IntrototheChemistry化学基础知识英文简介PPT
化学科学英文介绍
Organic or Inorganic ?
Sulfuric Acid Methane Hydrochloric Acid Ethane
H2SO4 CH4 HCl C2H6
Analytical Chemistry
Composition of matter.
Ex: Mass Spectrometer Gas Chromatograph
/Facilities/Images/gcms.JPG
Physical Chemistry
The study of :
The mechanism The rate The energy transfer
that happens when matter undergoes change.
What is matter?
Anything that: has mass and occupies space (volume).
Mass vs Weight
Mass: a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains. (SI unit kilogram, kg)
Weight: The force with which the earth pulls on an object. (SI unit Newton, N)
The 5 Branches of Chemistry
Inorganic Organic Analytical Physical Biochemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
化工专业英语第一课ppt课件
PART ONE: BASMENT CHEMISTRY KNOLMOGY
第一部分 基础化学知识
Lesson One Elements and Compounds
第一课 元素和化合物
Elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes. At the present time there are 109 known elements. Some common elements that are familiar to you are carbon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, copper, nitrogen, and gold. The elements are the building blocks of matter just as the numerals 0 through 9 are the building blocks for numbers. To the best of our knowledge, the elements that have been found on the earth also comprise the entire universe.
化工专业英语第一课
化学化工专业英语的内容和学习方法
• 英语是化学化工文献的主要语言，国际上的主要化学类期 刊都是用英文表达的，国际会议通用英文表达，涉外合同、 设备说明书等也大都采用英文表达，因此，在涉及国际交 流日益频繁的今天，学会专业英语无疑会给你就业、工作 又增加了一种能力、一种工具。 • 专业英语是大学课程体系的一个重要组成部分，是保证学 生能够真正掌握英语并能够实用英语的一个重要环节。 • 专业英语有着自身的特点，表现在语句结构、构词、写作 等方面，学生只有掌握了这些特点才能更好地学习并运用 专业英语。
化学专业英语PPT课件
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Collectively, we use tens of thousands of consumer chemical products in our homes.
总起来说，我们在家庭中使用成千上万种 消费化学品。
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Knowledge of chemistry has already had a profound effect on the quality of life. Its impact on the future will be even more dprraomfoauntidc:.[prə’faund] adj. 深度的; 深切的; 深远的 dramatic:[drə’mætik] adj.戏剧性的, 激动人心的 化学知识已经对生活质量产生了深远的影响。 它对未来的影响将会更加激动人心。
malfunction: [mæl’fʌŋkʃən] n. 故障, 障碍 你的身体这个化工厂也产生它自己的能量。它发现 自己的故障，并能够再生和修复它的一些零部件。
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It senses changes in its environment and adapts to these changes. With the aid of a neighboring facility, this fabulous factory can create other factories much like itself.
化学对社会和个人都有影响。化学是生物学、保健科学、 农业科学和地球科学的语言和基本工具。
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Chemistry has illuminated the entire natural world; from the tiny atomic nucleus to the immense cosmos.
化学专业英语 高教ppt
carbonic hypochloric periodic acid acid acid 碳酸 次氯酸 高碘酸
Some of the common methods used for decomposing and
dissolving samples for atomic absorption methods include treatment with hot mineral acids; oxidation with liquid reagents,
Abstract: Chemical studies of interaction between 6mercaptopurine (巯基嘌呤) and DNA were performed in this paper. It was found that both reduction and oxidation peak currents decreased and the peak potential also shifted positively with the increasing of time and DNA concentration, respectively. The result showed that the DNA reacted with 6-MP to form an electrochemical non-active complex. The composition of the complex was 1:1, with the combining constant of 5.17×106.
