英语句子成分讲解 (1)

英语句子成分讲解
一概述：句子成分
概念：组成句子的各个部分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。

主语：表示句子所说的是什么人或神秘物，一般由名词、代词或不定式，V-ing 和从句充当。

谓语：说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样。

由动词充当，主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。

谓语动词存在多种时态，它是句子的核心。

表语：说明主语是说明或怎么样，由名词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、介词短语、句子等充当。

宾语:表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、V-ing、从句充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。

定语：用来修饰名词或代词。

由形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、从句充当。

单词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或句子作定语放在被修饰才之后。

状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。

一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、条件、目的、方式、程度等等。

通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或句子充当。

（若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，常见的4个的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、地点状语、时间状语。

）
Eg.I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday
二详解
1.主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物。

1).名词
例如：A moon cake is a delicious, round cake.
The first truck is carrying a few baskets.
The temperature will stay above zero.
The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefully.
China does not want to copy the USA’s example.
2).代词
例如：It’s a young forest.
I don’t know if it will grow.
That’s a bit expensive.
You’d better buy a new pair.
I’m afraid we haven’t got any black shoes.
3).数词
例如：One and two is three.
One is not enough for me. I want one more.
One of them is English.
Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck.
Two will be enough.
4).不定式（常以It’s adj. to do sth. 形式出现）
例如：To give is better than to receive =Its better to give.
I found it difficult to get to sleep.
It’s glad to see you again.
It was difficult to see.
But it’s good to swim in summer.
5).动名词
Swimming is interesting.
Reading books is good for us.
6).名词化的形容词做主语
The blind need more help.
7).句子作主语
What he has said is true.
8).It作主语，有如下情况：
1)指代刚刚提到的事物：What’s this ? It’s a bus. (指代what)
2)指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人Who’s knocking the door? It’s me. (指代who)
Who’s the baby in the picture? It’s my sister. (指代who)
3) 表示时间，天气，距离：
What’s the time? It’s eight o’clock. (时间)
What’s it going to be tomorrow? It’s going to be rainy.(天气)
How far is it? It’s about one kilometer away. (距离)
6.there 引起的There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后。

如：
There are many different kinds of moon cakes.
There will be a strong wind.
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。

一般可分为两类：
1)，简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。

可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。

We study for the people.
2)，复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式
I can speak a little English.
谓语有动词构成，依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。

不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。

例如：
I like walking.(一般现在时主动语态)
I made your birthday cake last night. (一般过去时主动语态)
It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. (一般现在时被动语态)
复合谓语也可分为两种情况：
第一种是由情态动词，助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语：
What does this word mean?
I won’t do it again.
I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao.
You’d better catch a bus.
第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。

例如：
You look the same.
We are all here.
The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer.
Keep quite and listen to me.
He looked worried.
We have to be up early in the morning.
School Is over. Let’s go home.
My pen is in my bag.
I feel terrible.
He seemed rather tired last night.
连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系，不宜分割。

3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。

一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。

My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。

表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。

表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。

表语一般放在系动词之后。

表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。

These desks are yellow.
I am all right.
My work is teaching English,
My question is how you knew him.
系动词的分类：
1）状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：
He is a teacher. (is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。

）
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting.
This matter rests a mystery.
3）表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired.
He seems (to be) very sad.
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
This flower smells very sweet.
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come,
例如：He became mad after that.
She grew rich within a short time.
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false.
The search proved difficult.
His plan turned out a success. （turn out表终止性结果）
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。

宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任，宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。

I saw a cat in the tree.
我看见树上有一只猫。

I want to go shopping.
He said that he could be here.
We think you are right.
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。

间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面, 但间接宾语前须加"to"。

My father bought me a book.
Give the rubber to me.
Please give the letter to XiaoLi.
有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。

We all call him LaoWang.
Please color it red.
We found the little girl in the hill.
5、定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。

用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。

形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。

He is a new student.
但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。

The bike in the room is mine.
定语用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。

