Chapter1 Campbell Lo&Mackinlay Text
《小王子》原著英汉对照chapter1
《小王子》Chapter1[第一章 ]Once when I was six years old I saw a magnificent picture in a book,called True Stories from Nature,about the primeval forest .it was a picture of a boa constrictor inthe act of swallowing an animal.Here is a copy of the drawing:我六岁那年，有一次，在一本书里看见一幅很棒的图画，那本书叫《亲自经历的故事》，写原始丛林。
那幅图画上，一条大蟒蛇正在吞吃一头猛兽。
我把它描了下来。
In the book it said:“ Boa con s walltrict o rsw their prey whole, without chewing it. After that they are not able to move, and they sleep through the six months thatthey need for digestion.”书里写着：“大蟒蛇把猎物整个吞下，嚼都不嚼。
而后，它动弹不了，它得睡上整整六个月，才能消化肚子里的东西。
”I pondered（深思） deeply, then, over the adventures of the jungle. And aftersome work with a coloured pencil I succeeded in making my first drawing. MyDrawing Number One. It looked like this:对原始丛林的探险，我当时想得好多。
于是，我也用一支彩色铅笔，画出了我的第一张画。
画作第 1 号。
就像这样：I showed my masterpiece to the grown -ups, and asked them whether the drawing frightened them.我把我的杰作拿给大人们看，问他们：“我的画是否是让你们很惧怕？”But they answered:“ Frighten? Why should anyone be frightened by a hat?”他们回答：“一顶帽子有什么好怕的？”My drawing was not a picture of a hat. It was a picture of a boa constrictor digestingan elephant. But since the grown-ups were not able to understand it, I madeanother drawing. I drew the inside of the boa constrictor, so that the grown -upscould see it clearly. They always need to have things explained. My DrawingNumber Two looked like this:可我画的不是帽子呀。
研究方法经典文献
SEMINAR IN RESEARCH METHODSRequired Readings for On-Site SeminarNOTE: Click on the title of the article/reading for a PDF copy.ity and Manipulation Checks96), ?a href="PDFs/Experiments,%20Internal%20Validity%20and%20Manipulation%20Checks/Jones_96.pdf">Ch in the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd Edition, Sunderland, MS: Sinauer Associates.nthal, Essentials of Behavioral Research (New York: McGraw Hill); Ch. 4 (?aments,%20Internal%20Validity%20and%20Manipulation%20Checks/Rosenthal_Rosnow_Ch4.pdf">Structure and 1.1996), ?a href="PDFs/Experiments,%20Internal%20Validity%20and%20Manipulation%20Checks/Kardes_JCP_9 umer Psychology,?Journal of Consumer Psychology, 5 (3), 279-296.(1990), ?a href="PDFs/Experiments,%20Internal%20Validity%20and%20Manipulation%20Checks/Beggan_JPSP al Perception: The Mere Ownership Effect,? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62 (2), 229-237.lidity1999), ?a href="PDFs/External,%20and%20Ecological%20Validity/Winer_JAMS_99.pdf">Experimentation in the rnal Validity,? Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27, 349-358.999), ?a href="PDFs/External,%20and%20Ecological%20Validity/Lynch_JAMS_99.pdf">Theory and External Va ting Science, 27, 367-376.nd Alice M. Tybout (1999), ?a href="PDFs/External,%20and%20Ecological%20Validity/Calder_Tybout_JAMS_99 Future of Business Schools,? Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27, 359-366.(1983), ?a href="PDFs/External,%20and%20Ecological%20Validity/Mook_AP_83.pdf">In Defense of External Inv 379-87.982), "On the External Validity of Experiments in Consumer Research," Journal of Consumer Research, Decembe Lynn W. Philips, and Alice M. Tybout (1982), "The Concept of External Validity," Journal of Consumer Research, DEuropean Journalswill include a detailed review of 2 current articles published in the marketing抯leading journals. During the ses makes manuscripts worthy of publishing in the field抯best journals. Please read the following very carefully: astava (2002), "Effect of face value on product valuation in foreign currencies," Journal of Consumer Research, 29t (2004), "Activating Sound and Meaning: The Role of Language Proficiency in Bilingual Consumer Environments 220-8.s - WSUopment, & Construct Validation. (1979), "A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs," Journal of Marketing Research, 1), "Construct Validity: A Review of Basic Marketing Practices," Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (May), 133-45 (1997), "Dimensions of Brand Personality," Journal of Marketing Research, 34 (August), 347-356.T. and Donald W. Fiske (1959), "Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix," Ps 05.P. and Youjae Yi (1993), "Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices in Consumer Research: Critique and New Developmen 143-70.A. (1994), ?a href="PDFs/Reliability%20and%20Validity/Peterson_JCR_94.pdf">A Meta-Analysis of Cronbach抯ch, 381-391.hat Is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications," Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98-10 nd M. Ronald Buckley (1988), "Measurement Error and Theory Testing in Consumer Research: An Empirical Illu nstruct Validation," Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (March), 579-82.ability: A Review of Psychometric Basics and Recent Marketing Practices," Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 6-arketing Journalwill include a detailed review of a recently published paper in a premiere marketing journal, including reviews, revpt (January 2006)om First Round Review, April 11, 2006)ents (From First Round Review, April 11, 2006)First Revision (April 19, 2007)tor (After First Round Review, April 19, 2007)iewers (After First Round Review, April 19, 2007)Reviewer Comments (From Second Round Review, June 07, 2007)Second Revision (October 03, 2007)tor (After Second Round Review, October 03, 2007)viewers(After Second Round Review; October 03, 2007)Letter (November 16, 2007)1986), "The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, an lity and Social Psychology, 1173-1182., Charles M. Judd and Vincent Y. Yzerbyt (2005), ?aators%20&%20Mediators,%20Contrasts%20&%20Interactions/Muller_Judd_Yzerbyt_JPSP_05.pdf">When Mode ated,?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89 (6), 852-863.s provide good overviews of these issues:/cm/mediate.htmp:///~davidpm/ripl/mediate.htm/cm/moderation.htmarch Ethics986), "College Sophomores in the Laboratory: Influences of a Narrow Data Base on Social Psychology's View of cial Psychology, 515-530.A. (2001), ?a href="PDFs/Student%20Samples%20and%20Research%20Ethics/Peterson_JCR_01.pdf">On the U search: Insights from a Second-Order Meta-Analysis,?Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 450-461.(1994), ?a href="PDFs/Student%20Samples%20and%20Research%20Ethics/Rosenthal_PS_94.pdf">Science a porting Psychological Research,? Psychological Science, 5 (3), 127-134. Plus read short resonses by Pomerantz d Mann (1994),ogical Association (2002), ?ant%20Samples%20and%20Research%20Ethics/Ethical%20Principles%20of%20Psychologists%20and%20Code sychologists and Code of Conduct,?Washington, DC (/ethics/). Familiarize yourself with the ionsM. R. DiMatteo (2001), ?a href="PDFs/Meta-Analysis%20and%20Replications/Rosenthal_DiMatteo_ARP_01.pdf Quantitative Methods for Literature Reviews,? Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 59-82.ardo Salas, and Norman Miller (1991), 揢sing Meta-Analysis to Test Theoretical Hypotheses in Social Psycholog n, 17 (3), 258-264.href="PDFs/Meta-Analysis%20and%20Replications/Hunter_JCR_01.pdf">The Desperate Need for Replications,? -158.f="PDFs/Meta-Analysis%20and%20Replications/Wilk_JCR_01.pdf">The Impossibility and Necessity of Re-Inquir urnal of Consumer Research, 28, 308-312.。
简爱Chapter 1
Chapter 1THERE was no possibility of taking a walk that day. We had been wandering, indeed, in the leafless shrubbery an hour in the morning; but since dinner (Mrs Reed, when there was no company, dined early) the cold winter wind had brought with it clouds so sombre, and a rain so penetrating, that further outdoor exercise was now out of the question.I was glad of it; I never liked long walks, especially on chilly afternoons: dreadful to me was the coming home in the raw twilight, with nipped fingers and toes, and a heart saddened by the chidings of Bessie, the nurse, and humbled by the consciousness of my physical inferiority to Eliza, John, and Georgiana Reed.The said Eliza, John, and Georgiana were now clustered round their mamma in the drawing-room: she lay reclined on a sofa by the fire side, and with her darlingsabout her (for the time neither quarrelling nor crying) looked perfectly happy. Me, she had dispensed from joining the group, saying, 'She regretted to be under the necessity of keeping me at a distance; but that until she heard from Bessie, and could discover by her own observation that I was endeavouring in good earnest to acquire a more sociable and childlike disposition, a more attractive and sprightly manner —something lighter, franker, more natural, as it were —she really must exclude me from privileges intended only for contented, happy little children.''What does Bessie say I have done?' I asked.'Jane, I don't like cavillers or questioners, besides, there is something truly forbidding in a child taking up her elders in that manner. Be seated somewhere; and until you can speak pleasantly, remainsilent.'A small breakfast-room adjoined the drawing-room, I slipped in there. It contained a bookcase; I soon possessed myself of a volume, taking care that it should be one stored with pictures. I mounted into the window- seat: gathering up my feet, I sat cross- legged, like a Turk; and, having drawn the red moreen curtain nearly close, I was shrined in double retirement.Folds of scarlet drapery shut in my view to the right hand; to the left were the clear panes of glass, protecting, but not separating me from the drear November day. At intervals, while turning over the leaves in my book, I studied the aspect of that winter afternoon. Afar, it offered a pale blank of mist and cloud; near, a scene of wet lawn and storm-beat shrub, with ceaseless rain sweeping away wildly before a long and lamentable blast.I returned to my book —Bewick's History of British Birds: the letter press thereof I cared little for, generally speaking; and yet there were certain introductory pages that, child as I was, I could not pass quite as a blank. They were those which treat of the haunts of sea-fowl; of 'the solitary rocks and promontories' by them only inhabited; of the coast of Norway, studded with isles from its southern extremity, the Lindeness, or Naze, to the North Cape —'Where the Northern Ocean, in vast whirls, Boils round the naked, melancholy isles Of farthest Thule; and the Atlantic surge Pours in among the stormy Hebrites. Nor could I pass unnoticed the suggestion of the bleak shores of Lapland, Siberia, Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, Iceland, Greenland, with 'the vast sweep of the Arctic Zone, and those forlorn regionsof dreary space —that reservoir of frost and snow, where firm fields of ice, the accumulation of centuries of winters, glazed in Alpine heights above heights, surround the pole, and concentre the multiplied rigours of extreme cold '. Of these death-white realms I formed an idea of my own: shadowy, like all the half-comprehended notions that float dim through children's brains, but strangely impressive. The words in these introductory pages connected themselves with the succeeding vignettes, and gave significance to the rock standing up alone in a sea of billow and spray; to the broken boat stranded on a desolate coast; to the cold and ghastly moon glancing through bars of cloud at a wreck just sinking.I cannot tell what sentiment haunted the quite solitary churchyard, with its inscribed headstone; its gate, its two trees,its low horizon, girdled by a broken wall, and its newly risen crescent, attesting the hour of eventide.The two ships becalmed on a torpid sea, I believed to be marine phantoms.The fiend pinning down the thief's pack behind him, I passed over quickly: it was an object of terror.So was the black, horned thing seated aloof on a rock, surveying a distant crowd surrounding a gallows.Each picture told a story; mysterious often to my undeveloped understanding and imperfect feelings, yet ever profoundly interesting: as interesting as the tales Bessie sometimes narrated on winter evenings, when she chanced to be in good humour; and when, having brought her ironing-table to the nursery-hearth, she allowed us to sit about it, and while she got up Mrs Reed's lace frills, and crimped her nightcap borders, fed our eagerattention with passages of love and adventure taked from old fairy tales and older ballads; or (as at a later period I discovered) from the pages of Pamela, and Henry, Earl of Moreland.With Bewick on my knee, I was then happy: happy at least in my way. I feared nothing but interruption, and that came too soon. The breakfast- room door was opened.'Boh! Madam Mope!' cried the voice of John Reed; then he paused: he found the room apparently empty.'Where the dickens is she?' he continued. 'Lizzy! Gcorgy! (calling to his sisters) Jane is not here: tell mamma she is run out into the rain —bad animal!''It is well I drew the curtain, ' thought I, and I wished fervently he might not discover my hiding-place: nor would John Reed have found it out himself; he was notquick either of vision or conception; but Eliza just put her head in at the door, and said at once:'She is in the window-seat, to be sure, Jack.'And I came out immediately, for I trembled at the idea of being dragged forth by the said Jack.'What do you want?' I asked with awkward diffidence.'Say, "what do you want, Master Reed,"' was the answer. 