When copper and tin were heated together, the copper atoms and tin atoms linked up with metallic bonds, producing the alloy bronze, which is harder than either copper or tin. In the Bronze Age, starting at about 3600BC, the hardness of this metallic alloy made it the dominant material for tools and weapons. Bronze was the first metal that could hold a sharp edge.
chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry基础化学课件
chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry基础化学
16
p. 8
1-3 Sates of Matter
Iodine 碘 Bromine 溴
(s)
(l)
Chlorine 氯 (g)
Fig 1-7
p. 9
chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry基础化学
Dalton’s Atomic Theory 道耳吞原子學說 (in 1808)
•所有的物質都是由極小的微粒所組成, 稱之為原子 (atom) •不同元素 (element)的原子不同, 但同一元素所含的原子均
相同 • 原子是組成物質的最小粒子,不能再分割 • 化學反應是物質中原子的重新排列或組合
•不同元素的原子形成化合物 (compound) 時,原子間的比例
simpler substance by chemical means
Compound 化合物
composed two or more different elements in
fixed proportions can be decomposed into their
constituent elements
Fig. 1-4, p. 7
chapter1-TheFoundationsofChemistry基础化学
12
Compound 化合物
甲烷
乙醇
Fig 1-5 Formulas and ball-and-stick models for molecules of some compounds. Ball-and-stick (球棍模型) models represent the atoms as a smaller spheres than in space-filling models, in order to show the chemical bonds between the atoms as “stick”
化学专业英语课件PPT
we are at once aware of the general properties of the
compound. A great many of the compounds we are to study
may be classified as acids, bases, salts, metallic oxides, or
• a great （good）many of 很多，大量
我们将要研究的众多化合物可以分类为酸、碱、盐、 金属氧化物或非金属氧化物。这五类化合物中的前三类 －－酸、碱和盐－－是最重要的。
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2. When an acid, base, or salt is dissolved in water the resulting solution is a conductor of the electric current and is termed an electrolyte. If no conduction of current occurs, the compound is known as a nonelectrolyte.
Lesson 2
THE CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
无机化合物分类
2021/3/10
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词汇
chemist 化学家
equation 方程式
become 适合，与……相称 aqueous 水的
radical 基，根，原子团的，酸性的
to the chemist today. It would be impossible to learn properties
and behavior of even a fraction of this number if it had to be
化工专业英语课件
目录第一章科技英语知识简介 (3)1 科技英语的特点 (3)1文体方面 (3)2 时态方面 (3)3 词汇方面 (4)4 句式方面 (4)2 科技英语的翻译标准 (8)1译者品德标准 (8)2译者学术标准 (8)3科技英语的翻译方法 (8)1准备工作 (8)2翻译方法或技巧 (9)第二章如何撰写科技论文 (11)1 What is a scientific paper? (11)2 Outlines (11)2.1 The reason for outlines (11)2.2 How should you construct an outline? (11)2.3 The outline (12)第三章科技英语表达与写作 (26)第一节科技文献常用语法 (26)1）时态陈述客观规律多用一般现在时 (26)2）动词短语经常与正式的动词交替使用 (26)3）被动语态 (26)4）表示条件的状语从句 (26)第二节句型 (30)1. Enable, allow, make 等+ 宾语+ 不定式：使（听人）......能够作什么 . (30)2. 积极意愿： (30)3. 消极意愿： (32)第三节状语从句的省略和简练形式 (32)1. 省略： (32)2. 简练： (33)第四节问题、叙述和分析方面 (34)1. “考虑” (34)2. “需要” (34)3. “要求”（因权利或需要） (35)4. “可能性”（） (35)5. “相同”（类似） (36)6. 例外、另外 (36)7. 不同（用于两种结果、趋势、数值的比较） (38)8. 决定 (39)9 困难、难题： (40)10.表明、指出、表现出： (41)11报导提及 (43)12 举例 (44)13 依赖、依靠、根据；可信的 (44)14. 如何在科技写作中提出问题？ (45)第五节运动与功能方面 (46)1 “用” (46)2 作作用 (47)3 一致，符合，吻合，呼应 (48)4 传送 (49)5 运动 (50)6 运转、运行 (50)7 改变. (51)8. 阻碍 (52)第六节计量和测量方面 (54)1 多少 (54)2 最大、最小 (56)3 计算、测量 (56)4.对比，比较 (58)复习 (60)一. 科技英语的特点 (60)二. 翻译的要点 (61)三. 科技语法的功能 (61)专业英语阅读 (67)Unit 1 Unit Operations (67)Lesson 1 Classification of Unit Operations (67)Lesson 2 Fractional distillation (67)Lesson 3 Crystallization (68)Lesson 4 Membrane Separation (68)Lesson 5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (70)Unit 2 Reaction Engineering (72)Lesson 1 Reactor Types (72)Unit 3 Biochemistry (72)第一章科技英语知识简介Introduction to English for Science and Technology1 科技英语的特点科技英语（English for Science and Technology, EST）是指用于自然科学与工程技术领域的一种英语文体。
ChemistryEnglish演示文稿
THE ELEMENTS
CONTENTS IN DETAIL
Unit one
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Chapter 1 to Chapter 9
CHAPTER ONE
CHEMISTRY AND A CHEMIST
What causes acid rain, and how can it be prevented?
