语言学概论chapter1introduction.

Phonology studies how the sounds are combined to express meaning. (sound patterns, sound systems)
Morphology (形态学)
The study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.
Why is linguistics a scientific study?
It is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with some general linguistic theories.
The study of language as a whole is often called General Linguistics
普通语言学
General Linguistics Micro linguistics
Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax
Semantics Pragmatics
Descriptive vs. Prescriptive
• Don’t say X. • People don’t say X. The distinction: Describing how things are
Prescribing how things ought to be
1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic
• It is descriptive because it describes how sounds are pronounced.
• /p/ [voiceless, bilabial, stop] • /b/ [voiced, bilabial, stop]
• It is classificatory, because it tries to classify language sounds into different groups.
1.3 Important distinctions in linguistics
• 1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive
• Descriptive---- describe / analyze the language people actually use. • Prescriptive----lay down rules for “correct and standard ” behaviour in using language.
[The structureBaidu Nhomakorabeaof words]
Syntax (句法学)
Syntax studies how the words are organized into sentences.
[the structure of sentences]
Semantics (语义学)
The study of meaning
Collect and observe language facts
Similarities generalizations
Formulate some hypotheses
Invalid
Test the hypotheses repeatedly
Valid
Linguistic Theory
1.2 The scope of linguistics
Outline
1.1 Definition of linguistics 1.2 Scope of linguistics 1.3 Some distinctions in linguistics 1.4 Definitions of language 1.5 Design features of language 1.6 Functions of language 1.7 Task
Phonology (音位学) How sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.
Phonetics vs. Phonology
Phonetics studies the sounds one by one; it is general, descriptive and classificatory. It is general, because it studies all the sounds that exist in all human languages.
Pragmatics (语用学)
The study of meaning in the context of language use
Semantics vs. Pragmatics
Semantics studies the meaning in isolation. Pragmatics studies the meaning in the context of language use.
1.1 What is linguistics?
• Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
• Linguistics studies not any particular language, but it studies languages in general.
Interdisciplinary Linguistics Macro linguistics
Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics
Applied linguistics
Computational linguistics …
Phonetics (语音学)
The study of sounds used in linguistic communication