准模型一般都假设经济体为小型开放经济,如蒙代尔-弗莱明模 型,但在分析大国时需对该模型做出相应修正。试比较该模型用于分析大国和小国经济时有何相同点和不 同点,并用该模型对当前中国宏观政策调控的困境进行分析。(20 分)
1. 2. 3. 4.
What’s your name? Does your name have any special meaning? Where were you come from? What kind of landscape surrounds your hometown?
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】
What is the climate like in your hometown? What is people’s favorite food in your region? What do you do during the Spring Festival? Can you describe one of the main festivals celebrated ? Tell me something about the customs of your hometown. How long have you lived in XXX? What place in XXX do you like best? Why ? Which is the best place you’ve been to China? What is the biggest problem you will face? Could you tell me something about your family?、
15. When will you get married? 16. What social responsibilities should a post-graduate take? 17. What difficulties do your parents have concerning their old age? 18. Which kind of professor do you like best? 19. What does friendship mean to you? What kind of people do you make friend with? 20. What is your major? 21. How do you like your major? 22. When and where did you graduate? What qualifications have you obtained? 23. What impressed you most when you were at university? 24. What is the best university in your opinion? 25. Could you sum up your own study habits in a few points? 26. Do you think the subjects you are studying today are relevant to present-day society? Why ? 27. What do you do for a living? 28. What are your job prospects? 29. If you had the opportunity to change your subject, what would you do with it? 30. What are your spare time interests? 31. How do you spend your weekends? 32. What is your favorite sport? What are the rules? 33. What kind of films do you like best? 34. What kind of music do you enjoy? 35. Where have you been traveling to? Which place interested you most? 36. Do you enjoy traveling? If yes. Where and why? 37. What kind of differences in the system of higher education between China and other countries? 38. What problem do you think you will have in XXX? 39. How will you overcome the difficulties? 40. Do you think you will be able to cope with English-demands of your intended study program? 41. What difficulties do you think you’ll encounter in your studies? 42. What do you intend to study?
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【全国百所名校定向保录】
【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】
43. Why did you choose our university? 44. Would you want to be a volunteer during Olympic Games? 45. If there were an opportunity of studying abroad, what would you do? 46. Should you study more theory or do more practice? Give your 52. How serious is unemployment among young people? 53. In your opinion, what are the most serious problems associated life? 54. What do you think have been the most important changes in over the past 5 years? 55. As there are more and more private cars, what do you think should do in order to encourage citizens to use public transport? 56. How do you see yourself in ten years’ time? 57. What business do you hope to have? 58. What will do if you cannot find a job after graduation? 59. How do you afford your tuition? 60. Does your family support your decision on studying? What help
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