'I want you to come here'; and seating himself in an arrn-chair, he intimated by a gesture that I was to approach and stand before him.John Reed was a schoolboy of fourteen years old; four years older than I, for I was but ten; large and stout for his age, with a dingy and unwholesome skin; thick lineaments in a spacious visage, heavy limbs and large extremities. He gorged himself habitually at table, which madehim bilious, and gave him a dim and bleared eye with flabby cheeks. He ought now to have been at school; but his mamma had taken him home for a month or two, ' on account of his dedicate health'. Mr. Mila, the master, affirmed that he would do very well if he had fewer cakes and sweetmeat sent him from home; but the mother's heart turned from an opinion so harsh, and inclined rather to the more refined idea that John's sallowness was owing to over-application, and, perhaps to pining after home.John had not much affection for his mother and sisters, and an antipathy to me. He bullied and punished me; not two or three times in the week, nor once or twice in a day, but continually: every nerve I had feared him, and every morsel of flesh on my bones shrank when he came near. There were moments when I was bewildered by the terror he inspired,because I had no appeal whatever against either his menaces or his inflictions; the servants did not like to offend their young master by taking my part against him, and Mrs Reed was blind and deaf on the subject: she never saw him strike or heard him abuse me, though he did both now and then in her very presence; more frequently, however, behind her back.Habitually obedient to John, I came up to his chair: he spent some three minutes in thrusting out his tongue at me as far as he could with out damaging the roots: I knew he would soon strike, and while dreading the blow, I mused on the disgusting and ugly appearance of him who would presently deal it. I wonder if he read that notion in my face; for, all at once, without speaking, he struck suddenly and strongly. I tottered, and on regaining my equilibrium retired back a step or two from his chair.'That is for your impudence in answering mamma a while since, ' said he, 'and for your sneaking way of getting behind curtains, and for the look you had in your eyes two minutes since, you rat!' Accustomed to John Recd's abuse, I never had an idea of replying to it: my care was how to endure the blow which would certainly follow the insult.'What were you doing behind the curtain?' he asked.'I was reading.''Show the book.'I returned to the window and fetched it thence.'You have no business to take our books; you are a dependant, mamma says; you have no money; your father left you none; you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentlemen's children like us, and eat the same meals we do, and wear clothes at our mamma's expense. Now, I'll teach you torummage my book-shelves: for they are mine; all the house belongs to me, or will do in a few years. Go and stand by the door, out of the way of the mirror and the windows.'I did so, not at first aware what was his intention; but when I saw him lift and poise the book and stand in act to hurl it I instinctively started aside with a cry of alarm: not soon enough however; the volume was flung, it hit me, and I fell, striking my head against the door and cutting it. The cut bled, the pain was sharp: my terror had passed its climax; other feelings succeeded.'Wicked and cruel boy!' I said. 'You are like a murderer —you are like a slave-driver —you are like the Roman emperors!'I had read Goldsmith's History of Rome, and had formed my opinion of Nero,Caligula, &c. Also I had drawn parallels in silence, which I never thought thus to have declared aloud.'What! what!' he cried. 'Did she say that to me? Did you hear her, Eliza and Georgiana? Won't I tell mamma? but first —'He ran headlong at me: I felt him grasp my hair and my shoulder: he had dosed with a desperate thing. I really saw in him tyrant: a murderer. I felt a drop or two of blood from my head trickle down my neck, and was sensible of somewhat pungent suffering: these sensations for the time predominated over fear, and I received him in frantic sort. I don't very well know what I did with my hands, but he called me 'Rat! rat!' and bellowed out aloud. Aid was near him: Eliza and Georgiana had run for Mrs Reed, who was gone upstairs; she now came upon the scene, followed by Bessieand her maid Abbot. We were parted: I heard the words: —'Dear! dear! What a fury to fly at Master John!''Did ever anybody see such a picture of passion!'Then Mrs Reed subjoined:'Take her away to the red-room, and lock her in there.' Four hands were immediately laid upon me, and I was borne upstairs.。
Puppet配置管理工具使用指南说明书
Pulling Strings with Puppet Configuration ManagementMade EasyJAMES TURNBULLPulling Strings with Puppet: Configuration Management Made EasyCopyright © 2007 by James TurnbullAll rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.ISBN-13: 978-1-59059-978-5ISBN-10: 1-59059-978-0eISBN-13: 978-1-4302-0622-4Printed and bound in the United States of America (POD)Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trade-marked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.Java™and all Java-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the United States and other countries. Apress, Inc., is not affiliated with Sun Microsystems, Inc., and this book was written with-out endorsement from Sun Microsystems, Inc.Lead Editors: Jason Gilmore, Joseph OttingerTechnical Reviewer: Dennis MatotekEditorial Board: Steve Anglin, Ewan Buckingham, Tony Campbell, Gary Cornell, Jonathan Gennick, Jason Gilmore, Kevin Goff, Jonathan Hassell, Matthew Moodie, Joseph Ottinger, Jeffrey Pepper, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft, Matt Wade, Tom WelshProject Manager: Beth ChristmasCopy Editor: Ami KnoxAssociate Production Director: Kari Brooks-CoponyCompositor: Richard AblesCover Designer: Kurt KramesManufacturing Director: Tom DebolskiDistributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax 201-348-4505, e-mail **************************, or visit.For information on translations, please contact Apress directly at 2855 Telegraph Avenue, Suite 600, Berkeley, CA 94705. Phone 510-549-5930, fax 510-549-5939, e-mail ***************, or visit .The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work.The source code for this book is available to readers at in the Source Code/Download section.This book is dedicated to Ruth Brown,who makes me laugh,and to my family for their continuedsupport.ContentsAbout the Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixAbout the Technical Reviewer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv■CHAPTER 1Introducing Puppet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1What Is Puppet?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3What Makes Puppet Different?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3How Does Puppet work?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4A Declarative Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5A Transactional Layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A Resource Abstraction Layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Puppet Performance and Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7The Future for Puppet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Web. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Mailing Lists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9IRC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9■CHAPTER 2Installing and Running Puppet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Installation Prerequisites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Installing Ruby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Installing Ruby from Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Installing Ruby and Ruby Libraries from Packages. . . . . . . . . . . . 13Installing Facter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Installing Facter from Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Installing Facter from Package. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Installing RDoc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Installing Puppet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Installing from Source. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Installing Puppet by Package. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Installing Puppet from a Ruby Gem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Getting Started with Puppet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Starting the Puppet Master. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Starting the Puppet Client. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25vSigning Your Client Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Running the Puppet Daemons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Configuring Puppet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28The [main] Configuration Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Configuring puppetmasterd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Configuring puppetd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Configuring puppetca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Web. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Mailing Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40■CHAPTER 3Speaking Puppet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Defining Configuration Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Resource Titling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Resource Attributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Resource Style. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Resource Defaults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Collections of Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Classes and Subclasses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Classes Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Class Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Qualifying Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Variable Scoping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Variables and Class Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Qualified Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Variables and Metaparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Conditionals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Creating Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Node Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Node Inheritance and Variable Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Default Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Node Conditionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Virtual Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Realizing with a Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Realizing with the realize Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Resource Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Managing Cron Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75■CONTENTSvi■CONTENTS vii Using a Filebucket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Managing Host Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Managing SSH Host Keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Tidy Unwanted Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Logging Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Checking for Existence with defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Generating Errors with fail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Adding External Data with file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Using generate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Qualifying Definitions Using search. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Using tag and tagged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Using Templating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Web. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88■CHAPTER 4Using Puppet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Our Example Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Manifest Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Importing Manifests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Managing Manifests with Subversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Defining Nodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Our First Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Managing Users and Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Managing Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102File Serving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Modularizing Our Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109MySQL Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Postfix Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Apache Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119■CHAPTER 5Reporting on Puppet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Getting Started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Configuring Reporting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Report Processors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125log. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125tagmail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126rrdgraph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Custom Reporting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130■CHAPTER 6Advanced Puppet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131External Node Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Storing Node Configuration in LDAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Puppet Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Installing Mongrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Installing Apache. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Configuring Apache As a Proxy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146Configuring Puppet for Mongrel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150How Far Will Puppet Scale?