对中国马业发展问题的思考与商榷
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一、五点思考 Deep consideration
2. 样本和总体 Sample and population
• 2.1 调查方法是否规范，抽样是否合理，样本能否代表总体 Whether the survey method is correct, sampling is reasonable, sample is the representative of population?
• 1.2 杂交只是一种手段，称之为 “杂交利用” Crossbreeding is only one method of breeding, named crossbreeding for utilization
20世纪50年代后，中国通过有目的的杂交培育出 了10余个新马种
Over 10 new horse breeds have been established by targeted crossbreeding since 1950s in China.
蒙古马
哈萨克马
Mongolia Horse Kazakh Horse
河曲马 Hequ Horse
藏马
西南马
Tibetan Horse Southwest Horse
• 4.2 品种 Breed (1)来源相同 same origin (2)适应性相似 similar adaptation (3)性状相似 similar trait (4)遗传性稳定 stable heredity (5)一定的结构（品系或各具特点类群）
一、五点思考 Deep consideration
4 .系统、品种和品群、地域群 System, breed, group and regional group
• 4.1 系统 System 来源一致的地方马种 Native horses origin from the same place
五大系统 Five horse systems in China
2 .样本和总体 Sample and population
3 .单选种和综合选种 Selective breeding in accordance with the single trait and comprehensive traits
4 .系统、品种和品群、地域群 System, breed, group and regional group
5.大宛马、天马、 阿哈—捷金马和“汗血马” Dayuan Horse, Sky Horse, Akhal-Teke and Blood-sweat Horse
二、两点建议 Suggestions
1 .“五业并举”和 “十六字方针” Five industries develop simultaneously and sixteen Chinese characters guidelines
一、五点思考 Deep consideration
3 . 单选种和综合选种 Selective breeding in accordance with the single trait and comprehensive traits
• 综合选种仍不失为目前家畜选种相对较好的方法 Selective breeding in accordance with the comprehensive traits is better than a single trait
• 2.2 采样不真实，杂种还是原种 Sampling is not true and cross horses have been considered as native horses in mistake
• 2.3 血统是否避开
Sampling should avoid the same bloodline.
• 2.4 饲喂试验的设计中，单圈、单槽是一个试验单元
Each horse should live in the independent stall and fed on its own in the feeding trials.
邓亮博士供图 （ Photo courtesy of
Dr. Liang Deng ）
• 1.4 把杂交称之为“良种化”，要求全覆盖，是政策性错误 It’s a policy mistake if crossbreeding will be named improved which crossbreeding completely covered in a large scale
• 1.5 杂种马不能称为改良马 It’s a fault if the crossbreeding horses are named improved horses
对中国马业发展问题的思考与商榷
Thinking over and debating the development of Chinese equine industry
主要内容 Contents
一、五点思考 Deep consideration
1 .杂交与改良 Crossbreeding and improving native horse breeds
2 .重心、结构和组织构成 The key points, structure and organizations
一、五点思考 Deep consideration
1 . 杂交与改良 Crossbreeding and improving native horse breeds
• 1.1“杂交改良”，是受前苏联教材影响 The term “crossbreeding and improving” is originating from the course book of the former Soviet Union
三河马 Sanhe Horse
伊犁马 Yili Horse
关中马 Guanzhong Horse
铁岭挽马 Tieling Draft Horse
• 1.3 无序杂交，实际是对家畜遗传资源的破坏 Crossbreeding without being validated will do harm to livestock genetic resources
一、五点思考 Deep consideration
2. 样本和总体 Sample and population
• 2.1 调查方法是否规范，抽样是否合理，样本能否代表总体 Whether the survey method is correct, sampling is reasonable, sample is the representative of population?
• 1.2 杂交只是一种手段，称之为 “杂交利用” Crossbreeding is only one method of breeding, named crossbreeding for utilization
20世纪50年代后，中国通过有目的的杂交培育出 了10余个新马种
Over 10 new horse breeds have been established by targeted crossbreeding since 1950s in China.
蒙古马
哈萨克马
Mongolia Horse Kazakh Horse
河曲马 Hequ Horse
藏马
西南马
Tibetan Horse Southwest Horse
• 4.2 品种 Breed (1)来源相同 same origin (2)适应性相似 similar adaptation (3)性状相似 similar trait (4)遗传性稳定 stable heredity (5)一定的结构（品系或各具特点类群）
一、五点思考 Deep consideration
4 .系统、品种和品群、地域群 System, breed, group and regional group
• 4.1 系统 System 来源一致的地方马种 Native horses origin from the same place
五大系统 Five horse systems in China
2 .样本和总体 Sample and population
3 .单选种和综合选种 Selective breeding in accordance with the single trait and comprehensive traits
4 .系统、品种和品群、地域群 System, breed, group and regional group
5.大宛马、天马、 阿哈—捷金马和“汗血马” Dayuan Horse, Sky Horse, Akhal-Teke and Blood-sweat Horse
二、两点建议 Suggestions
1 .“五业并举”和 “十六字方针” Five industries develop simultaneously and sixteen Chinese characters guidelines
一、五点思考 Deep consideration
3 . 单选种和综合选种 Selective breeding in accordance with the single trait and comprehensive traits
• 综合选种仍不失为目前家畜选种相对较好的方法 Selective breeding in accordance with the comprehensive traits is better than a single trait
• 2.2 采样不真实，杂种还是原种 Sampling is not true and cross horses have been considered as native horses in mistake
• 2.3 血统是否避开
Sampling should avoid the same bloodline.
• 2.4 饲喂试验的设计中，单圈、单槽是一个试验单元
Each horse should live in the independent stall and fed on its own in the feeding trials.
邓亮博士供图 （ Photo courtesy of
Dr. Liang Deng ）
• 1.4 把杂交称之为“良种化”，要求全覆盖，是政策性错误 It’s a policy mistake if crossbreeding will be named improved which crossbreeding completely covered in a large scale
• 1.5 杂种马不能称为改良马 It’s a fault if the crossbreeding horses are named improved horses
对中国马业发展问题的思考与商榷
Thinking over and debating the development of Chinese equine industry
主要内容 Contents
一、五点思考 Deep consideration
1 .杂交与改良 Crossbreeding and improving native horse breeds
2 .重心、结构和组织构成 The key points, structure and organizations
一、五点思考 Deep consideration
1 . 杂交与改良 Crossbreeding and improving native horse breeds
• 1.1“杂交改良”，是受前苏联教材影响 The term “crossbreeding and improving” is originating from the course book of the former Soviet Union
三河马 Sanhe Horse
伊犁马 Yili Horse
关中马 Guanzhong Horse
铁岭挽马 Tieling Draft Horse
• 1.3 无序杂交，实际是对家畜遗传资源的破坏 Crossbreeding without being validated will do harm to livestock genetic resources