如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。

That is a beautiful flower.
The TV set made in that factory is very good.
This is my book, not your book.
There are more than twenty trees in our school.
I have a lot of things to do.
Our country is a developing country.
6、状语
状语:说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。

状语可以由副词,短语以及从句来担任。

状语从句分类及常用连词：
类别连词
时间状语从句when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as, etc.
地点状语从句where, wherever
原因状语从句because, since, as, for, now that, etc.
目的状语从句in order that, so that, that, etc.
结果状语从句so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.
条件状语从句if, unless, as(so)long as, etc.
让步状语从句though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc. 比较状语从句as…as, so…as, than, etc.
方式状语从句as, as if, as though, etc.
相似连词的用法区别
1.when, while, as,
while表时间，从句需用延续性动词，切不可用瞬间动词。

when表时间，从句既可以用延续性动词，又可以用瞬间动词。

as表时间，与when相似，但侧重强调主从句动作同点或同段进行。

when, while后可以接分词短语。

2.because, as, since, for
语气位置意义
because最强前或后“原因”；表客观因果关系；回答“”
as较强前“由于”；把众人所知的事实当作理由since较弱前“既然”；就对方陈述的事实作为理由
for最弱后“理由”；对某一事实进行推断的理由注：上面所说的“前”，指从句在主句之前；“后”，指从句在主句之后。

3.so that, so…that, such…that
so that“以便”、“结果”表目的和结果。

注意：在从句中有情态动词表目的。

无情态动词表结果。

so…that “如此的…以致于”表结果。

该结构常见于：
1.so+形／副＋that
2.so+形＋a(an)＋单数名词＋that
3.so＋many/much＋复数名词（不可数名词）+that
such…that“如此的…以致于”表结果。

该结构常见于：
1.such＋a(an)＋形＋名词＋that
2.such＋形＋复数名词／不可数名词＋that
4.though, although, as,
though, although在句首表“尽管”两者都可以用。

但句后不能再用but。

下列情况只能用though：
▲as though (=as if);even if (=even though)
▲在句末表示“然而”
as表示“尽管”，从句的表语、状语等成分要倒装。

5.whatever, however, wherever, whenever
它们是what, how, where, when的强势语气。

分别等于：
no matter what, no matter how
no matter where,no matter when
同位语: 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。

英语句子成分基础练习
(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词
①The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
②There is an old man coming here.
③The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词
①I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't
B. like
C. picture
D. wall
②The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get
B. longer
C. days
D. summer
③Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do
B. usually
C. go
D. bus
④There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be
B. meeting
C. the library
D. afternoon
⑤Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did
B. twins
C. have
D. breakfast
⑥Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom
B. didn't
C. do
D. his homework
⑦What I want to tell you is this.
A. want
B. to tell
C. you
D. is
⑧We had better send for a doctor.
A. We
B. had
C. send
D. doctor
⑨He is interested in music.
A. is
B. interested
C. in
D. music
⑩Whom did you give my book to?
A. give
B. did
C. whom
D. book
(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语
①My brother hasn't done his homework.
②People all over the world speak English.
③You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
⑥The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦They made him monitor of the class.
⑧Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
(四) 挑出下列句中的表语
①The old man was feeling very tired.
②Why is he worried about Jim?
③The leaves have turned yellow.
④Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤She was the first to learn about it.
(五) 挑出下列句中的定语
①They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.
②What is your given name?
③On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
①She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
②He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③She found it difficult to do the work.
④They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
⑥Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
(七) 挑出下列句中的状语
①There was a big smile on her face.
②Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast.
⑤With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
①Please tell us a story.
②My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤Did he leave any message for me?
（九）综合练习（写出横线各对应部分的句子成分名称）
1.We always work hard at English。

——————————————
2. He said he didn't come.
———————————————
3.They love each other.
——————————
4.What did you bye?
————————
5.She watched her daughter playing the piano. —————————————————————
6.your job today is to help the old.
——————- ——————————
7.Speaking doesn't mean doing.
————————————
8.Bye the time I got to the station, the train had left. —————————————————————
9.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage.
__________ ______ __________ ____ _______ ____________ 10.It takes me an hour to get there. ————————————————
【简单句的五种基本句型】
A. 主语+不及物动词(主谓)
如：The sun rises. 太阳升起来。