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151■CHAPTER 7Extending Puppet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Extending Facter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Configuring Puppet for Custom Facts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Writing Custom Facts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Testing Your Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Extending Puppet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Creating the Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Creating Our Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Distributing Our New Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168■CONTENTSviiiAbout the Author■JAMES TURNBULL works for the National Australia Bank as a Security Architect. He is the author ofHardening Linux, which focuses on hardening Linux hosts, and Pro Nagios 2.0, which focuses on enter-prise management using the Nagios open source tool.James has previously worked as an executive manager for IT security at the Commonwealth Bankof Australia, the CIO of a medical research foundation, manager of the architecture group of an out-sourcing company, and in a number of IT roles in gaming, telecommunications, and government. He isan experienced infrastructure architect with a background in Linux/Unix, AS/400, Windows, and stor-age systems. He has been involved in security consulting, infrastructure security design, SLA, andservice definition, and has an abiding interest in security metrics and measurement.ix■DENNIS MATOTEK was born in a small town in Victoria, Australiacalled Mildura. Like all small towns, the chronic lack of good strongcoffee drives the young to search further afield. Dennis moved toMelbourne where good strong coffee flows through the city in ariver called the Yarra. However, it was in Scotland that Dennis wasintroduced to Systems Administration.Scotland, on the technological edge, had 486DX PCs anda Vax. On arriving back in Melbourne, after staying awakefor 24 hours at an airport minding his bags, Dennis wasgiven a job interview—jobs in those days fell down likesnowflakes from the sky.Since that time, Dennis has stayed predominately inMelbourne working with IBM AS400s (iSeries) for 6 years and Linux for 7 years.Dennis also wrote and directed some short films and plays. He has a lovely LP (life part-ner) and a new little boy called Zigfryd whom he misses terribly when at work, which is most of the time.About the Technical ReviewerxiAcknowledgmentsLuke Kanies––for writing Puppet and being kind enough to answer my numerous queries and ques-tions.The many members of the Puppet community who answered numerous questions and generallylet me bother them.Dennis Matotek for his technical review.The team at Apress-Jason Gilmore, Joseph Ottinger, Beth Christmas, Ami Knox, Tina Nielsen, andJulie Miller-without all of you, none of this would be possible.Jim Sumser for getting me started.xiiiIntroductionThis book introduces the reader to Puppet––a Ruby-based configuration management and automation tool for Linux and Unix platforms. The book is a beginning-to-intermediate guide to Puppet. It is aimed at system administrators, operators, systems engineers, and anyone else who has to manage Linux and Unix hosts.This book requires a basic understanding of Linux/Unix systems administration including package management, user management, using a text editor such as vi, and some basic network and service management skills. If you wish to extend Puppet, you will need to have an understanding and some aptitude with the Ruby programming language. But for simple expansion of Puppet, basic Ruby skills are all that are needed. Additionally, as a programming language, Ruby is very approachable and easy to pick up.The book starts with explaining how Puppet works and then moves on to installation and configu-ration. Each succeeding chapter introduces another facet of Puppet right up to demonstrating how you can extend Puppet yourself.Chapter 1: Introduction to PuppetChapter 2: Installing and configuring PuppetChapter 3: Puppet's configuration languageChapter 4: Using Puppet, which you learn through practical examplesChapter 5: Reporting with PuppetChapter 6: Advanced Puppet features including integration with LDAP, performance management, and scalabilityChapter 7: Extending Puppet and Facter including adding your own Facter “facts” and Puppet configuration typesAll of the source code, associated scripts, and configuration examples can be downloaded from the Apress web site. You can also submit any errata at the site.If you have any questions and queries about the book, please do not hesitate to e-mail me at*************************.。
Paradise_Lost_失乐园（中英对照版）
ParadiseParadiseParadiseParadiseLostLostLostLost失乐园JohnJohnJohnJohnMiltonMiltonMiltonMilton约翰约翰约翰约翰····弥尔顿弥尔顿弥尔顿弥尔顿目录V1V1V1V1第一卷撒旦在地狱召集军队号召复仇点兵第二卷大会作出决议由撒旦亲赴人类乐园侦察人类的乐园第三卷神子声称愿为人类赎罪撒旦向乐园飞进第四卷撒旦进入乐园被捕第五卷敌人撒旦的来路第六卷在天界三天大战第七卷创造天地万物第八卷创造人类始祖第九卷夏娃受引诱食禁果第十卷违抗禁令震惊天界建筑大桥横贯混沌界第十一卷预示人类未来第十二卷继续预示未来亚薄⑾耐薇恢鸪隼衷癟HETHETHETHEARGUMENTARGUMENTARGUMENTARGUMENT提纲ThisfirstBookproposesfirstinbriefthewholeSubjectMansdisobedienceandthelossthereupon ofParadisewhereinhewasplact:ThentouchestheprimecauseofhisfalltheSerpentorratherSata nintheSerpentwhorevoltingfromGodanddrawingtohissidemanyLegionsofAngelswasbythe commandofGoddrivenoutofHeavenwithallhisCrewintothegreatDeep.Whichactionpastover thePoemhastsintothemidstofthingspresentingSatanwithhisAngelsnowfallenintoHelldescri bdherenotintheCenterforHeavenandEarthmaybesupposdasyetnotmadecertainlynotyetaccu rstbutinaplaceofutterdarknessfitliestcalldChaos:HereSatanwithhisAngelslyingontheburnin gLakethunder-struckandastonishtafteracertainspacerecoversasfromconfusioncallsuphimw honextinOrderandDignitylaybyhimtheyconferofthirmiserablefall.SatanawakensallhisLegi onswholaytilltheninthesamemannerconfoundedTheyrisethirNumbersarrayofBattelthirchie fLeadersnamdaccordingtotheIdolsknownafterwardsinCanaanandtheCountriesadjoyning.T otheseSatandirectshisSpeechcomfortsthemwithhopeyetofregainingHeavenbuttellsthemlast lyofanewWorldandnewkindofCreaturetobecreatedaccordingtoanancientProphesieorreport inHeavenforthatAngelswerelongbeforethisvisibleCreationwastheopinionofmanyancientFa thers.TofindoutthetruthofthisProphesieandwhattodeterminthereonhereferstoafullCouncel. WhathisAssociatesthenceattempt.PandemoniumthePalaceofSatanrisessuddenlybuiltoutoft heDeep:TheinfernalPeerstheresitinCouncel.V1在第一卷我先扼要点明本书的主题人失去曾经拥有的乐园是由于违背了天神命令。
骨科翻译
Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics（the 10th edition）(坎贝尔骨科手术学,第十版)ContentsVolume OnePART I GENERAL PRINCIPLES（普遍原则）Chapter 1. Surgical Techniques and Approaches(外科技术及入路)Chapter 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Orthopaedics（磁共振成像在骨科的应用）PART II ARTHRODESIS（关节融合术）Chapter 3. Arthrodesis of Ankle, Knee, and Hip（踝关节、膝关节、髋关节融合术）Chapter 4. Arthrodesis of Shoulder, Elbow, and Wrist（肩关节、肘关节、腕关节融合术）PART III ARTHROPLASTY（关节成形术）Chapter 5. Introduction and Overview（引言与综述）Chapter 6. Arthroplasty of Ankle and Knee（踝关节与膝关节的成形术）Chapter 7. Arthroplasty of Hip（髋关节成形术）Chapter 8. Arthroplasty of Shoulder and Elbow（肩关节、肘关节成形术）PART IV AMPUTATIONS（截肢术）Chapter 9. General Principles of Amputations（截肢总论）Chapter 10. Amputations About Foot（足部截肢）Chapter 11. Amputations of Lower Extremity（下肢截肢）Chapter 12. Amputations of Hip and Pelvis（髋关节及骨盆截肢）Chapter 13. Amputations of Upper Extremity（上肢截肢）Chapter 14. Amputations of Hand（手部截肢）PART V INFECTIONS（感染）Chapter 15. General Principles of Infection（感染总论）Chapter 16. Osteomyelitis（骨髓炎）Chapter 17. Infectious Arthritis（感染性关节炎）Chapter 18. Tuberculosis and Other Unusual Infections（结核及其它少见感染）PART VI TUMORS（肿瘤）Chapter 19. General Principles of Tumors（肿瘤总论）Chapter 20. Benign Tumors of Bone（良性骨肿瘤）Chapter 21. Benign (Occasionally Aggressive) Tumors of Bone（良性（偶为恶性））的骨肿瘤Chapter 22. Malignant Tumors of Bone（恶性骨肿瘤）Chapter 23. Soft Tissue Tumors and Nonneoplastic Conditions Simulating Bone Tumors（软组织肿瘤及与肿瘤相似的非肿瘤性疾病）PART VII NONTRAUMATIC SOFT TISSUE DISORDERS（非创伤性软组织异常）Chapter 24. Nontraumatic Soft Tissue Disorders（非创伤性软组织异常）Chapter 25. Miscellaneous Nontraumatic Disorders（各种非创伤性异常）Volume TwoPART VIII CONGENITAL ANOMALIES（先天性畸形）Chapter 26. Congenital Anomalies of Lower Extremity（先天性下肢畸形）Chapter 27. Congenital and Developmental Anomalies of Hip and Pelvis（先天性和发育性髋关节及骨盆畸Chapter 28. Congenital Anomalies of Trunk and Upper Extremity（上肢与躯干部先天性畸形）PART IX OSTEOCHONDROSIS（骨软骨病）Chapter 29. Osteochondrosis or Epiphysitis and Other Miscellaneous Affections（骨软骨病、骨骺炎和其它病变）PART X NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS IN CHILDREN（儿童神经系统异常）Chapter 30. Cerebral Palsy（脑瘫）Chapter 31. Paralytic Disorders（麻痹性疾病）Chapter 32. Neuromuscular Disorders（神经肌肉疾病）PART XI FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS IN CHILDREN（儿童骨折脱位）Chapter 33. Fractures and Dislocations in Children（儿童骨折脱位）PART XII THE SPINE（脊柱）Chapter 34. Spinal Anatomy and Surgical Approaches（脊柱解剖及手术入路）Chapter 35. Fractures, Dislocations, and Fracture-Dislocations of Spine（脊柱的骨折、脱位与骨折－脱位）Chapter 36. Arthrodesis of Spine（脊柱融合术）Chapter 37. Pediatric Cervical Spine（儿童颈椎）Chapter 38. Scoliosis and Kyphosis（脊柱侧弯与驼背）Chapter 39. Lower Back Pain and Disorders of Intervertebral Discs（下腰痛与椎间盘疾病）Chapter 40. Infections of Spine（脊柱感染）Chapter 41. Other Disorders of Spine（其它脊柱疾病）Volume ThreePART XIII SPORTS MEDICINE（运动医学）Chapter 42. Ankle Injuries（踝关节损伤）Chapter 43. Knee Injuries（膝关节损伤）Chapter 44. Shoulder and Elbow Injuries（肩关节与肘关节损伤）Chapter 45. Recurrent Dislocations（复发性脱位）Chapter 46. Traumatic Disorders（创伤性疾病）PART XIV ARTHROSCOPY（关节镜）Chapter 47. General Principles of Arthroscopy（关节镜总论）Chapter 48. Arthroscopy of Lower Extremity（下肢关节镜）Chapter 49. Arthroscopy of Upper Extremity（上肢关节镜）PART XV FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS（骨折与脱位）Chapter 50. General Principles of Fracture Treatment（骨折治疗总论）Chapter 51. Fractures of Lower Extremity（下肢骨折）Chapter 52. Fractures of Hip（髋部骨折）Chapter 53. Fractures of Acetabulum and Pelvis（髋臼与骨盆骨折）Chapter 54. Fractures of Shoulder, Arm, and Forearm（肩部、上臂、前臂骨折）Chapter 55. Malunited Fractures（骨折畸形愈合）Chapter 56. Delayed Union and Nonunion of Fractures（骨折延迟愈合和骨不连）Chapter 57. Acute Dislocations（急性脱位）Chapter 58. Old Unreduced Dislocations（陈旧性未复位的脱位）Volume FourPART XVI PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES（外周神经损伤）Chapter 59. Peripheral Nerve Injuries（外周神经损伤）PART XVII MICROSURGERY（显微外科）Chapter 60. Microsurgery（显微外科）PART XVIII THE HAND（手）Chapter 61. Basic Surgical Technique and Aftercare（基本外科手术技术和术后处理）Chapter 62. Acute Hand Injuries（急性手外伤）Chapter 63. Flexor and Extensor Tendon Injuries（屈肌腱、伸肌腱损伤）Chapter 64. Fractures, Dislocations, and Ligamentous Injuries（骨折、脱位和韧带损伤）Chapter 65. Nerve Injuries（神经损伤）Chapter 66. Wrist Disorders（腕关节疾病）Chapter 67. Special Hand Disorders（特殊手部疾病）Chapter 68. Paralytic Hand（瘫痪手）Chapter 69. Cerebral Palsy of the Hand（脑瘫手）Chapter 70. Arthritic Hand（手部关节炎）Chapter 71. Compartment Syndromes and Volkmann Contracture（筋膜间室综合征与Volkmann挛缩）Chapter 72. Dupuytren Contracture（Dupuytren 挛缩）Chapter 73. Carpal Tunnel, Ulnar Tunnel, and Stenosing Tenosynovitis（腕管综合征、尺管综合征和狭窄性腱鞘炎）Chapter 74. Tumors and Tumorous Conditions of Hand（手部肿瘤与瘤样疾病）Chapter 75. Hand Infections（手部感染）Chapter 76. Congenital Anomalies of Hand（手部先天性畸形）PART XIX THE FOOT AND ANKLE（足与踝关节）Chapter 77. Surgical Techniques（外科技术）Chapter 78. Disorders of Hallux（拇趾疾病）Chapter 79. Pes Planus（扁平足）Chapter 80. Lesser Toe Abnormalities（足趾畸形）Chapter 81. Rheumatoid Foot（足部类风湿性）Chapter 82. Diabetic Foot（糖尿病足）Chapter 83. Neurogenic Disorders（神经源性疾病）Chapter 84. Disorders of Nails and Skin（趾甲、皮肤疾病）Chapter 85. Disorders of Tendons and Fascia（肌腱筋膜疾病）Chapter 86. Fractures and Dislocations of Foot（足部骨折脱位）C H A P T E R 1Surgical Techniques and Approaches（外科技术及入路）Andrew H. Crenshaw, Jr.SURGICAL TECHNIQUES（外科技术）Tourniquets（止血带）Roentgenograms in the Operating Room（X线在手术室中的应用）Positioning of Patient（病人体位）Local Preparation of Patient（局部准备）Draping(冲洗)Special Operative Techniques(特殊手术技术)SURGICAL APPROACHES(手术入路)Toes(足趾)Calcaneus(跟骨)Tarsus and Ankle(跗跖骨与踝)Tibia(胫骨)Fibula(腓骨)Knee(膝)Femur(股骨)Hip(髋)Acetabulum and Pelvis(髋臼与骨盆)Sacroiliac Joint(骶髂关节)Spine(脊柱)Shoulder(肩)Humerus(肱骨)Elbow(肘)Radius(桡骨)Ulna(尺骨)Wrist(腕)Hand (手)SURGICAL TECHNIQUES（外科技术）This section describes several surgical techniques especially important in orthopaedics: use of tourniquets, use of roentgenograms and image intensifiers in the operating room, positioning of the patient, local preparation of the patient, and draping of the appropriate part or parts. To avoid repetition in other chapters, two operative techniques common to many procedures, fixation of tendons or fascia to bone and bone grafting, are also described.这一部分描述了几种在矫形外科非常重要的外科技术，包括止血带的应用、X线与图像增强剂在手术室的应用以及患者的体位、术区准备和手术部位或多部位的铺单。
奇幻森林书虫中英对照第一章
奇幻森林书虫中英对照第一章Chapter 1: The Enchanted Forest第一章：奇幻森林In a small village nestled at the edge of an enchanted forest, lived a young girl named Lily. She was a curious and adventurous soul, always seeking new and magical experiences. Lily had heard many tales about the wonders and dangers ofthe forest, but she was undeterred. She believed that hidden within its dense trees and mystical creatures, lay theanswers to her wildest dreams.在一个坐落在一个神奇森林边缘的小村庄里，住着一个叫莉莉的小女孩。
她是一个好奇和富有冒险精神的人，总是寻求新的和神奇的经历。
莉莉听说过很多关于森林奇迹和危险的故事，但她并不被吓倒。
她相信在茂密的树木和神秘的生物中，隐藏着她最奇幻的梦想的答案。
One sunny morning, Lily decided it was finally time to explore the enchanted forest. She packed a small backpackwith some snacks and her favorite book, "The Magical Adventures of Primrose." With excitement in her heart, shebid farewell to her parents and set off on her great adventure.一个阳光明媚的早晨，莉莉决定，现在是时候去探索那个神奇的森林了。
英语国家社会与文化研究(教学大纲)(1)
课程编号：050211D0007英语国家社会与文化研究一、计划总学时：24 学分：2 开课学期：II授课方式：课堂教学与研讨考核方式：笔试（开卷）论文二、适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学三、预修课程：英语国家概况、跨文化交际学概论等四、教学目的：该课程从文化哲学层面，引导学生系统地审视英语国家社会与文化的精髓，体会其中的深邃、复杂与斑斓，梳理英语国家社会文化的脉络，理性阐释英语国家社会文化的内涵，培养英语专业硕士生具备从事英语语言文化层面的教学与研究的能力。