How can we save the millions of books containing acidic paper that are now crumbling on library shelves everywhere?
TABLE ❖ 4.NAMING INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ❖ 5 .REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION ❖ 6. APPLICATION OF AQUOUS EQUILIBRIA
BRIEF CONTENTS
❖ 7. THERMOCHEMISTRY: CHEMICAL ENERGY ❖ 8. ELECTROCHEMISTRY: SUMMARY &
YANGTZE UNIVERSITY
Chemistry English
主讲人：陈建刚
❖ BRIEF INTRODUCTION ❖ PREFACE
❖ BRIEF CONTENTS ❖ பைடு நூலகம்ONTENTS IN DETAIL
PREFACE
The facts of science are not as some think, dry and lifeless. They are
化学英语课件
( )：
[ ]： { }：
rounds brackets, parenthese
square brackets braces
a>>b: a is much greater than b ab： a is greater than or equal to b
ab： a varies directly as b
P-block Element
IIIA B: boron Al: Aluminium Ga: Gallium In: Indium Tl: Thallium
IVA C: Si: Ge: Sn: Pb:
VA
Carbon Silicon Germanium Tin Lead
N: P: As: Sb: Bi:
3. fundamental constants
Symbol Quantity
e
F g
elementary charge
Faraday‘s constant gravitational acceleration
h
k NA R Vm
Planck‘s constant
Boltzmann‘s constant Avogadro‘s number molar gas constant gas molar volume
Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic Antimony Bismuth
P-block Element
VIA O: S: Se: Te: Po:
VIIA Oxygen Sulfur Selenium Tellurium Polonium
F: Fluorine Cl: Chlorine Br: Bromine I: Iodine At: Astatine
Lesson 1 Introduction to Chemistry The Central, Useful, and Creative Science
※ Thus we see chemistry as “central” to the human effort to move above the brutish existence of our caveman ancestors into a world where we can exist not only in harmony with nature, but also in harmony with our own aspirations.
• 化学是最古老的科学之一，它无疑是改善人类生活的最有成效的科学之 一。使用化学制造产品的工业-化学加工工业-是先进社会中最大的制造 业部门。例如，在美国，它们占所有制造业的30%以上。
• This statistic does not include the output of related industries, such as electronics, automobiles, or agriculture, that use the products of the chemical process industries.
它涉及到自然的变化 - 被闪电击中的树的燃烧，生命的中心 化学变化-也与化学家发明和创造的新转变有关。
【第二段】Chemistry has a very long history. In fact, human activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded times.