The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。

rise和stop都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾语。

B. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾)
如：I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies.
I buy a book.
C. 主语+系动词+表语(主系表)
如：Her brother is a driver.
We feel happy.（feel为系动词，表示感到……）
It gets dark.天黑了。

（get为系动词，表示变得）
Tom looks ill. Tom看上去病了。

（look为系动词，表示看上去，看起来）
D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）(主谓+直宾+间宾)
如：He gives Tom a present.（双宾语）他给汤姆一件礼物。

Mother make a new dress for me.（双宾语）妈妈为我做了一件衣
服。

E. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补)
如：They call her Mary.（宾补）他们叫她Mary。

We make our classroom clean and tidy.（宾补）
He always makes us laugh.（宾补）他总使我们笑。

一、典型例题
写出划线部分的句子成分。

1. Lily is cleaning the desk now.
2. Her garden is the best in our town.
3.Liu Ming is thirteen years old.
4.I like this book very much.
5. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister.
6.She didn’t com e to my party because she was ill.
7.Wang Ping does his homework carefully.
8. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week.
9. They are in the classroom.
10. It sounds good.
11. His name is Paul.
12. We always go to school early.
二、课后练习
(一) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother doesn't do his homework.
A B C D
② People all over the world speak English.
A B C D
③You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
A B C D
④How many new words do you learn ?
A B C D
⑤Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
A B C D
(二) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man is feeling very tired.
A B C D
②Why is he worried about Jim?
A B C D
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
A B C D
④Soon They all become interested in the subject.
A B C D
⑤She is the first to learn about it.
A B C D
(三) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.
A B C D
② What is your given name?
A B C D
③On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
A B C D
④I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
A B C D
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
A B C D
（四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
①She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
A B C D
②He asks her to take the boy out of school.
A B C D
③She find it difficult to do the work.
A B C D
④They call me Lily sometimes.
A B C D
⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
A B C D
(五) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There is a big smile on her face.
A B C D
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
A B C D
③He began to learn English when he was eleven.
A B C D
④ The man on the motorbike is travelling to fast.
A B C D
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
A B C D
(六) 划出句中的直接宾语( )和间接宾语（）
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Does he leave any message for me?
连词成句
1、often ,She ,five ,for, times ,homework , a ,does, week.
2、sometimes，TV ,watches，He.
3、of, two, I ,cups, want, water.
4、book, on, desk, The, is, the.
5、a, country, is ,China, great.
6、an, A, is, animal.
7、is, very, The, beautiful, city.
8、have, I, sisters, two.
9、is, a, the, There, in, desk, classroom.
10、morning, on, My, football, Saturday, plays, father.
11、is, a, not, pen, this.
12、drink ，I ，milk，never.
13、set, It, a, color, is, TV, not.
14、teacher, not, I, a, am.
15、classroom, in, He, not, is, the.
16、does, love, you, she, not.
17、much, have, I, money, not.
18、is, nothing, the, there, in, room.
19、interesting, is, film, not, The.
20、a, computer, That, not, is
21、your, this, bedroom, Is?
22、the, Is, book, expensive?
23、Great, the, Wall, Is, this?
24、he, smoke, Does, heavily?
25、they, go, every, summer, Do, to, Europe?
26、the, go, round, earth, sun, Does, the?
27、you, English, have, books, two, Do?
28、man, Is, a, in, there, room, the?
29、pens, Are, any, on, there, desk, the?
30、you, get, Are, every, up, day,at6:00?
31、these, What, are?
32、my, where, socks, are?
33、color, is, the, What, bag?
34、Sundays, do, What, you, do, on?
35、do, How, eat, often, you, vegetables?
36、book, Whose, is, this?
37、favorite, What, your, is, fruit?
38、does, father, your, Where, work?
39、believes, Who, God, in?
40、hobby, your, What, is?。