五、大纲内容及学时分配Chapter 1 Political system of UK(4学时)1)The Monarchy2)Parliament3)Two major Parties4)The Cabinet and the Prime Minister5)The Commonwealth6)Britain and EECChapter 2 Social life of British people(4学时)1) The British Justice and the Law（杨婷）2) The British Social Welfare（李扬）3) Class and social values（游辉）4) Work and Amusement（张吟）5) Housing and Shopping（杨洁）6) Transportation and Communication （卢木林）Chapter 3 British Cultural heritage(2学时)1) Science （戚燕丽）2) Literature （刘慧杰、陈吉）3) Religion （邹玮）Chapter 4 Political system of USA(4学时)1)Separation of the Three Powers2)Congress3)Presidency4) Judicial System5)State and Local GovernmentChapter 5 Social life of American people(4学时)1) American Dream （沈紫璇）2) Welfare and Social Security（李芹芹）3) Immigrants and multicultural society （周娟，王丽华）4) Work and Amusement （刘慧洁，章敏）5) Housing and Shopping （杨秧）6) Transportation and Communication （乔媛媛、石红梅）Educational system （赵大吕）Chapter 6 The Australian Society(3学时)1) Colonial History and national identity（管琳）2) Unique geographical culture and politics（徐小燕、吴少驰）Chapter 7 The Canadian Society(3学时)1) Colonial History and national identity （苏卓）2) Unique geographical culture and politics （魏丽琼）参考资料：British culture: an introduction作者：David Christopher/books?id=WozRiHGS8MEC&printsec=frontcover&hl= zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=falseBritish cultural identities作者：Mike Storry/books?id=oRBacdo3iOIC&printsec=frontcover&hl= zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=falseBritish civilization: an introduction作者：John Oakland/books?id=-pT4kxNAo5QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=british+culture& hl=zh-CN&ei=dfkyTdXSHse4hAfCzfHZCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved= 0CD4Q6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q&f=falseBritish language & culture作者：Lonely Planet/books?id=TQ0ZtIkQwucC&printsec=frontcover&hl= zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=falseAmerican civilization: an introduction作者：David Mauk,John Oakland/books?id=fMIryoV_WIwC&printsec=frontcover&hl= zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=falseAmerican cultural studies: an introduction to American culture作者：Neil Campbell,Alasdair Kean/books?id=TdnLwosUWGwC&printsec=frontcover&hl= zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=falseAmerican culture: myth and reality of a culture of diversity作者：Larry L. Naylor/books?id=T1Tjo5bY4zoC&printsec=frontcover&hl= zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=falseCultural diversity in the United States作者：Larry L. Naylor/books?id=vyZ_C-xpnjMC&printsec=frontcover&hl= zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=falseUnderstanding Cultural Diversity in Today's Complex World作者：Leo Parvis/books?id=1_IgYUASxJwC&printsec=frontcover&hl= zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=falseAmerican cultural patterns: a cross-cultural perspective作者：Edward C. Stewart,Milton J. Bennett/books?id=l_ePPDfW8CgC&printsec=frontcover&hl= zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=falseBasic concepts of intercultural communication: selected readings 作者：Milton J. Bennett/books?id=Td_xAawaFacC&printsec=frontcover&hl= zh-CN#v=onepage&q&f=falseBridging the gaps in global communication作者：Doug Newsom/books?id=REN8gTardCUC&printsec=frontcover&dq= Australian+culture&hl=zh-CN&ei=wPMyTfmvI826hAfQv83cCw&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Australian%20cult ure&f=falseCulture and customs of Australia作者：Laurie Clancy/books?id=7w-IdhWKi_oC&printsec=frontcover&dq= Australian+culture&hl=zh-CN&ei=kvQyTeDVGZOBhQeXvsjqCw&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q&f=falseAustralian language & culture作者：Paul Smitz,Barry Blake/books?id=oGN1YA2t07kC&printsec=frontcover&dq= Australian+culture&hl=zh-CN&ei=CvUyTb6WEsawhQfumfj3Cw&sa=X&oi=book_re sult&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=Australian%20cu lture&f=falseAccounting for tastes: Australian everyday cultures作者：Tony Bennett,Michael Emmison,John Frow/books?id=lBQ-3Lo3cdcC&printsec=frontcover&dq= Canadian+culture&hl=zh-CN&ei=svUyTbO2G4yKhQeAtJm7Cw&sa=X&oi=book_resu lt&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=falseCanadian cultural poesis: essays on Canadian culture作者：Sheila Petty,Garry Sherbert,Annie Gérin/books?id=r7QRD2j00l8C&printsec=frontcover&dq= Canadian+culture&hl=zh-CN&ei=4fYyTYSWPIuFhQf5wZm-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_resu lt&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCTge#v=onepage&q=Canadian%20cultu re&f=falseCanadian cultural studies: a reader作者：Sourayan Mookerjea,Imre Szeman,Gail Faurschou/books?id=gPEItATPByoC&pg=PA4&dq=Canadian+cult ure&hl=zh-CN&ei=l_cyTauSOMaXhQesmNX2Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-th umbnail&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6wEwAjgy#v=onepage&q=Canadian%20culture&f=f alseCanada: The Culture作者：Bobbie Kalman。
《哈利波特与火焰杯》第1章《里德尔府》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire《哈利˙波特与火焰杯》Chapter OneThe Riddle House第1章里德尔府The villagers of Little Hangl eton still call ed it ‘the Rid dl e House’, even though it had been many years since the Rid dl e family had lived there. It stood on a hill overl ooking the village, some of its wind ows board ed, tiles missing from its roof, and ivy spreading unchecked over its face. Once a fine-l ooking manor, and easily the largest and grand est buil ding for mil es around, the Rid dl e House was now damp, d erelict and unoccupied.小汉格顿的村民们仍然把这座房子称为“里德尔府”，尽管里德尔一家已经多年没在这里居住了。
房子坐落在一道山坡上，从这里可以看见整个村子。
房子的几扇窗户被封死了，房顶上的瓦残缺不全，爬山虎张牙舞爪地爬满了整座房子。
里德尔府原先是一幢很漂亮的大宅子，还是方圆几英里之内最宽敞、最气派的建筑，如今却变得潮湿、荒凉，常年无人居住。
The Little Hangl etons all agreed that the ol d house was ‘creepy’. Half a century ago, something strange and horribl e had happened there, something that the ol d er inhabitants of the village still liked to discuss when topics for gossip were scarce. The story had been picked over so many times, and had been embroid ered in so many places, that nobody was quite sure what the truth was any more. Every version of the tale, however, started in the same place: fifty years before, at daybreak on a fine summer's morning, when the Rid dl e House had still been well kept and impressive, and a maid had entered the drawing room to find all three Rid dl es d ead.小汉格顿的村民们一致认为，这幢老房子“怪吓人的”。
Campbell生物学（生物学）12版：Pearson eText 产品说明说明书
ivvBioFlix Animation Mechanics of breathingExpanding the thoracic cavity during inhalation involves theanimal’s rib muscles and the diaphragm , a sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the bottom wall of the cavity. Contracting the ribistudents visualize complex BioInteractive Videos and Animations, new Figure 3-D Animations, Galápagos Rosemary Grant, and more.The Pearson eText app isavailable for download in theapp store for approved devices.viieText and available for assignment in Mastering Biology. viii35. On these diagrams of plant and animal cells, label each organelle and give a brief statement of its function.Concept 6.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell36. What is the cytoskeleton?37. What are the three roles of the cytoskeleton?38. There are three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton. Name them.39. Microtubules are hollow rods made of a globular protein called tubulin. Each tubulinprotein is a dimer made of two subunits. These are easily assembled and disassembled.What are four functions of microtubules?BLOOD SALT WATER CHLORIDECELLK +K +Na +Na +Cl –Flagellar motorH +Filament of flagellumHookH 2O Stoma H 2OH 2O H 2OK 1H 2OGua rd cellsK 1H 1H 1The transport of ions across the plasma membrane of a cell is a fundamental activity of all animals, and indeed of all living things. By generating ion gradients, ion transport provides the potential energy that powers processes ranging from an organism’s regulation of salts and gases in internal fluids to its perception of and locomotion through its environment.In marine bony fishes, ion gradients drive secretion of salt(NaCl), a process essential to avoid dehydration. Within gills, the pumps,cotransporters, and channels of specialized chloride cells function together to drive salt from the blood across the gill epithelium and into the surrounding salt water. (See Figure 44.3.)Ion gradients provide the basis for the opening of a plant stoma by surrounding guard cells. Active transport of H + out of a guard cell generates a voltage (membrane potential) that drives inward movement of K +. This uptake of K + by guard cells triggers an osmotic influx of water that changes cell shape, bowingthe guard cells outward and thereby opening the stoma. (See Concept 36.4.)In neurons, transmission of information as nerve impulses is made possible by the opening and closing of channels selective for sodium or other ions. These signals enable nervous systems to receive and process input and to direct appropriate output, such as this leap of a frog capturing prey. (See Concept 48.3 and Concept 50.5.)A gradient of H + powers the bacterial flagellum. An electron transport chain generates this gradient, establishing a higher concentration of H + outside the bacterial cell. Protons reentering the cell provide a force that causes the flagellar motor to rotate. The rotating motor turns the curved hook, causing the attached filament to propel the cell. (See Concept 9.4 and Figure 27.7.)NEURONNa +Na +Channel open Channel closedOsmoregulationInformation ProcessingGas ExchangeLocomotionIon Movement and Gradients . Figure 44.17MAKE CONNECTIONSMastering Biology BioFlix ® Animation: Membrane TransportExplain why the set of forces driving ion movement across the plasma membrane of a cell is described as an electrochemical (electrical and chemical) gradient (see Concept 7.4).MAKE CONNECTIONSCHAPTER 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion 993Make Connections Tutorials connect contentfrom two different chapters using art from the book. Make Connections Tutorials are assignable and automatically graded in Mastering Biology and include answer-specific feedback for students.CONCEPT CHECK 24.21.Summarize key di erences between allopatric and sympatric speciation. Which type of speciation is more common, and why?2.Describe two mechanisms that can decrease gene flow in sympatric populations, thereby making sympatric speciation more likely to occur.3.WHAT IF? Is allopatric speciation more likely to occur on an island close to a mainland or on a more isolated island of the same size? Explain your prediction.4.MAKE CONNECTIONS Review the process of meiosis in Figure 13.8. Describe how an error during meiosis could lead to polyploidy.For suggested answers, see Appendix A.Scientific Skills Exercisesevery chapter of the text use realdata to build key skills needed forbiology, including data analysis,graphing, experimental design, andmath skills. Each exercise is alsoavailable as an automatically gradedassignment in Mastering Biologywith answer-specific feedback forstudents.Problem-SolvingExercises guide students in applying scientific skills and interpreting real data in the context of solving a real-world problem. A version of each Problem-Solving Exercise can also be assigned in Mastering Biology.In this exercise, you will investigate whether amphibians can acquire resistance to thefungal pathogen Bd.Your Approach The principle guiding your investigation is that prior exposureto a pathogen can enable amphibians to acquire immunological resistance to thatpathogen. To see whether this occurs after exposure to Bd, you will analyze data onacquired resistance in Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis).Your Data To create variation in n u mber of prior exposures to Bd, Cuban tree frogswere exposed to Bd and cleared of their infection (using heat treatments) from zeroto three times; frogs with no prior exposures are referred to as “naive.” Researchersthen exposed frogs to Bd and measured mean abundance of Bd on the frog’s skin,frog survival, and abundance of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell involved inthe vertebrate immune response).I nstructors: A version of this Problem-SolvingExercise can be assigned in Mastering Biology.PROBLEM-SOLVING EXERCISEC an d ec lin in g am ph ib ia npo pu la tio ns b e sa ve d bya va cc in e?Am ph ibi an po pu lat ion s are de cli nin g r ap idl ywo rld wi de. T he fu ng us Batra ch oc hy tri umde nd rob ati dis (Bd) h as cont rib ut ed to th isde cli ne: T his pa th og en caus es sev ere sk ininf ec tio ns in m an y a mp hibian sp ec ies, le ad ingto m ass ive di e-o s. E o rtsto sa ve am ph ibi an sfro m Bd ha ve ha d l im ited s uc ce ss, an dth ere is litt le ev ide nc e t hat f ro gs an d o th eram ph ibi an s h av e a cq uired re sis tan ce to Bd onth eir ow n.Ye llo w-leg ge d f rog s (Rana m us co sa) inCa lifo rn ia kil led by Bd infec tio n24,00012,00016,00014,00018,00020,00022,00001234Bdabundanceonfrog’sskin(organisms/goffrog)Number of priorBd exposures807010302040506001234PercentagesurvivalNumber of prior BdexposuresNumberof priorBdexposuresThousands oflymphocytesper g of frog0134124022443227Your Analysis1. Describe and interpret the results shown in the figure.2.