※ 因此，我们认为化学是人类努力的“中心”，目的是超越我们的穴居人祖 先的野蛮存在，进入一个我们不仅可以与自然和谐相处，而且也可以与我 们自己的愿望和谐相处的世界。ancestor [ˈænsestə(r)] 、[ˌæspəˈreɪʃn]
英语口语ppt课件化学类
With the continuous development of the economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, traditional energy has been unable to meet people's needs. Therefore, new energy has been widely developed and used. New energy includes solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, etc. These new energy sources have the characteristics of cleanliness, sustainability and environmental protection, which can effectively solve the problem of energy shortages and environmental pollution caused by traditional energy.
Biotechnology is a new discipline that combines biology, chemistry and other disciplines. It has broad application prospects in the fields of medicine, agriculture, food, environment and other fields. The combination of biotechnology and chemistry can not only promote the development of these fields, but also promote the progress of human society.
Chemistry_math_intro化学数学基本知识(英文版)
1 Functions of a complex variable
exp[±iθ] ≡ e±iθ = cos θ ± i sin θ. (1.1)
(The notation means that we take either the top sign or the bottom sign throughout.) Conversely 1 cos θ = (eiθ + e−iθ ), 2 sin θ = 1 iθ (e − e−iθ ). 2i (1.2)
2
5 Integration
We only need definite integrals, almost always taken over the full range of the variable.
Exercise 5.1 Evaluate
(a)
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
2π 0
sin ϕ dϕ,
2
(b)
a 0
sin2
(use (3.4) with u = x2 + y2 + z2 , so that r =
4
Stationary points
At a maximum or minimum (a stationary point) of a function f (x), d f /dx = 0. For a function of several variables x1 , x2 , . . . , the condition for a stationary point is ∂ f /∂x1 = ∂ f /∂x2 = · · · = 0. (4.5)
(a)
∞ −∞
xe−ax dx,
化学专业英语课件
题型多样：选择题、填空 题、简答题等
难度适中：适合不同水平 的学生
内容丰富：涵盖化学专业 各个领域
答案解析：详细解答，帮 助学生理解知识点
《化学专业英语》：由化学工业 出版社出版，内容全面，适合初 学者
《化学专业英语阅读》：由化学 工业出版社出版，精选了大量化 学专业英语文章，适合提高阅读 能力
实验步骤：详 细描述实验步 骤，包括仪器、 试剂、操作等
实验结果：描 述实验结果， 包括数据、图
表、结论等
实验讨论：分 析实验结果， 提出假设、解
释、结论等
实验报告：撰 写实验报告， 包括实验目的、 方法、结果、 讨论、结论等
阅读目的：了 解研究领域最 新进展，掌握
研究方法
阅读技巧：快 速浏览摘要、 引言和结论， 详细阅读实验
提高化学专业学 生的英语水平
帮助学生理解化 学专业术语和概 念
增强学生的跨文 化交流能力
提高学生的学术 研究和论文写作 能力
化学专业学 生
化学研究人 员
化学教师
对化学感兴 趣的人士
内容全面：涵盖化学专业的基础知识、实验操作、研究方法等
语言地道：采用专业英语，有助于提高学生的英语水平
互动性强：提供丰富的案例、实验、讨论等互动环节，提高学生的学 习兴趣 实用性强：结合实际应用，帮助学生更好地理解和掌握化学专业知 识
汇报人：PPT
添加标题 lusion
阅读目的：了解化学领域的最新研究成果和趋势 阅读方法：选择合适的文献来源，如学术期刊、会议论文等 阅读技巧：注意关键词、摘要、结论等关键信息，提高阅读效率 阅读后思考：对文献内容进行总结和思考，提出自己的观点和见解
联想记忆法：将新词汇与已知词汇或生活场景联系起来记忆
化学英语基础知识
Introduction to Chemistry 化学入门Matter 物质Definition of Water（物质的定义） States of Matter（物质的状态）Composition of Matter (物质的构成) Chemical and Physical Properties(化学性质和物理性质)Chemical and Physical Changes (化学变化和物理变化) Conservation of Mass (质量守恒) Energy 能量Definition of Energy(能量的定义) Forms of Energy(能量的形式)Types of Reactions(Exothermic Versus Endothermic) 反应类型（放热对吸热）Conservation of Energy (能量守恒) Conservation of Mass and Energy(质能守恒) Scientific Method(科学方法)Measurements and Calculations(测量和计算)Metric System(指标系统) Temperature Measurements(温度测量) Heat Measurements(热量测量) Scientific