苔丝悲剧原因分析

An Analysis of Tess‟s tragedy in Tess of the d‟Urberville s

Abstract

Tess of the D‟Urbervilles is one of the great works by Thomas Hardy. It is a great tragedy，which was published in 1891.This tragedy centers on Tess, a peasant girl

born in a po or family. Everything happening has its causes. Tess‟s tragedy is also not accidental. There are several aspects about the causes. In this paper,I try to explore the

causes for Tess‟s tragedy in three aspects: (1) the influence of fatalism; (2) the social

factors concerned; and (3) Tess‟s dual personality.

Key words: Tess of the D’Urbervilles;Thomas Hardy;tragedy; the causes

摘要

德伯家的苔丝是哈代的巨著之一，1891年出版的一部悲剧。这部悲剧围绕

着出生在贫苦农民家庭的少女苔丝展开。一切万物皆有因果，苔丝的悲剧也不例

外。苔丝的悲剧结局并不是意外，有各个方面的原因所在。在这里，我将从以下

三个方面，即：哈代的宿命论，社会因素，和苔丝的性格来分析苔丝悲剧命运的

原因。

关键字：德伯家的苔丝，哈代，悲剧，原因

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. (i)

Abstract (ii)

摘要................................................................................................................................................ i ii Table of Contents .......................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。Introduction . (1)

Chapter One Hardy's Fatalism in the Tragedy of Tess (3)

1.1 The Development of Hardy's Fatalism (3)

1.2 Hardy's Pessimitic Fatalism in Tess' Tragedy (3)

Chapter Two The Social Factors in Tess' Tragedy (5)

2.1 The Social Environment and the Development of Capiatalism (5)

2.2 Tess' Poor Family and Her Parents' Stupid Requirements of Tess (5)

2.3 The Social Morality and its Influences on Tess (7)

2.3.1 The Hypocritical Social Morality (7)

2.3.2 The Influence of Moralism on Tess (8)

2.4 Male's Domination of Female (9)

Chapter Three Tess' Personality in Her Tragedy (11)

3.1 Tess' Rebellion (11)

3.2 Tess' Weak Point in Character (13)

Conclusion (14)

Works Cited (15)

Introduction

1 A brief introduction to Hardy

1.1 Hardy and his life environment

Thomas Hardy was a famous British novelist and poet in the nineteenth century. He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian Age. He described the tragic plots vividly and truthfully in his works. He was considered as “Shakespeare of British novels”. Hardy was born in an a mason‟s family in Drossier, south west of England, the area that later became the famous “Wessex” in many of his novels .He was expected to become an architect by his parents, and then he was trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist in 1871 publishing Desperate Remedies(《计出无奈》). He was soon successful and left architecture for writing. He became a great critical realist in the nineteenth century—the Victorian Age, during which great changes had happened in the history of western civilization. As is well known, a great social reformation took place in Britain. The various social factors including religion, politics, science, influenced people and tried to transform their mentality. Capitalism was highly developed and stretched to the vast countryside, and the British people were struggling for a bright future bravely and difficultly. It was during this special period that Thomas Hardy inherited and developed the Victorian literature, producing a lot of great novels，especially Tess of the D‟Urbervilles.In these novels,he exposed the hypocritical morals, laws and people‟s miserable life, especially the women‟s life in social economic, politics, morals, custom, etc. after the invasion of industrial capitalism to the British villages.

1.2 Hardy's philosophical idea—fatalism and his novels

In Hardy life, he has written many novels. His major works are The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Caster Bridge (1886), Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1896), the latter two considered masterpieces. Hardy's novels are all set against the tough and frightful Dorset landscape (known as Wessex