(a) Graph the data in the table. (b) Based on these data, develop a hypothesisthat explains the results discussed in question 1.3. Breeding populations of amphibian species threatened by Bd have been estab-lished in captivity. In addition, evidence suggests that Cuban tree frogs canacquire resistance after exposure to dead Bd. Based on this information andyour answers to questions 1 and 2, suggest a strategy for repopulating regionsdecimated by Bd.xiiAvailable on smartphones, tablets, and computers.Incorrect; Try AgainYou labeled 2 of 7 targets incorrectly. You have labeled target (a) incorrectly. Notice that this organellehas a smooth membrane. It is involved in building macromolecules, but not proteins.Incorrect; Try AgainYou labeled 2 of 7 targets incorrectly. You have labeled target (a) incorrectly. Notice that this organelle has a smooth membrane. It is involved in building macromolecules, but not proteins.Wrong-Answer Feedback Using data gatheredfrom all of the students using the program, MasteringBiology offers wrong-answer feedback that isspecific to each student. Rather than simply providingfeedback of the “right/wrong/try again” variety,Mastering Biology guides students toward the correctfinal answer without giving the answer away.UPDATED! Test Bank questions have been analyzed and revised with student success in mind. Revisions account for how students read, analyze, and engage with the content.“I wouldn’t have passed my classwithout Mastering Biology. Thefeedback doesn’t just tell me I’mwrong, it gave me a paragraph of feedback on why I was wrong andhow I could better understand it.”—Student, University of Texas at ArlingtonxiiiReady-to-Go Teaching Modules Campbell Biology, Twelfth EditionReady-to-Go Teaching Modules provide instructors with easy-to-use teaching tools for the toughest topics in General Biology.Assign ready-madeactivities andassignments forbefore, during,and after class.Incorporate activelearning withclass-testedresources frombiology instructors.Take full advantage ofMastering Biology andLearning Catalytics,the powerful “bringyour own device”student assessmentsystem.The LightReactionsCONCEPT 10.3MeiosisCONCEPT 13.3MitosisCONCEPT 12.2OxidativePhosphorylationCONCEPT 9.4Mechanisms ofEvolutionCONCEPT 23.3 NEW!DNAReplicationCONCEPT 16.2The trp and lacOperonsCONCEPT 18.1NEW!PhylogeneticTreesCONCEPT 26.3Resting andAction PotentialsCONCEPT 48.3Transport inPlantsCONCEPT 36.2The HumanDigestive SystemCONCEPT 41.3NEW!Cardiac Cycle andHeart FunctionCONCEPT 42.2NEW!TrophicRelationshipsCONCEPT 55.3Interpreting Dataon IntroducedSpeciesCONCEPT 56.1NEW!Gene Expression:MutationsCONCEPT 17.5Early Alerts Mastering Biology help instructors know when students maybe struggling in the course. This insight enables instructors to provide personalized communication and support at the moment students need it so they can stay—and succeed—in the course.。
01_Lecture_Presentation
The Power and Limitations of Reductionism
• Reductionism is the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Ecosystem Dynamics
• The dynamics of an ecosystem include two major processes:
(Southern
(Earth)
forest) California coast)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.5
Emergent Properties
• Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system
– For example, the molecular structure of DNA
• An understanding of biology balances reductionism with the study of emergent properties
– For example, new understanding comes from studying the interactions of DNA with other molecules
围城(Fortress Besieged英文版)
Those who are outside want to get in, and those who are inside want to get out.Fortress Besieged is a classic of world literature, a masterpiece of parodic fiction that plays with Western literary traditions, philosophy and middle class Chinese society in the Republican era. The title is taken from an old French proverb, "Marriage is like a fortress besieged: those who are outside want to get in, and those who are inside want to get out". Set on the eve of the ferocious Sino-Japanese War, Fortress Besieged recounts the exuberant misadventures of the hapless hero Fang Hung-chien. This masterwork of world literature plays with Western traditions, picaresque humour, tragic-comedy, satire, Eastern philosophy and the mores of middle-class Chinese society to create its own unique feast of delights.Fortress BesiegedBy Ch'ien Chung-shuTranslated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. MaoAuthor's PrefaceIn this book I intended to write about a certain segment of society and a certain kind of people in modern China. In writing about these people, I did not forget they are human beings, still human beings with the basic nature of hairless, two-legged animals. The characters are of course fictitious, so those with a fondness for history need not trouble themselves trying to trace them out.The writing of this book took two years altogether. It was a time of great grief and disruption, during which I thought several times of giving up. Thanks to Madame Yang Chiang, who continuously urged me on while holding other matters at bay, I was able through the accumulation of many small moments to find the time to finish it. This book should be dedicated to her. But lately it seems to me that dedicating a book is like the fine rhetoric about offering one's life to one's country, or handing the reins of the government back to the people. This is but the vain and empty juggling of language. Despite all the talk about handing it over, the book remains like the flying knife of the magician—released without ever leaving the hand. And when he dedicates his work in whatever manner he chooses, the work is still the author's own. Since my book is a mere trifle, it does not call for such ingenious disingenuousness. I therefore have not bothered myself about the dedication. December 11, 1946 CH'IEN CHUNG-SHUTranslators' PrefaceCh'ien Chung-shu ranks among the foremost twentieth-century Chinese novelists, and his novel Wei-ch'eng (Fortress Besieged) is one of the greatest twentieth-century Chinese novels. After receiving extensive treatment of his works in C. T. Hsia's A History of Modern Chinese Fiction in 1961, Ch'ien was largely neglected until recently. The present translation of Wei-ch'eng reflects that renewed interest, and it is hoped that it will generate even greater interest in Ch'ien Chung-shu and his works.This translation is the cooperative effort of Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao. Whereas Jeanne Kelly did the first draft of the translation, Nathan K. Mao revised it; in addition, Mao wrote the introduction, refined the footnotes, and prepared the manuscript for publication. Despite our divided tasks, this book is our joint responsibility.We wish to thank Professor Joseph S. M. Lau of the University of Wisconsin and Professor Leo Ou-fan Lee of Indiana University for their expert editing assistance, patience, and encouragement; Chang Hsu-peng for help in the first draft of the translation; James C. T. Shu of the University of Wisconsin and Professor Mark A. Givler of Shippensburg State College for reading the entire manuscript and offering their advice; Mr. George Kao of the Chinese University of Hong Kong for permission to reprint chapter one, published in Renditions (No. 2, Spring 1974); and lastly Professor C. T. Hsia of Columbia University for supplying us with biographical and bibliographical information onCh'ien Chung-shu.We also wish to express our gratitude to Mr. Ch'ien Chung-shu himself for reading the biographical part of the Translators' Introduction as well as the Author's Preface during his visit to the United States in April-May of 1979. He clarified several items of biographical detail and made some corrections. We are deeply honored that this translation has the author's full endorsement and support.Chevy Chase, MarylandChambersburg, PennsylvaniaJKNKMIntroductionFortress Besieged, or Wei-ch'eng, first serialized in Literary Renaissance (Wen-i fu-hsing) and published in book form in 1947, has been acclaimed as "one of modern China's two best novels,"' or her "greatest novel;"2 it has been the subject of two doctoral dissertations and one master's thesis and various scholarly papers in English and Chinese.3 Among differing views on the merits of the novel, C. T. Hsia has highly praised the novel's comic exuberance and satire;4 Dennis Hu, its linguistic manipulation; Theodore Huters, its relationship to modern Chinese letters; and Mai Ping k'un has written favorably on both Ch'ien's essays and his fiction. What each critic has stressed is one aspect of the novel's multifaceted brilliance, and it is the intent of this introduction to discuss the novel as an artistic whole.On November 10, 1910, Ch'ien Chung-shu, the author of Fortress Besieged, was born into a literary family in Wuhsi, Kiangsu province. His father Ch'ien Chi-po (1887—1957) was a renowned literary historian and university professor. Ch'ien was a precocious child, noted for his photographic memory and brilliance in writing Chinese verse and prose. Upon graduation from grade school, he attended St. John's University Affiliated High Schools in Soochow and Wuhsi. In high school, Ch'ien excelled in English. When he sat for the matriculation examination of the prestigious Tsing-hua University, it was said that he scored very poorly in mathematics but did so well in English and Chinese composition that he passed the examination with some ~cIat.At Tsing-hua, Ch'ien was known as an arrogant young man, who cut lectures and kept much to himself. Among his few intimate friends was Achilles Fang, the "word wizard" (as Marianne Moore called him), who was then a student in the department of philosophy. There Ch'ien also met his future wife Yang Chiang. After graduating from Tsing-hua in 1933, he accepted a teaching appointment at Kuang-hua University in Shanghai.In 1935, on a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship, Ch'ien went to Exeter College, Oxford, and majored in English literature. He read more thrillers and detective yarns than was healthy for a student devoted to serious research. He also developed a keen interest in Hegel's philosophy and Marcel Proust's fiction. Perhaps most ego deflating was his failure to pass the probationer examination in English palaeography, and he had to sit for it a second time. Nonetheless, he did achieve his B. Litt. degree from Oxford in 1937. His thesis, composed of three meticulously researched chapters ("China in the English Literature of the Seventeenth Century" and "China in the English Literature of the Eighteenth Century''), was later published in the English edition of the Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography (Tu-shu chi-k'an). Having taken his Oxford degree, he studied a year in Paris.Returning to China in 1938, the second year of the second Sino-Japanese War, Ch'ien, at home in the literatures of two or three major European languages, taught at the National Southwest Associated University in Kunming; i the National Teachers College at Lan-t'ien in Pao-ching, Hunan province; Aurora Women's College of Arts and Sciences in Shanghai; and Chi-nan University in Shanghai. From 1946 to 1948 he was also the editor of the English language periodical Philobiblion, published by the National Central University Library in Nanking.Among the small corpus of pre-Communist works by Ch'ien, the following are noteworthy. AtTsing-hua he wrote a number of short stories and vignette-type essays for Crescent Moon (Hsin yuieh) and Literary Review (Wen-hsiieh tsa-chih) magazines. In 1941 the essays were published in Shanghai as a volume entitled Marginalia of Life (Hsieh tsai jen-sheng pien shang). Some of the short stories were anthologized in his 1946 publication entitled Men, Beasts, and Ghosts (Jen, Shou, Kuei). In 1948 he published On the Art of Poetry (T'an yi in), composed in an elegant wen-y en, or classical, style. After the Communist victory in 1949, he returned to Peking to teach at Tsing-hua University. While still in Shanghai, Ch'ien had become dissatisfied with Fortress Besieged, and thought he could do better. He began to write another novel to be called "Heart of the Artichoke" (Pai-ho hsin), after Baudelaire's phrase "Le coeur d'artichaut." He had written some 3,000 to 4,000 words, but unfortunately the manuscript was lost in the mail when the Ch'iens moved from Shanghai to Peking. He has not worked on the novel since then.In Peking Ch'ien first worked as a researcher in the Foreign Literature Institute of the Academy of Sciences; then he transferred to the Chinese Literature Institute of the same academy. Since the foundation of the Institute of Literature in the Academy of Social Sciences in 1952, he has been one of its two senior fellows, the other being Yu Ping-Po, well-known for his studies on the Dream of the Red Chamber (Hung-lou meng). Ch'ien's wife Yang Chiang is a researcher in the institute.Ch'ien seems to have abandoned the writing of his earlier vitriolic works and restricted himself to literary scholarship. His most significant post-1949 work has been Annotated Selection of Sung Poetry (Sung-shib hsiian-chu), which was published in 1958. Later he headed a team of scholars responsible for the writing of the T'ang and Sung sections of a history of Chinese literature. In 1974 it was widely rumored that he had died. The rumor prompted C. T. Hsia to write a memorial essay, "In Memory of Mr. Ch'ien Chung-shu" (Chui-nien Ch'ien Chung-shu hsien-sheng) ~6 Ch'ien, how ever, is alive and well and has been "resurrected" after the fall of the Gang of Four. His recent activities include visits to Rome in the fall of 1978 and to the United States in the spring of 1979 as a member of Chinese academic delegations. While he was in Italy, he talked with three scholars who were translating or had translated Fortress Besieged into French, Czech, and Russian. Yang Chiang was a member of a Chinese delegation in Paris while her husband was in America. Her most recent publication was a Chinese translation of Don Quixote in 1978, and it is now in its second printing.In 1979 Ch'ien published a book containing four studies, one on Chinese painting and Chinese poetry dating back to the 1930s and the other three essays written since 1949 (including one on Lin Shu, which was partially translated