Notation (科学记数法) Factor-Label Method of Conversion (Dimensional Analysis) 转换方法（量纲分析） Precision, Accuracy, and Uncertainty(精密度，准确度，不确定度) Significant Figures(有效数字) Calculations with Significant Figures (有效数字的计算)Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table of the Elements 原子结构和化学元素周期表History 历史Electric Nature of Atoms 原子的电本质Basic Electric Charges(基本电荷) Bohr Model of the Atom(原子的波尔模型) Components of Atomic Structure(原子结构构成) Calculating Average Atomic Mass(计算平均原子量) Oxidation Number and Valence(氧化数和化合价) Metallic, Nonmetallic, and Noble Gas Structures(易失电子，易得电子，惰性气体结构) Reactivity(反应)Atomic Spectra 原子光谱Spectroscopy（光谱学） Mass Spectroscopy (质谱学) The Wave-Mechanical Model 波动力学模型 Quantum Numbers(量子数) Hu nd’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity 最大多重性洪特法则Sublevels and Electron Configuration 原子内电子排布Order of Filing and Notation(电子填充次序和命名) Electron Dot Notation（Lewis Dot Structures）(Lewis 点结构) Noble Gas Notation(稀有气体元素) Transition Elements and Variable Oxidation Numbers(过渡元素和可变的氧化数)Period Table of the Elements(元素周期表)History(历史) Periodic Law（周期律） The Table（周期表） Properties Related to thePeriodic Table（元素周期表的性质） Radii of Atoms（原子半径） Atomic Radii in Periods （同周期的原子半径） Atomic Radii in Groups（同族的原子半径） Ionic Radius Compared to Atomic Radius（相对原子半径的离子半径） Electro negativity（电负性） Electron Affinity （电子亲和能） Ionization Energy（电离能）Bonding 化学键Types of Bonds 化学键类型Ionic Bonds（离子键） Covalent Bonds（共价键） Metallic Bonds（金属键）Intermolecular Forces of Attraction 分子间的吸引力Dipole-Dipole Attraction （极性分子间的吸引力） London Forces（伦敦力） Hydrogen Bonds （氢键） Double and Triple Bonds（双键和三键） Resonance Structures（共振结构）Molecular Geometry—VSEPR—and Hybridization 分子几何学—价层电子对互斥理论和杂化轨道理论VSEPR—Electrostatic Repulsion（VSEPR—价层电子对互斥理论） VSEPR and Unshared Electron （VSEPR和非共享电子对） VSEPR and Molecular Geometry（VSEPR和分子几何学） Hybridization （杂化轨道理论） Sigma and Pi Bonds （Sigma键和Pi键）Properties of Ionic Substances（离子化合物的性质）Properties of Molecular Crystals and Liquids (分子晶体与液晶的性质)Chemical Formulas 化学分子式Writing Formulas (写分子式)General Observations About Oxidation States and Formula Writing (氧化状态和分子式写作的一般性结论) More About Oxidation Numbers (关于氧化数) Naming Compounds (化合物命名) Chemical Formulas (化学分子式) Laws of Definite Composition and Multiple Proportions (定比定律和倍比定律) Writing and Balancing Simple Equations (写作和平衡简单方程式) Showing Phases in Chemical Equations (化学平衡式) Writing Ionic Equations （书写离子方程式）Gases and the Gas Laws 气体和气体定律Introduction—Gases in the Environment（入门—环境中的气体） Some Representative Gases （一些有代表性的气体） Oxygen（氧气） Hydrogen（氢气） General Characteristics of Gases （气体的基本特征） Measuring the Pressure of a Gas（测量气压） Kinetic Molecular Theory （气体动力论） Some Particular Properties of Gases（气体的特殊性质） Gas Laws and Related Problems（气体定律和相关的难题）Graham’s Law（格锐目定律）Charles’s Law（查理定律）Boyle’s Law（波义耳定律） Combined Gas Law（混合气体定律） Pressure Versus Temperature（气压和温度）Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (道尔顿分压定律) Corrections of Pressure（压力校正） Ideal Gas Law（理想气体定律） Ideal Gas Deviations （理想气体偏差）Chemical Calculations (Stoichiometry) and the Mole Concept 化学计算器和摩尔内容Solving Problems in