非限定动词与独立结构

better. • The machine will be kept running for two days. • Our views have to be made known to them all. • You should keep her informed of what is going on here. • I heard someone knocking at the door. • (see, feel, hear, watch, notice…后的宾补可以 是do 表示动作的全过程； 也可是 doing，表示 动作在进行。) • 但: 我看到小偷在偷一个女的钱包。
• 不定式不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，
具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，而且还保留着 动词的特征，因而可以有状语修饰，如果是及物 动词，还可以带宾语，从而构成不定式短语。不 定式或不定式短语在句中可以作主语、表语、宾 语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。
• 前面可以加某些疑问代词，如what、who、
III. 过去分词的形式
• 因为本身就表示被动或完成的意义，所以
只有一种形式 done。
IV. 分词用法 -ing分词和过去分词（done）主要 起形容词和副词作用，在句中可作定语、 表语、状语、主语补足语和宾补。
• Tell the boy playing there not to make so
• 他别无选择，只能等待。 • He could do nothing but / except wait. / • He had no choice but to wait. • (之一: but / except前有do的某种形式） • 他只想洗洗手。 • What he wanted to do was （to） wash his
whole night. / • It was said that John had been studying for a whole night.
• 得到别人的尊重是他发自心扉的愿望。 • To be respected by others is the desire from
the bottom of his heart. • 我希望能够得到谅解。 • I wish to be excused. • 明天举行的会议很重要。 • The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. • 给他这样一个机会，他很开心。 • He was very pleased to have been given such an opportunity.
disappointed; astonishing / astonished; annoying / annoyed; irritating / irritated …… : -ing 分词构成的形容词表示事物的性质； ed 分词构成的形容词表示人的情感态度。)
• Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. • Given better attention, the trees could grow
to be doing his homework. / Seeing his mother come back, he ……
• 能够结识她是我的荣幸。 • To have known her is my great honor. / • It is my great honor to have known her. • 对不起，让你久等了! • I am sorry to have kept you waiting. • 据说John一直研究了一个晚上。 • John is said to have been studying for a
IV. 动名词与现在分词 做定语的比较
• ①动名词和它所修饰的名词没有逻辑上
II. -ing分词的形式
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 doing (主动或进行)
being done (正在被…)
having been done 完成式 having done (先于谓语动作) (先于谓语动作且 是被动)
• 坐在后面的同学请朝前面来一点。 • Those sitting at the back move a bit forward
examination, I rang him up. • 介意我抽烟吗？ • Would you mind my / me smoking here ?
III. 常用动名词作宾语的动词/短语动词
• allow, permit, mind, enjoy, finish,
abandon，avoid, deny, miss, escape, consider, admit, risk, complete, can’t help, give up, leave off, put off, keep on…
是目的还是结果？
• She decided to work harder to catch up with
the others. • 他匆忙赶到车站，结果却发现车已经走了。 • He hurried to the station, only to find the train had already left. • He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. • （不定式作结果状语：出人意料的结果） • He broke the light carelessly, making it dark all around. • （分词作结果状语：自然而然的结果）
be washed. (你的衣服被我洗。) • 你要去北京。你有什么东西要带过去吗？ • You are going to Bj. Do you have anything to take? • 我要去北京。你有什么东西要带过去吗？ • I’m going to Bj. Do you have anything to be taken?
和状语，构成动名词短语； • ②具有名词特征，可以有自己的逻辑 主语； • ③在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定 语。 • E.g.
• 眼见为实！ • Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. • 他来迟了，让我们很不高兴。 • His coming late made us unhappy. • It is no use crying over spilt milk. • What he likes is playing chess after supper. • He may be in the reading room. • 一听说TOM过了考试，我立刻打电话给他。 • On hearing that Tom had passed his
非限定动词与独立结构
Non-Finite Verb & the Absolute Construction
非限定动词（Non-Finite Verb）
• 指在句子中不是谓语的动词，即动词的非谓语
形式。非限定动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可 以承担句子的任何成分。 • 三种形式： • 不定式（the Infinitive ） • Ing-分词（ing - Participle） • 过去分词（the Participle ）
much noise. • We can only see the part of the moon lighted by the sunlight. • The story of his life sounds interesting. • He felt satisfied with our performance. (类似的词: exciting / excited; disappo是一个游乐场。 • The project being built is an amusement park. • 没见到他，我不好告诉你他长什么样子。 • Not having met him, I can’t tell you what he is like. • 得到了这么好的机会，她怎能放弃呢？ • Having been given such a good chance, how could she give it up ?
动名词 （V-ing）
The Gerund
I . 动名词形式 (与现在分词 v + ing 相同)
主动形式 一般式 完成式 doing having done 被动形式 being done having been done
• 吸烟有害健康。 • Smoking is harm for your health. • 我为未能遵守诺言到期。 • I apologize for not having kept my promise. • 他儿子不介意一人呆在家里。 • His son didn’t mind (his / him) being left alone
有do无to的两种情况
hands. • 现在要做的就是清除这些乱七八糟的东西。 • The thing to do now is (to) clear up the mess. • （之二：SVC句型中主语部分有do的某种形式）
n.+不定式：主动还是被动？
• 我有许多衣服要洗。 • I have many clothes to wash. (自己洗) • 我在洗衣服。你有衣服我要洗吗？ • I’m washing clothes. Do you have anything to
at home. • After having been interviewed, he was offered the job. • He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.
II. 动名词的用法
• ①具有动词特征，可带有自己的宾语
-ing分词与过去分词
-ing Participle & the Past Participle
I. 分词的构成与形式
• 形式：-ing分词（V+ing）& 过去分词（V+ed） • 二者主要区别： • V+ing 表示主动意义或正在进行的动作； • V+ed 表示被动意义或已经完成了的动作。Eg： • 燃烧的森林 • a burning forest（森林自己燃烧） • 烧伤的皮肤 • burned skin（皮肤被火烧伤） • 发展中 / 发达国家 • developing / developed countries
不定式
the Infinitive
不定式（the Infinitive ） I. 形式
主动形式
一般式 完成式 进行式 to do to have done to be doing
被动形式
to be done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
II. 不定式用法
which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、 why等，构成特殊的不定式短语，如 what to do next, how to get there等。
III. 不定式的时态与语态
• 做好我们未来的规划非常重要。 • To make a plan for our future is important. / • It is important to make a plan for the future. • 我没想到后面还有个聚会。 • I didn’t expect there to be a party ahead. • 看到妈妈回家了，他假装在做作业 • When he saw his mother back, he pretended