by George Kao and published in Renditions). Also in 1979 a new edition of Annotated Selection of Sung Poetry with thirty additional notes was published.Ch'ien's most important publication in 1979, however, is a mammoth work of over one million words entitled Kuan-chui pien, in four volumes. Each section focuses on one major classical Chinese work: I ching, Shib ching, Chuang-tzu, Lieh-tzu, Shib-chi, Tso-chuan, and the complete pre T'ang prose. Altogether ten studies, both philological and comparative (Western), comprising the four divisions of ching, shib, tzu, and chi, are written in a style more elegant and archaic than that of On the Art of Poetry. Ch'ien wanted to show the world that there is at least one person in China who can write in this style and has not broken with the old tradition; he also hoped to inspire younger Chinese everywhere to study the Chinese past. Kuan-chui pien, Ch'ien believes, will be his masterwork.7Ch'ien's B. Litt. thesis, On the Art of Poetry, and Annotated Selection of Sung Poetry are all works of solid scholarship. The first represents meticulous research; the second contains many references to Western poetics from Plato to the Abb~ Bremond and an honest evaluation of Chinese poets and their shortcomings; and the preface to the third is a masterpiece of literary analysis.8 Apart from these works, Ch'ien is primarily a satirist in his essays and short stories. For example, the first essay in Marginalia of Life is "Satan Pays an Evening Visit to Mr. Ch'ien Chung-shu" (Mo-kuei yeh fang Ch'ien Chung-shu hsien-sheng), a satire on man through the super natural, the targets being hypocrisy and ignorance. In "On Laughter and Humor" (Shuo hsiao), he attacks those lacking humor; he mocksand scorns false champions of moraFortress Besiegedlity in "Those Who Moralize" (T'an chiao-hsun); he chides the hypocrites in "Men of Letters" (Lun wen-jen) and literary charlatans in "Illiteracy" (Shih wen-mang). In a similar vein, his vitriolic fire is also apparent in his short stories, most notably in "Inspiration" (Ling kan), a satiric and harsh attack on the writing profession itself and a lampoon on a number of well-known literary figures. Lampooning as much as he does in Men, Beasts, and Ghosts, he is also a fine writer of psychological insight. His story "Cat" (Mao) is a good example of marital strife which mars the happiness of a certain Li family. Even finer than "Cat" is "Souvenir" (Chi nien), often considered the best story in Men, Beasts, and Ghosts. A study of the seduction of a lonely married woman by an air force pilot during the Sino-Japanese War, it emphasizes the heroine's feelings of guilt, fascination, revulsion, and relief toward her extramarital affair. Also well done is the story's ironic ending. After the pilot dies in action, the woman's husband, not knowing of his wife's infidelity and impregnation by the pilot, suggests that they commemorate the dead pilot by naming the baby after him, if it is a boy.Fortress Besieged, however, remains the best of Ch'ien's pre-1949 works. Structured in nine chapters, it is a comedy of manners with much picaresque humor, as well as a scholar's novel, a satire, a commentary on courtship and marriage, and a study of one contemporary man.The nine chapters can be divided into four sections, or what Roland Barthes calls "functional sequences": 9 Section I (chapters 1—4); Section II (chapter 5); Section III (chapters 6—8); and Section IV (chapter 9). Section I begins with the story of Fang Hung-chien, who is returning to China from Europe in 1937; continues with his brief visit to his hometown, Wushi, and his experience in Shanghai; and concludes with his accepting a teaching appointment at the newly established San Lii University in the interior. Section II is relatively short and centers on the trials and tribulations Fang Hung-chien and others encounter in their journey to the university; Section III highlights in vivid color the true story of Chinese pseudo-intellectuals within the confines of an academic environment; and Section IV details the trivial misunderstandings between Fang Hung-chien and his bride and ends with the dissolution of their marriage.In each of the four sections, Ch'ien Chung-shu emphasizes the hero's experiences from hope through frustration to defeat; a functional unit in itself, each section has its own curve of hope, frustration, and defeat. Furthermore, Section I serves as a microcosm for the other sections. The theme of "besiegement" is seen in Ch'ien Chung-shu's description of the various types of pressures closing in on Fang Hung-chien in Section I; the pressures are amplified in Sections II and III and concretized in Section IV. Traits of character that we are to know in excruciating detail for tens of pages are unmistakably sketched in a few. Fang's ineffectualness as a person in Section I clearly hints at the failures that are to haunt him in later sections. An inkling of the types of characters we are to meet in other sections also surfaces in Section 1. For example, the comprador Jimmy Chang in Section I is to return as Mrs. Lu in Section IV; the effeminate pseudo-intellectuals in Miss Su's circle are to be reborn as gossipmongers and power grabbers in Section III, and Japanese collaborators in Section IV. Even the boat trip in Section I is to be repeated in Section II and Section III to indicate the ebbing of the protagonist's fortunes.Even though Section I serves as a microcosm for the whole book and reveals the structural cleverness of the novel, this is not to say that the tone and mood of each section is the same; in fact, a definite pattern toward the worsening of Fang Hung-chien's fortunes can be discerned. Section I has the frivolousness of spring; Section II, the comic delights of summer; Section III, the somberness and seriousness of fall; and Section IV, the worst moments of wintry chill. By making each section a separate unit, by fashioning Section I into a sampling of the other three sections, and by showing the continuous change of tone and mood from Section I through Section IV, the author demonstrates that he is a very careful artist who fabricates and engineers every small part to fit his overall plan, down to the point of sup plying us with an omniscient narrator who steers us all the way. The result of thiscareful engineering is a mighty singleness and a massive consistency.Besides the careful engineering that goes into the structure of the novel, Fortress Besieged is a comedy of manners in its presentation of representative segments of the author's time. We meet the lowly porters, shopkeepers, innkeepers, bus drivers, country folk, soldiers, prostitutes, and French policemen serving their mother country in her Concessions in China; the middle- class returned students, country squires, journalists; and the rising middle class bankers, compradors, factory managers, Japanese collaborators, and others. Each group has its own particular characteristics, somewhat exaggerated and simplified, by which they are easily comprehensible. In minute and accurate detail, Ch'ien Chung-shu shows their idiosyncrasies. What results are brilliant caricatures of avaricious porters, defensive shopkeepers, superstitious countryfolk, hollow intellectuals, vulgar compradors and businessmen?In Section II there is also a great deal of picaresque humor, resulting from the interplay of characters and their very different standards and assumptions. One brief example must suffice. After traveling for some time on the road, Fang Hung-chien and his companions check into a nondescript inn. In examining the menu, they learn that there is "milk coffee" available and they ask the waiter for more information.The waiter assured them at once that it was good stuff from Shanghai with the original seal intact. Hung-chien asked what the brand was. This the waiter didn't know, but in any case it was sweet, fragrant, and top quality, for one paper bag made one cup of coffee."That's coffee candy to cajole children with," said Hsin-mei, suddenly understanding."Don't be so particular," said Hung-chien in high spirits. "Bring us three cups and then we'll see. At least it should have a little coffee flavor."The waiter nodded and left. Miss Sun said, "That coffee candy has no milk in it. How could it be called milk coffee? Milk powder must have been added to it."Hung-chien jerked his mouth in the fat woman's direction and said, "As long as it's not her milk, anything'll do."Miss Sun frowned and pouted in a rather charming expression of disgust.Reddening, Hsin-mei restrained a laugh and said, "You! Your re marks are disgusting."The coffee came; surprisingly enough it was both black and fragrant with a layer of white froth floating on the top. Hung-chien asked the waiter what it was. The waiter said that it was milk, and when asked what sort of milk, he replied that it was the cream.Hsin-mei remarked, "It looks to me like human spit."Hung-chien, who was about to take a drink, brusquely shoved the cup away, saying, "I won't drink it!" (pp. 156—157)Fortress Besieged is also a scholar's novel. Throughout the novel, par ticularly in Section 1, references are made to Chinese and Western literature, philosophy, logic, customs, laws, educational systems, and other areas such as foreign languages and feminism. The author's knowledge is so wide that he is probably modern China's foremost "scholar novelist," a designation for a special class of literary men "who utilized the form of a long narrative not merely to tell a story but to satisfy their needs for all other kinds of intellectual and literary self-expression."'0 Among the works of Chinese lit erature that belong to this special category are Journey to the West (Hsi yu chi), Dream of the Red Chamber (Hung-lou meng), The Scholars (lu-un wai-shih), Flowers in the Mirror (Chin g-hua yuan), Yeh-sou p'u-y en, T'an shih, and Yen-shan wai-shih."However, a distinction must be drawn between Fortress Besieged and the others. Whereas the others are mostly episodic in nature and often digress on such subjects as astrology, arithmetic, calligraphy, gardening, medicine, and so forth for the sole purpose of displaying their authors' erudition, Fortress Besieged has structural unity and never burdens the reader with unnecessary or excessive information on any subject. The author's knowledge merely helps the narrative strand of the novel in supplying the reader with an observant, witty, and rhetorical narrator.The narrator is indeed all of the above. His observations are sharp and direct. Remarking on the filth on the deck of Vicomte de Bragelonne, he muses: "The French are famous for the clarity of their thought and the lucidness of their prose, yet in whatever they do, they never fail to bring chaos, filth, and hubbub, as witness the mess on board the ship" (p. 4). In a second instance, the narrator's wit bubbles forth in his description of Miss Pao: "When men students saw Miss Pao, they burned with lewd desire, and found some relief by endlessly cracking jokes behind her back. Some called her a charcuterie—a shop selling cooked meats—because only such a shop would have so much warm-colored flesh on public display. Others called her 'Truth,' since it is said that 'the truth is naked.' But Miss Pao wasn't exactly without a stitch on, so they revised her name to 'Partial Truth'" (p. 7). Rhetorically, the narrator takes a great deal of delight in word play. His penchant for definitions is seen in the following two examples: "It is said that 'girl friend' is the scientific term for sweetheart, making it sound more dignified, just as the biological term for rose is 'rosaceae dicotyledonous,' or the legal term for divorcing one's wife is 'negotiated separation by consent'" (p. 26). In another case, he writes, "Kao Sung-nien, the president of San Lu University, was an 'old science scholar.' The word 'old' here is quite bothersome. It could describe science or it could just as well be describing a scientist. Unfortunately, there is a world of difference between a scientist and science. A scientist is like wine. The older he gets, the more valuable he is, while science is like a woman. When she gets old, she's worthless" (p. 192).The author's knowledge of Chinese classics and Pidgin English unquestionably helps him to better caricature Mr. Fang Tung-weng, the protagonist's father, and Mr. Jimmy Chang, a Shanghai comprador. In the case of the former, his every thought is an allusion, a proverb, or a quote from the classics, as evidenced in the following letter advising his son to pay more attention to school work:I did not begrudge the expense of sending you hundreds of miles away to study. If you devoted yourself to your studies as you should, would you still have the leisure to look in a mirror? You are not a woman, so what need do you have of a mirror? That sort of thing is for actors only. A real man who gazes at himself in the mirror will only be scorned by society. Never had I thought once you parted from me that you would pick up such base habits. Most deplorable and disgusting!Moreover, it is said that "When one's parents are still living, a son should not speak of getting old." You have no consideration for your parents, who hold you dearly in their hearts, but frighten them with the talk of death. This is certainly neglect of filial duties to the extreme! It can only be the result of your attending a coeducational school—seeing women around has put ideas in your head. The sight of girls has made you think of change. Though you make excuses about "autumnal melancholy," I know full well that what ails you are the "yearnings of springtime." (pp. 9—10)Fang Tung-weng's style of writing is the man himself: allusive, self- righteous, prejudiced, traditional, and pedantic. The success