Chemistry（解答化学难题） The Mole Concept（摩尔内容） Molar Mass and Moles（摩尔质量和摩尔） Mole Relationships（摩尔关系） Gas Volumes and Molar Mass （气体体积和摩尔质量） Density and molar Mass（密度和摩尔质量） Mass-Volume Relationships（摩尔与体积的关系） Mass-Mass Problems（质量—质量难题） Problems with an Excess of One Reactant（涉及某一反应物多余的难题）Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes 液体，固体和状态变化Liquids（液体） Importance of Intermolecular Interaction（分子间相互作用的重要性）Kinetics of Liquids（液体动力学） Viscosity（粘性） Surface Tension（表面张力） Capillary Action（毛细作用） Phase Equilibrium（平衡状态） Boiling Point（沸点） Critical Temperature and Pressure（临界温度和临界压力） Solids（固体） Phase Diagrams（状态图表） Water（水） History of Water（水的历史） Purification of Water（水净化） Composition of Water（水的构成） Properties and Uses of Water（水的性质和使用）Water’s Reactions with Anhydrides（水和碱性氧化物的反应） Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding（极性和氢键）Solubility（可溶性） General Rules of Solubility(可溶性的基本原则) Factors That AffectRate of Solubility（影响溶解率的因素） Summary of Types of Solutes and Relationships of Type to Solubility（溶液类型和类型之间关系的总结） Water Solutions（水处理） Continuum of Water Mixtures（水混合溶剂） Expressions of Concentration（浓度的表达） Dilution （稀释） Colligative Properties of Solutions（溶液的依数性） Crystallization（结晶化）Chemical Reactions and Thermochemistry 化学反应和热化学Types of Reactions（反应类型） Predicting Reactions（预知化学反应） Combination(Known Also as Synthesis)（化合反应） Decomposition(Known Also as Analysis)（分解反应） Single Replacement（置换反应） Double Replacement（复分解反应） Hydrolysis Reactions（水解反应） Entropy（熵） Thermochemistry（热化学） Changes in Enthalpy（焓变化） Additivity of Reaction Heats and Hess’s Law（反应热加成性定律—赫士定律） Bond Dissociation Energy （键裂解能） Enthalpy from Bond Energies（键能中的键焓）Rates of Chemical Reactions 化学反应速率Measurements of Reaction Rates（反应速率的测量） Factors Affecting Reaction Rates（影响反应速率的因素） Collision Theory of Reaction Rates（化学反应速率的碰撞理论）Activation Energy（激活能） Reaction Rate Law（化学反应速率定律） Reaction Mechanism and Rates of Reaction（化学反应机制和化学反应速率）Chemical Equilibrium化学平衡Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium（可逆反应和平衡）Le Chatelier’s Principle（化学平衡移动原理—勒复特列原理） Effects of Changing Conditions（条件变化的影响） Effect of Changing the Concentrations（浓度改变的影响） Effect of Temperature on Equilibrium （平衡中温度改变的影响） Effect of Pressure on Equilibrium（平衡中压力改变的影响）Equilibrium in Heterogeneous Systems（异构系统中的平衡） Equilibrium Constant for Systems Involving Solids（涉及固体的系统平衡常数） Acid Ionization Constants（酸电离常数） Ionization Constant of Water（水电离常数） Solubility Products（溶解度产物） CommonIon Effect（同离子效应） Driving Forces of Reactions（反应推动力） Relation of Minimum Energy(Enthalpy) to Maximum Disorder(Entropy)（焓—熵关系） Change in Free Energy of a System—the Gibbs Equation（系统中自由能的变化—吉布斯公式）Acids, Bases, and Salts 酸，碱，盐Definitions and Properties（定义和性质） Acids（酸） Bases（碱） Broader Acid-Base Theories （酸—碱理论） Conjugate Acids and Bases（共轭酸碱） Strengh of Conjugate Acids and Bases （共轭酸碱强度） Acid Concentration Expressed as pH（pH表示为酸浓度） Indicators（指示剂） Titration—Volumetric Analysis（滴定—容量分析法） Buffer Solutions（缓冲溶液）Salts（盐） Amphoteric Substances（两性物质） Acid Rain—An Environmental Concern（酸雨—共同关心的环境问题）Oxidation-Reduction