现代英语词汇学复习

第一章词的概述；

1. 识记：词的定义

2. 声音与意义

识记：声音与意义的关系

3. 声音与拼写

识记：读音与拼写不一致的原因

4. 词汇

识记词汇的含义

5. 词汇的分类

识记：词汇的分类原则；基本词汇的特点；四类外来语词的特点。

领会：基本词汇及本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性

What is word ?

词具有哪些特点？

词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1) A word is a minimal free form of a Ianguage;

2) A sound unity or a give n sound ;

3) a unit of meaning;

4) a form that can function alone in a senten ce.

以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释

词的分类(classification of a word)

词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？

1) simple words 2) complex words

单音节词例子：

e.g. Man and fine are simple

多音节词例子：

e.g. Man ageme nt, misfort une, blackmail

man ageme nt可以次划分为man age和-me nt

misfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortune blackmail 次划分为black 和mail

What is the relatio nship betwee n sound and meaning?

1) There is ‘ no logical relati on ship betweenDthedsa nd actual thi ng.e.g. dog. cat

2) The relati on ship betwee n them is conven ti on al.

3) In differe nt Ian guages the same con cept can be represe nted by differe nt soun ds. What is relati on ship betwee n sound and form?

1) The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English Ianguage.

2) This is fairly true of En glish in its earliest stage i.e. Old En glish

3) With the developme nt of the Ian guage, more and more differe nces occur betwee n the two.

What are the great cha nges that causes illogical relati on ship or irregularity betwee n sound and form?

1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Roma ns, which does not have a separate letter to represe nt each sound in the Ian guage so

that some letters must do double duty or work together in comb in ati on.

2) Ano ther reas on is that the pronun ciati on has cha ngedmore rapidly tha n spelli ng over the years, and in some cases the two have draw n far apart.

3) A third reas on is that some of the differe nces were created by the early scribes.

4) Fin ally comes the borrow ing, which is an importa nt cha nnel of en richi ng the En glish vocabulary.

要记住以上四句话中的关键词：

1) in flue need by Roma ns

2) Pronun ciati on cha nged

3) early scribes

4) borrow ing

你能不能举出外来语对英语发音，拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？

e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kim ono (Jap)

外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是’sou nd and form '不一致。

What is vocabulary?

Vocabulary refers to the total nu mber of the words in a Ian guage, but

it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.

Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a give n dialect, give n book, a give n discipli ne and the words possessed by an in dividual pers on.

Classification of Words (本课的一个重点)

What is the classificatio n of words? How to classify words in lin guistics?

Three criteria :

1) By use of freque ncy 2) By no ti on 3) By orig in

By use of freque ncy 可戈U分为：

1) The basic word stock 2) Non basic word vocabulary

By notion 可划分为：1) Content word 2) Functional word

Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words的别称)

Fun cti onal words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functional words 的别称)

Fun cti onal words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability

Accord ing to Stuart Roberts on ,et al (1957),* the nine fun cti onal words , n amely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you

What are the characteristics of basic word stock?

1) All n ati onal character

2) Stability

3) Productivity

4) Polysemy

5) Collocability

要把握住’All national character'的词，就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？

e.g. man, woma n , fire, water …

e.g. mach ine, video, teleph one …

e.g. bow, chariot , kni ght