of the portrait of Fang Tung-weng is due, to a large extent, to the author's understanding of the empty posturings of the traditional country squire whose ideas are those of the imperial past though he lives in the modern twentieth century.On the other hand, Ch'ien Chung-shu's portrait of Jimmy Chang is precise. The following is a description of Fang Hung-chien's visit with Jimmy (the words in italics are in English in the original): As Mr. Chang shook hands with Hung-chien, he asked him if he had to go downtown every day. When the pleasantries were over, Hung-chien noticed a glass cupboard filled with bowls, jars, and plates and asked, "Do you collect porcelain, Mr. Chang?"Chapter1-2(第一章)Input Date:05/29/2007 Read: 106 [Print] [Close]The Red Sea had long since been crossed, and the ship was now on its way over the Indian Ocean; but as always the sun mercilessly rose early and set late, encroaching upon the better part of the night. The night, like paper soaked in oil, had become translucent. Locked in the embrace of the sun, the night's own form was indiscernible. Perhaps it had become intoxicated by the sun, which would explain whythe night sky remained flushed long after the gradual fading of the rosy sunset. By the time the ruddiness dissipated and the night itself awoke from its stupor, the passengers in their cabins had awakened, glistening with sweat; after bathing, they hurried out on deck to catch the ocean breeze. Another day had begun.It was toward the end of July, equivalent to the 'san-fu' period of the lunar calendar - the hottest days of the year. In China the heat was even more oppressive than usual. Later everyone agreed the unusual heat was a portent of troops and arms, for it was the twenty-sixth year of the Republic (1937).The French liner, the Vicomte de Bragelonne, was on its way to China. Some time after eight in the morning, the third-class deck, still damp from swabbing, was already filled with passengers standing and sitting about -the French, the Jewish refugees from Germany, the Indians, the Vietnamese and, needless to say, the Chinese. The ocean breeze carried with it an arid heat; the scorching wind blew dry the bodies of fat people and covered them with a frosty layer of salt congealed with sweat, as though fresh from a bath in the Dead Sea in Palestine. Still, it was early morning, and people's high spirits had not yet withered or turned limp under the glare of the sun. They talked and bustled about with great zest. The Frenchmen, newly commissioned to serve as policemen in Vietnam or in the French Concession in China, had gathered around and were flirting with a coquettish young Jewish woman. Bismarck once remarked that what distinguished French ambassadors and ministers was that they couldn't speak a word of any foreign language, but these policemen, although they did not understand any German, managed to get their meaning across well enough to provoke giggles from the Jewish woman, thus proving themselves far superior to their diplomats. The woman's handsome husband, who was standing nearby, watched with pleasure, since for the last few days he had been enjoying the large quantities of cigarettes, beer and lemonade that had been coming his way.Once the Red Sea was passed, no longer was there fear of the intense heat igniting a fire, so, besides the usual fruit peelings, scraps of paper, bottle caps and cigarette butts were everywhere. The French are famous for the clarity of their thought and the lucidity of their prose, yet in whatever they do, they never fail to bring chaos, filth and hubbub, as witness the mess on board the ship. Relying on man's ingenuity and entrusted with his hopes, but loaded with his clutter, the ship sailed along amidst the noise and bustle; each minute it returned one small stretch of water, polluted with the smell of man, back to the different, boundless and never-ending ocean.Each summer as usual a batch of Chinese students were returning home after completing their studies abroad, and about a dozen of them were aboard. Most were young people who had not as yet found employment; they were hastening back to China at the start of the summer vacation to have more time to look for jobs. Those who had no worries about jobs would wait until the cool autumn before sailing leisurely toward home. Although some of those on board had been students in France, the others, who had been studying in England, Germany and Belgium, had gone to Paris to gain more experience of nightlife before taking a French ship home. Meeting at a far corner of the earth, they became good friends at once, discussing the foreign threats and internal turmoil of their motherland, wishing they could return immediately to serve her. The ship moved ever so slowly, while homesickness welled up in everyone's heart and yearned for release. Then suddenly from heaven knows where appeared two sets of mahjong, the Chinese national pastime, said to be popular in America as well. Thus, playing mahjong not only had a down-home flavour to it but was also in tune with world trends. As luck would have it, there were more than enough people to set up two tables of mahjong. So, except for eating and sleeping, they spent their entire time gambling. Breakfast was no sooner over than down in the dining room the first round of mahjong was to begin.once remarked that what distinguished French ambassadors and ministers was that they couldn't speak a word of any foreign language, but these policemen, although they did not understand any German, managed to get their meaning across well enough to provoke giggles from the Jewish woman, thus proving themselves far superior to their diplomats. The woman's handsome husband, who was。
AP Chemistry Notes Chapter 1 化学
• We recognize life
– By what living things do
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Some properties of life
(a) Order
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjain Forms of Cells • All cells share certain characteristics
– They are all enclosed by a membrane – They all use DNA as genetic information
• The phenomenon we call life
– Defies a simple, one-sentence definition
Figure 1.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The molecular structure of DNA
– Accounts for it information-rich nature
Nucleus DNA
Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA
哈克贝利费恩历险记第1章节英文概括
哈克贝利费恩历险记第1章节英文概括Huckleberry Finn Chapter 1 Summary: In this chapter, the reader is introduced to the character of Huckleberry Finn, a young boy who is living with a widow in St. Petersburg, Missouri. Huck is restless and doesn't like the rules and restrictions placed on him by the widow, so he decides to run away. He fakes his own death and escapes to Jackson's Island in the Mississippi River.在这一章节中，读者认识了哈克贝利·费恩这个角色，一个住在密苏里圣彼得堡与一位寡妇住在一起的年轻男孩。
哈克感到不安分，不喜欢寡妇给他规定的各种规则和限制，因此他决定逃走。
他伪装自己的死亡，逃到密西西比河中的杰克逊岛上。
The chapter highlights the theme of freedom and independence as seen through Huck's desire to break free from the constraints of society. Despite the widow's attempts to civilize him, Huck longs for the open spaces and lack of rules found in nature. His decision to run away symbolizes his yearning for a life without restrictions.这一章节突出了自由和独立的主题，通过哈克想要摆脱社会限制的欲望。
Fuzzy
320COGNITION AND EMOTION,2000,14(3),313±Fuzzy logical model of bimodal emotion perception: Comment on``The perception of emotions by ear and by eye’’by de Gelder and VroomenDominic W.Massaro and Michael M.CohenUniversity of California,Santa Cruz,CA,USADe Gelder and Vroomen(this issue)studied how emotions are perceived from informationgiven by the face and the voice.Emotions in the face and the voice were presented under both unimodal and bimodal conditions.When partici-pants identi®ed the affect,they were in¯uenced by information from both modalities.This result occurred even when they were instructed to base their judgement on just one of the modalities.These experiments and results provide an independent replication of similar studies published in Massaro (1998).Given this opportunityfor a new set of tests,the fuzzy logical model of perception(FLMP)was t to the new results provided by de Gelder and Vroomen.Of central interest is the nature of the bimodal performance as a function of the unimodal performance.The FLMP gave a good t of perfor-mance.The description reveals that,although information differences exist across different instruction conditions,the information processing involved in pattern recognition appears to be the same and well-described by the FLMP.The in¯uence of facial information on speech perception has gained prominence in cognitive psychology beginning with the classic study of McGurk and MacDonald(1976).De Gelder and Vroomen(this issue)used these ndings as a model for their studies of emotion perception.They asked participants to identify an emotion(e.g.,happy or sad)given a photograph and/or an auditory spoken sentence.They found that theiridenti®cation judgements were in¯uenced by both sources of information,2000Psychology Press Ltd/journals/pp/02699931.html314MASSARO AND COHENeven when they were instructed to base their judgement on just one of the sources.These results are particularly valuable to us because they represent an independent test of our theoretical framework by researchers other than ourselves.We use their results to test the fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP),which to date has survived a number of empirical tests(Massaro, 1998;Massaro&Stork,1998).The FLMP provides an account of perception and pattern recognition in a wide variety of domains.Within the FLMP,perceptual recognition is viewed as having available multiple sources of information supporting the identi®cation and interpretation of the environmental input.The assump-tions central to the model are:(1)each source of information is evaluated to give the continuous degree to which that source speci®es various alter-natives;(2)the sources of information are evaluated independently of one another;(3)the sources are integrated to provide an overall degree of support for each alternative;and(4)perceptual identi®cation and inter-pretation follows the relative degree of support among the alternatives. Figure1illustrates the stages of processing in the model.The paradigm that we have developed permits us to determine how one source of information is processed and integrated with other sources of information.The results also inform us about which of the many poten-tially functional cues are actually used by human observers(Campbell& Massaro,1997;Massaro,1987,chapter1;Massaro&Friedman,1990). The systematic variation of properties of the signal combined with the quantitative test of models of speech perception enables the investigator to test the psychological validity of different cues.This paradigm has alreadyFigure1.Schematic representation of the three processes involved in perceptual recognition. The three processes are shown to proceed left to right in time to illustrate their necessarily successive but overlapping processing.These processes make use of prototypes stored in long-term memory.The sources of information are represented by upper-case letters.Auditory information is represented by A i and visual information by V j.The evaluation process trans-forms these sources of information into psychological(or fuzzy truth,Zadeh,1965)values (indicated by lower-case letters a i and v j).These sources are then integrated to give an overall degree of support,s k,for each speech alternative,k.The decision operation maps the outputs of integration into some response alternative,R k.The response can take the form of a discretedecision or a rating of the degree to which the alternative is likely.BIMODAL EMOTION PERCEPTION:COMMENT315 proven to be effective in the study of audible,visible,and bimodal speech perception(Massaro,1987,1998).Thus,our research strategy not only addresses how different sources of information are evaluated and integrated,but can uncover what sources of information are actually used. We believe that the research paradigm confronts both the important psy-chophysical question of the nature of information and the process question of how the information is transformed and mapped into behaviour.Many independent tests point to the viability of the FLMP as a general description of pattern recognition.The FLMP is centred around a universal law of how people integrate multiple sources of information.This law and its relation-ship to other laws are presented in detail in Massaro(1998).The assumptions of the FLMP are testable because they are expressed in quantitative form.One is the idea that sources of information are evaluated independently of one another.Independence of sources is motivated by the principle of category-conditional independence(Massaro&Stork,1998): It is not possible to predict the evaluation of one source on the basis of the evaluation of another,so the independent evaluation of both sources is necessary to make an optimal category judgement.Sources are thus kept separate at evaluation,they are then integrated to achieve perception and interpretation.Multiplicative integration yields a measure of total support for a given category identi®cation.This operation,implemented in the model,allows the combination of two imperfect sources of information to yield better performance than would be possible using either source by itself.However, the output of integration is an absolute measure of support;it must be relativised,due to the observed factor of relative in¯uence(the in¯uence of one source increases as other sources become less in¯uential,i.e.,more ambiguous).Relativisation is effected through a decision stage,which divides the support for one category by the summed support for all other categories.An important