and Electrochemistry 氧化—还原反应和电化学Ionization（电离） Oxidation-Reduction and Electrochemistry（氧化---还原反应和电化学）Voltaic Cells（伏打电池） Electrode Potentials（电极电位） Electrolytic Cells（电解池） Applications of Electrochemical Cells(Commercial Voltaic Cells)（电化电池的应用）Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis（电解现象） Relationship Between Quantity of Electricity and Amount of Products（电量和数量的关系） Balancing Redox Equations Using Oxidation Numbers（用氧化数配平氧化还原方程式） The Ion-Electron Method（离子—电子法）Some Representative Groups and Families 一些有代表性的元素族Sulfur Family（S族） Sulfuric Acid（硫酸） Other Important Compounds of Sulfur（S元素的其他重要化合物） Halogen Family（卤素） Some important Halides and Their Uses （一些重要的卤化物及其应用） Nitrogen Family（氮族） Nitric Acid（硝酸） Other Important Compounds of Nitrogen（N元素的其他重要化合物） Other Members of the Nitrogen Family(N族的其他区成员) Metals（金属） Properties of Metals（金属性质） Some Important Reduction Methods（一些重要的还原方法） Alloys（铝） Metalloids（非金属）Carbon and Organic Chemistry 碳和有机化学Carbon(碳) Forms of Carbon（碳的构成） Carbon Dioxide（二氧化碳） Organic Chemistry （有机化学） Hydrocarbons（碳氢化合物） Alkane Series(Saturated)（烷烃） Alkene Series(Unsaturated) AlkyneSeries(Unsaturated)（炔属烃） Aromatics（芳烃） Isomers（异构体） Changing Hydrocarbons（碳氢化合物的改变） Hydrocarbon Derivatives（碳氢化合物的衍生物） Alcohols—Methanol an Ethanol(酒精—甲醇和乙醇) Other Alcohols（其他酒精）Aldehydes（乙醛） Organic Acids or Carboxylic Acids（有机酸和羧酸） Ketones（酮） Ethers （醚） Amines and Amino Acids（胺和氨基酸） Esters（酯） Carbohydrates（碳水化合物）Monosaccharides and Disaccharides（单糖和二糖） Polysaccharides（多糖） Polymers（聚合体）Nucleonics 原子核物理学Radioactivity（放射热） The Nature of Radioactive Emissions（放射的本质） Methods of Detection of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays（α，β和γ射线） Decay Series, Transmutations, and Half-life（衰变，嬗变和半衰期） Radioactive Dating（放射年代测定法） Nuclear Energy （核能） Conditions for Fission（核裂变条件） Methods of Obtaining Fissionable Material （得到裂变材料的方法） Fusion（核聚变） Radiation Exposure（辐射暴露）The Laboratory 实验室Technology in the Laboratory（实验室里的技术） Some Basic Setups（一些基本步骤） Summary of Qualitative Tests（定性测试总结）Ⅰ. Identification of Some Common Gases（常见气体认证）Ⅱ. Identific ation of Some Negative Ions（负离子认证）Ⅲ . Identification of Some Positive Ions（正离子认证）Ⅳ .Qualitative Tests of Some Metals（金属的定性测试）。
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Structural formula shows the arrangement of the
atoms in a single molecule
Molecules - example
Glucose Sugar
C6H12O6 Chemical formula
H H C OH
CO
H
H
C OH
OH
C
H HC
• always contain C & H and usually O, N, sometimes S&P
• originate in organisms
• generally complex molecules
Examples of Inorganic Compounds
H + O = H2O = Water H + Cl = HCl = Hydrochloric Acid Na + Cl = NaCl = Common Table Salt
Indefinite Volume
(can expand and be compressed)
Elements one of the 100+ pure substances
that make up everything in the universe
All they are displayed in the Periodic Table of the Elements
Liquid
Indefinite Shape
(takes the shape of the container)
Definite Volume (can not be compressed)
Gas
Indefinite Shape
(takes the shape of the container)
the way the elements are shown in the periodic table
6
C
12.011
