2.2生态足迹及生态承载力

Issues related to social equity


inequities among social groups in lifestyle intensity
(and poverty)
aspirations of people to have a higher intensity of
GDP ($ US)
The per capita ecological footprint is closely related, in a
statistical sense, to the per-capita Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) of a50000
national economy
relatively low (e.g., Bangladesh) to high (e.g., Canada, U.S.A.)
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Per Capita Footprint and Energy Consumption
The per capita ecological footprint is also closely related to the
lifestyle
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0
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United States
Australia
Finland
Sweden
Canada
Denmark
Norway
France
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Germany
3
Spain
4
Netherlands
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你的生态足迹是多少？
消费与生活质量？
—吃多少？吃什么？
—中国食物消费和请客习惯，日本？
—出行，轿车OR公共交通？自行车？
你能为可持续发展做什么？


学术研究——可持续消费
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小轿车、公共汽车、自行车所需面积对比
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The results of your Ecological Footprint may even
motivate you to make a few changes to your lifestyle that
will help to achieve reduced Ecological Footprints.
data for 34 countries ranging in energy use from relatively
low (e.g., Bangladesh) to high (e.g., Canada, U.S.A.)
(Ehrlich and Holdren)
—Affluence includes consumption, waste and pollution
—Technology includes systems of providing water,
food, shelter, energy, etc.
Overpopulation occurs when:

4.
per capita consumption of energy and material
resources, and of manufactured goods, food, and space
per capita production of waste
this affects the efficiency of energy and material usage
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National Footprints
The size of a national ecological footprint depends
upon four major factors:
1.
Population size
2.
Standard of living


3.
Technology being used
handle.
—When people exceed the carrying capacity of an area.
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What is the Ecological Footprint?



The ecological footprint is an environmental accounting
作为一个国家，中国消耗了全球生物承
载力的15%，中国消耗的资源已超过
自身生态系统所能提供资源的两倍。
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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
报告指出，中国的人均生态足迹是
1.6全球公顷，也就是说，平均每人需
要1.6公顷具有生态生产力的土地来满
足其生活方式的需要。中国的人均生态
足迹在147个国家中列第69位。
2
1
13
Per Capita Footprint and GDP
一、两个关键术语
生态足迹Ecological footprint
生态承载力Ecological carrying
capacity
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Population/Environment principles
I=PxAxT
Impact = Population x Affluence x(/) Technology
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
ecological footprint (Gha/person)
Ecological Footprints of Countries
中国环境与发展国际合作委员会和
WWF日前共同发布了中国生态足迹报
告指出，自从二十世纪60年代以来，
中国的人均生态足迹持续增长了约两倍。
LowProductivity
Ocean
4%
Biologically
Productive
Ocean
18%
Biologically
Productive Land
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11%
Deserts, Ice Caps
and Barren Land
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Carrying Capacity
• The maximum population of a given organism that a
levels of consumption and waste production, using
prevailing technology.
•
•
it translates data for the consumption of energy and material
resources into the equivalent area of biologically productive habitat
tool that is comprehensive, yet as an indicator relatively
simple and easy to understand
The Ecological Footprint measures how much nature we
have, how much we use, and who uses it.
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Why calculate your Footprint?



Measuring our Ecological Footprint can help us identify
what contributes the most to our Footprint, and how
resources could be used more efficiently in order to
• May be modified to improve environmental potential, or
may be damaged by unwise resource or pollution
practices.
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二、生态足迹
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affluence (consumption, waste and pollution) or of
technology (mechanisms that provide and use resources).
• Assumes stability without environmental damage.
It shows us how much biologically productive land and
water a population (an individual, an organization, a city, a
country, or all of humanity) requires to support current
Ecological Footprint &
Ecological Carrying Capacity
1
“We do not inherit the earth from
our ancestors, we borrow it from
our children”
Haida proverb
(with Kenyan, Chinese, & other Amerindian variants)
5
Austria
7
Russian Federation
8
Japan
9
Italy

Poland
Korea, Rep.
10
Malaysia
South Africa
Chile
Argentina
Mexico
WORLD
Brazil
Turkey
Thailand
China
Egypt
Philippines
Indonesia
—Too many people, at a given level of affluence and technology,
deplete the resources that support life and economies, and
—When they introduce more wastes than the environment can
per capita energy consumption, including both non-renewable
and potentially renewable sources
energy use
(tons oe/person.yr)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
ecological footprint (Gha/person)
secure our own wellbeing, as well as that of the rest of
humankind and the planet - both now and in the future.
Calculating the Ecological Footprint for yourself, your
household, office, school, shop or event helps to identify
the environmental impacts of everyday activities and
capture progress towards more sustainable practices.
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
ecological footprint (Gha/person)
10.00
2010年GDP
中国:6.05万亿美
美国：14.1万亿美元
日本:5.5万亿美元
data for 34 countries ranging in GDP and footprint from
particular environment can sustain indefinitely, at a given
level of resource availability, affluence and technology.
• May change, up or down, in response to changes of
that would be required to offset their use
it reveals the relative environmental effect of lifestyle choices
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Bioproductive segments
22%
67%