empirical claim about this algorithm is that although information may vary from one perceptual situation to the next,the manner of combining this informationÐinformation proces-singÐis invariant.With our algorithm,we thus propose an invariant law of pattern recognition describing how continuously perceived(fuzzy) information is processed to achieve perception of a category.Given this framework,one emerging feature of the FLMP is the division of perception into the twin levels of information and information proces-sing.The sources of information from the auditory and visual channels make contact with the perceiver at the evaluation stage of processing.The reduction in uncertainty effected by each source is de®ned as information. In the t of the FLMP,for example,the parameter values indicating the degree of support from each modality correspond to information.These parameter values represent how informative each source of information is.316MASSARO AND COHENInformation processing refers to how the sources of information are processed.In the FLMP,this processing is described by the evaluation, integration,and decision stages.Within this framework,we can ask what information differences exist among individuals and across different pattern-recognition situations.Similarly,we can ask whether differences in information processing occur.For example,we can look for differences in both information and information processing when participants are given different instructions in a pattern-recognition task.In their rst experiment,de Gelder and Vroomen asked participants to identify the person as happy or sad.The stimuli were manipulated in an expanded factorial design with an11-step visual continuum between happy and sad and an auditory sentence that was read in either a happy or sad voice.Thus,there were112bimodal conditions,11visual-alone condi-tions,and2auditory-alone conditions,for a total of35unique stimulus conditions.The participants were instructed to watch the screen and to listen to the voice on each trial.The FLMP was t to the average results by estimating free parameters for the11levels of visual information and2levels of auditory information. Figure2gives the observed and predicted results.As can be seen in theFigure2.The points give the observed proportion of sad identi®cations in the auditory-alone,the factorial auditory-visual,and the visual-alone conditions as a function of theauditory and visual stimuli.The lines are the predictions of the FLMP.gure,the FLMP gives a good description of the average results with a root mean square deviation (RMSD)of.022.Table 1gives the parameter values.The same design was used in the second experiment except that the two auditory-alone trials were omitted.Observers were told to judge the face and to ignore the voice.The FLMP was t to these new results by estimating a new set of free parameters for the 11levels of visual information and 2levels of auditory information.Figure 3gives the observed and predicted BIMODAL EMOTION PERCEPTION:COMMENT317TABLE 1Parameter values for the 11levels of the face and 2levels of the voice forExperiment 1(use both modalities)and Experiment 2(ignore the voice)Figure 3.The points give the observed proportion of sad identi®cations in the factorial auditory-visual and the visual-alone conditions as a function of the auditory and visual stimuli.The lines are the predictions of the FLMP.results.As can be seen in the gure,the FLMP gives a good description of the average results with a RMSD of.027.Table 1gives the parameter values.Comparison of the parameter values across the two experiments in Table 1allows us to test the hypothesis that there are information differences in the two different instruction conditions.As can be seen in the table,the parameter values for the happy and sad voice are made much more neutral (closer to .5)in the situation in which participants were instructed to ignore the voice than in the situation in which they were told to use both modalities.The parameter values for the face were mostly similar across the two conditions.Thus,the FLMP is capable of describing the results by simply assuming that the information from the voice was attenuated when participants were instructed to ignore it.The good t of the FLMP in both instruction conditions,however,indicates that the two sources are integrated in the same manner regardless of instructions.In the third experiment aimed at having observers judge the voice and to ignore the face,a 7-step auditory sentence continuum was made between happy and afraid.The visual stimuli were happy and fearful photographs of the speaker of the sentences.For some reason the auditory-alone stimuli were not presented.Thus,there were only 7214experimental conditions.The FLMP was t to the average results by estimating free parameters for the 7levels of auditory infor-mation and 2levels of visual information.Figure 4gives the observed and predicted results.As can be seen in the gure,the FLMP gives a good description of the average results with an RMSD of .023.Table 2gives the parameter values.Although a direct comparison between this experiment and Experiment 1is not justi®ed because of the different stimuli that were used,we can observe that the in¯uence of the face was much smaller when participants were instructed to ignore it.Tables 1and 2show that the parameter values for the prototypical emotions were much attenuated in Experiment 3relative to Experiment 1.318MASSARO ANDCOHENTABLE 2Parameter values for the 7levels of the voice and2levels of the face for Experiment 3In conclusion,we were successful in testing the FLMP against a new set of data from a new set of investigators.The framework and model provide a parsimonious account of several experimental manipulations.The dis-tinction between information and information processing is a powerful concept and reveals how instructional differences can modulate perfor-mance in the task.This outcome replicates the ndings in Massaro (1998,chapter 8)and adds to the body of results supporting a universal principle for pattern recognition.Manuscript received 11March 1999REFERENCESCampbell,C.S.,&Massaro,D.W .(1997).Visible speech perception:In¯uence of spatialquantization.Perception ,26,627±644.Massaro,D.W .(1987).Speech perception by ear and eye:A paradigm for psychological inquiry .Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.Massaro,D.W .(1998).Perceiving talking faces:From speech perception to a behavioral prin-ciple .Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.BIMODAL EMOTION PERCEPTION:COMMENT 319Figure 4.The points give the observed proportion of afraid identi®cations in factorial auditory-visual conditions as a function of the auditory and visual stimuli.The lines are the predictions of the FLMP.320MASSARO AND COHENMassaro,D.W.,&Friedman,D.(1990).Models of integration given multiple sources of information.Psychological Review,97,225±252.Massaro,D.W.,&Stork,D.G.(1998).Speech recognition and sensory integration.American Scientist,86,236±244.McGurk,H.,&MacDonald,J.(1976).Hearing lips and seeing voices.Nature,264,746±748. Zadeh,L.A.(1965).Fuzzy rmation and Control,8,338±353.。
科学的学习计划英语怎么说
科学的学习计划英语怎么说A Scientific Study PlanIntroductionStudying science is crucial for a better understanding of the world around us and for making advancements in various fields. Creating a comprehensive and effective study plan is essential for mastering scientific subjects and gaining a deep understanding of their principles and applications. This scientific study plan will outline the strategies and techniques for learning and mastering scientific subjects, including biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics.Goals and ObjectivesThe primary goal of this scientific study plan is to develop a thorough understanding of scientific principles and concepts. By the end of this study plan, the student should be able to:1. Demonstrate a solid understanding of the fundamental concepts in biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics.2. Apply scientific principles to analyze and solve real-world problems.3. Develop critical thinking and analytical skills in scientific reasoning.4. Prepare for future studies or careers in scientific fields.Study MaterialsTo effectively study science, it is important to have access to quality study materials. The following list includes recommendedbooks, online resources, and tools for studying biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics:Biology:- "Campbell Biology" by Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, and Robert B. Jackson.- Khan Academy: Biology - Free online lessons and resources for learning biology.- Biology textbooks and study guides.Physics:- "Fundamentals of Physics" by David Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker.- Khan Academy: Physics - Comprehensive online lessons and resources for learning physics.- Physics textbooks and study guides.Chemistry:- "Chemistry: The Central Science" by Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, and Patrick M. Woodward.- Khan Academy: Chemistry - Extensive online resources for learning chemistry.- Chemistry textbooks and study guides.Mathematics:- "Mathematics: Its Power and Utility" by Karl Smith.- Khan Academy: Mathematics - A wide range of online lessons and resources for learning mathematics.- Mathematics textbooks and study guides.Study PlanThe following study plan is designed to cover the key topics in biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics over a period of six months. The plan includes a balance of reading, practice problems, concept review, and application of scientific principles.Month 1: BiologyWeek 1-2:- Read the first four chapters of "Campbell Biology."- Watch and take notes on the corresponding Khan Academy: Biology videos.- Complete the practice quizzes and review exercises at the end of each chapter.Week 3-4:- Continue reading "Campbell Biology" chapters 5-8.- Watch and take notes on the corresponding Khan Academy: Biology videos.- Complete the practice quizzes and review exercises at the end of each chapter.Month 2: PhysicsWeek 1-2:- Read the first four chapters of "Fundamentals of Physics."- Watch and take notes on the corresponding Khan Academy: Physics videos.- Complete the practice problems and review exercises at the end of each chapter.Week 3-4:- Continue reading "Fundamentals of Physics" chapters 5-8.- Watch and take notes on the corresponding Khan Academy: Physics videos.- Complete the practice problems and review exercises at the end of each chapter.Month 3: ChemistryWeek 1-2:- Read the first four chapters of "Chemistry: The Central Science." - Watch and take notes on the corresponding Khan Academy: Chemistry videos.- Complete the practice problems and review exercises at the end of each chapter.Week 3-4:- Continue reading "Chemistry: The Central Science" chapters 5-8. - Watch and take notes on the corresponding Khan Academy: Chemistry videos.- Complete the practice problems and review exercises at the end of each chapter.Month 4: MathematicsWeek 1-2:- Read the first four chapters of "Mathematics: Its Power and Utility."- Watch and take notes on the corresponding Khan Academy: Mathematics videos.- Complete the practice problems and review exercises at the end of each chapter.Week 3-4:- Continue reading "Mathematics: Its Power and Utility" chapters 5-8.- Watch and take notes on the corresponding Khan Academy: Mathematics videos.- Complete the practice problems and review exercises at the end of each chapter.Month 5: Integration and ApplicationWeek 1-2:- Review key concepts and principles from biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics.- Complete integrated practice problems and case studies that require the application of multiple scientific disciplines.Week 3-4:- Work on project-based assignments that require the application of scientific principles to real-world scenarios.- Collaborate with peers to discuss and solve challenging scientific problems.Month 6: Review and MasteryWeek 1-2:- Conduct a comprehensive review of all the key topics in biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics.- Work through practice exams and assignments to assess understanding and identify areas for improvement.Week 3-4:- Continue the review process by focusing on weak areas and seeking additional resources for further clarification.- Discuss challenging concepts with teachers, tutors, or peers to gain a deeper understanding.ConclusionBy following this six-month scientific study plan, the student will have developed a solid foundation in biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics, as well as a strong ability to apply scientific principles to real-world problems. Through a combination of reading, practice problems, and integrated application, the student will have gained the skills and knowledge necessary for success in future scientific studies or careers. The key to mastering scientific subjects lies in dedication, consistent effort, and a well-structured study plan.。
以格力电器为例-精选文档
展望——科研投入与成长性策略
不过美的电器最终还是转变了激进的经营策略。 2019年年初，美的宣布进行进行战略转型， “不过分追求收入增长，不打价格战”！ 2019年1月13日，格力电器实施公开增发， 希望通过此次增发募集资金32.6亿元。格力电 器表示争取2019年全年实现营收1000亿元， 预计未来几年净利润保持约20%的年复合增长。
实证——科研投入的财务评价
我国空调产品市场于2019-2019年左右出现 饱和状态——“旧市场”进入尾声
Logistic回归结果：
实证——科研投入的财务评价
当前变频空调领域的行业集中度已经相当高， 格力变频空调的市场销售份额达35.24%，高 出第二名美的变频空调近9%。虽然美的着力 开发新产品，但它在市场份额上的进步并不明 显；或者说适合新产品成长的“新市场”还未 到来。 在目前空调生产者仍具降低生产成本的可能性， 且市场总量没有大变化时，格力的“过程创新” 也可以做成一块“大蛋糕”。
实证——科研投入的财务评价
如果其他空调生产厂商转向格 力购买技术专利，在其他业务 利润率不变的前提下格力可以 稳步提高营业利润的14%19%，这对于营业收入常常 取决于经济基本面的家电制造 企业来说是一项不错的收益来 源。
实019)的产品创新理论，在产品生 命周期的前期，企业没有多少动力去降低生产 成本，这时企业之间的竞争主要体现在推出更 多的产品，企业自然会倾向产品创新；而到了 产品生命周期的后期，随着市场潜力的缩小， 产品种类足够丰富时，竞争的压力转向了成本， 投资就会相应转向过程创新。
猜测——企业科研投入与股票投资的“防 御性” log(ROE)=α log(PPI)+βlog(CPI)+δ log(loan)+ξ +ε