Atomic # = # of p+ and # of eCarbon has 6 p+ and 6 e-
Atomic Mass minus Atomic # = # of n0 Carbon has 6 n0
Chemical Formula: C6H6 Chemical Formula: C4H10
Structural Formula:
Indicates the type of bonds and which is the order the atoms are linked inside the molecule
Protons p+ - positive charge, in nucleus Neutrons n0 – no charge, in nucleus
Electrons - e- negative charge, orbiting nucleus
Drawing an Atom of Carbon:
In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules
e-
e-
Compounds
Compounds : 2 or more elements
chemically combined to form a new
substance with
new prope way a chemical substance looks and behaves
To form:
1 compound More than one compound
Chemical equations- Reactions
Chemical equations describe chemical reactions
They show:
Reactants Products Quantities
Functional groups
Alcohol
Amina
Functional groups
Éter
Amida
Carboxylic acid
O=C=O Anhydride
Functional groups
Aldehyde
Halide
ketone
Compounds
Compounds: are made of 2 or more different atoms combined to form
Molecules
H+O
H2O =
O
H
H
Chemical formula lists the number of different atoms
in a single molecule
Examples of Elements
Note: The first letter has to be in Capital letter and the second in lower case
C = Carbon
Na = Sodium
O = Oxygen
Ca = Calcium
H = Hydrogen
The rest of reactants that are present in higher amount than the neccesary to react with the limiting reactant are called reactants in excess.
Functional groups
Chemical Reaction Process where two or more substances (reactants) are converted
in other substances (products)
Possible reactants:
2 elements 1 element and 1 compound 2 compounds
OH C
H OH
Structural formula
Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
or
Organic
Compounds
• usually don’t contain Carbon
• generally come from the earth
• generally simple molecules
Molecules
Mol
Is the basic unit in the International System of Units, and it allows measure the substance´s quantity
Molar Mass: [g/mol]
If it´s referred to atom, it represents the mass of a mol, expressed in grams
K = Potassium
N = Nitrogen
I = Iodine
S = Sulfur
Cl = Chlorine
P = Phosphorus
Atom: the smallest particle making up elements
Sub-atomic Particles: particles making up atoms
Stoichiometry is the Quantitative study of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction
Limiting reactant
+ +
+
The reactant that is used totally in a chemical reaction is called: Limiting reactant
Cation A cation is a ion with positive electric charge. This means with a “default”
of electrons
Salts are mainly constituted by anions and cations
Chemical equations- Reactions
Examples of Organic Compounds
(according to the arragement of their atoms)
C, H + O
Carbohydrates = Sugars, starches & cellulose
Lipids = Fats & Oils
Examples of Organic Compounds
(according to the arragement of their atoms)
C, H, O, N, & sometimes P + S
Proteins
C, H, O, N, + P
Nucleic Acids – DNA & RNA
Molecules
molecules are formed for specific combinations of atoms. NEUTRAL charge
If it´s referred to molecules, Molar mass is the sum of the molar mass of all the atoms that constitute the molecule