翻译流派

Introduction to Translation Studies

研究Study:

a careful examination or analysis of a phenomenon, development, or question. (Longman)

学术研究Research:

1.careful or systematic search or inquiry

2.scientific or scholarly inquiry; esp study or experiment aimed at the discovery, interpretation, reinterpretation, or implication of (new) facts, theories, or laws. (Longman)

翻译概论大部分是决策理论，例如翻译目的、标准、技巧方法、原则策略

相关学科理论用于翻译实践都是基础理论。相关学科理论与实践的关系密切程度大体上排列如下：语言文化对比、功能语言学、语义学、文体学、修辞学、符号学。

How to define translation ?

1)Changing ( speech or writing) from one language into another ( Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English);

2)Giving the meaning of ( something said or written) inanother language (The Advanced Learner’s Dictionaryof Current English);

3)Expressing in another language, systematically,retaining the original sense ( American HeritageDictionary)

Sub-disciplines of Translation Studies

♪Generallinguistics;

♪Semantics;

♪Pragmatics;

♪Social-linguistics;

♪Semiotics;

♪Stylistics

♪Text-linguistics;

♪Discourse analysis;

♪Rhetoric;

♪Aesthetics;

♪Literary criticism;

Literature

Translation Norms in China

In the modern time the most influential norms were Yan Fu’s “ faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” （信、达、雅）on the one hand and Lu Xun’s principle “rather to be faithful in thought than smooth in the language”（宁信而不顺）on the other. Both Yan Fu and Lu Xun laid much stress on the principle of being faithful in thought.

Yan Fu: Transaltion involves three requirements difficult to fulfill: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” （译事三难信、达、雅）

faithfulness—to be faithful to the content of the original

expressiveness—to be as expressive as the original

elegance—refinement of written language

Lin Yutang: faithfulness, smoothness and beauty” （信、顺、美）

The Art of Life 《生活的艺术》

My Country and My People《吾国与吾民》

Moment in Peking《京华烟云》

永和九年，岁在癸(guǐ）丑。暮春之初，会于会(kuài)稽山阴之兰亭，修禊(xì)事也。群贤毕至，少长(zhǎng)咸集。此地有崇山峻岭，茂林修竹，又有清流激湍，映带左右,引以为流觞(shāng)曲水，列坐其次。虽无丝竹管弦之盛，一觞一咏，亦足以畅叙幽情。

It is the ninth year of Yonghe (A.C.353), also known as the year of Guichou in terms of the Chinese lunar calendar. On one of those late spring days, we gather at the Orchid Pavilion, which is located in Shanyin County, Kuaiji Prefecture, for dispelling bad luck and praying for good fortune.The attendees of the gathering are all virtuous intellectuals, varying from young to old. Endowed with great mountains and lofty peaks, Orchid Pavilion has flourishing branches and high bamboo bushes all around, together with a clear winding brook engirdled, which can thereby serve the guests by floating the wine glasses on top for their drinking. Seated by the bank of brook, people will still regale themselves right by poetizing their mixed feelings and emotions with wine and songs, never mind the absence of melody from string and wind instruments.

In his “Translator’s Note to the Balsac’s Works, Fu Lei says:

“ So far as the effectiveness is concerned, translation is done just in the same way as the copying of a painting. What really counts is being alike not in appearance but in spirit.”（以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。）, which can be summarised as “神似” (spiritual resemblance)

In The 1960’s, Qian Zhongshu put forth the principle of “reaching the acme of perfection, the ultimate of transmutation”(“化境”).

Fortress Besieged 《围城》

Reflections in Literary Appreciation《谈艺录》

Selected and Annotated Poems of the Song Dynasty

《宋词选注》

Limited Views: Essays on Ideas and Letters《管锥编》

Men are good in one way, but bad in many.

人之善者同出一辙，人之恶者殊途多方。

Get a livelihood, and then practise virtue.

先谋生而后修身。

许渊冲,1921年生于江西南昌。他曾毕业于西南联合大学、为美国志愿来华空军做英文翻译、在法国巴黎大学等高校进修深造,后任教于北京外国语大学、北京大学等多所高校。他是将

中国诗词译成英法韵文的第一人,从事文学翻译几十年间,使世界了解到唐诗宋词元曲的精妙,领悟到《诗经》、《楚辞》的内涵,并已出版中英法译著120余部。1999年他被提名为“诺贝尔文学奖”候选人,2014年荣获“国际译联杰出文学翻译奖”。

Xu Yuanchong (许渊冲)Literary Beauty Excelling the Original the notion of Rivalry （竞赛论）

He summarizes his theory in ten Chinese characters: 美化之艺术，创优似竞赛。

Translation is a creative art; to translate is to and engage in a contest between the two languages and two cultures concerned.

creative resemblance to the original in form, meaning or overall spirit （形似意似神似）

the aesthetic qualities in form, sound and meaning of the two languages（形美音美意美）《送孟浩然之广陵》李白

故人西辞黄鹤楼, 烟花三月下扬州。

孤帆远影碧空尽, 唯见长江天际流。