Unit two 英汉语言文化对比

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Unit 2 英汉对比和翻译 共18页

Unit 2 英汉对比和翻译  共18页

Ø 红茶
Ø Take off
3)词的搭配
Ø The new dictionary has really taken off. (popular)
Ø Take off your wet shirt
Ø The doctor took off his wounded left leg. Ø They had to take off (取消) the show because
衣衫褴褛,瘸腿,满脸胡须。
Ø 某些以-ible 或-able结尾的形容词用作定 语时,与every,the only,或形容词最高级 连用来修饰名词时,也常放在名词后
Ø We must help them in every way possible (every possible way). 我们一定要用一切可 能的办法来帮助他们。
of poor audience.
Ø You can take only one day off.
Ø The officer leading the inquiry has been taken
Collocation (continued)
Ø看 Ø 看电视 watch TV Ø 看黑板 look at the blackboard Ø 看电影 see a film Ø 看地图 study a map Ø 看小说 read a novel Ø 看朋友 visit a friend
Ø一个当选希望极微的候选人
5)set phrases:
Ø To make a monkey of
Ø To burn the boat
Ø To fish in the air
Ø To call a spade a spade

从语言学角度对比中英语言文化差异

从语言学角度对比中英语言文化差异

从语言学角度对比中英语言文化差异语言是文化的一部分,不同的语言背后承载着不同的文化传统、价值观和习惯。

中英语言文化差异体现在词汇、语法、语音、修辞手段等方面。

下面就从语言学的角度对比中英语言文化差异进行探讨。

一、词汇1. 词汇量和构词法中文和英文在词汇量和构词法上存在较大差异。

中文是一个汉字文字,词汇量较大,而英语则是一个词汇量较小的语言。

中文的构词法主要通过字、词、词组的组合来表达意思,而英语则通过词根、前缀、后缀的变换来构词,例如happy(高兴的)→ unhappy(不高兴的)。

2. 文化价值的体现中英文词汇之间的差异体现了两种文化的不同价值观。

中文中的“家”和“爱”在词汇量和含义上都要比英文中的“family”和“love”更加丰富,反映了中文文化中对家庭和爱的重视。

二、语法1. 主谓宾的位置中英语语法结构有所区别。

中文是一种主谓宾的语言,句子的成分排列为主语+谓语+宾语,而英语是主谓宾的语言,句子的结构为主语+宾语+谓语。

“我爱你”在中文中的表达为“我(主语)爱(谓语)你(宾语)”,而在英文中的表达为“I(主语)love(谓语)you(宾语)”。

2. 时态和语态的表示方式中英语言在时态和语态的表示上也存在差异。

中文中时态的变化主要通过语序和词语的搭配来表示,而英文中时态的变化主要通过动词的变化和助动词的运用来表示。

语态方面,中文中的主动和被动的区分主要通过词语的表达来表示,而英文中主动和被动的区分则通过动词的形式来表示。

三、语音1. 声调的区别中文是一个声调语言,不同的声调可以改变一个词的意思。

而英语是一个非声调语言,重音的变化只会改变一个词的读音,而不会改变它的意思。

中文中的“ma”可以根据不同的声调分别表示“妈”、“麻”、“马”、“吗”等不同的意思,而英语中的“ma”只有一个读音,不会改变它的意思。

2. 元音和辅音的差异中英语言在元音和辅音上存在一定的差异。

中文的元音比较丰富,有多种单元音和复元音,而英文的元音比较简单,只有一些常见的单元音和复元音。

Unit 2英汉语言的差异

Unit 2英汉语言的差异
UNIT 2
Contrastive studies of English and Chinese
HISTORY 汉语属于汉藏语系。汉藏语系是人类语言中形成最 早、流通最广、使用人数最多的一种,汉语是其中最 具代表性的一种语言。 甲骨文被认为是汉语的起源。汉语是一种表意文字。 是世界上最发达的语言之一:《辞海》收汉字1.5万 个,词目9.1万多条。
I want to go out for a walk. 我想出去散散步。 Being a teacher , he should love his students. 作为一位教师,他应该热爱自己的学生。 Given more money and time , he would succeed. 如果有更多的钱和时间,他会成功的。

冠词
英语中有三个冠词:a,
an, the,而汉语中没有这 一词类。但是这一类词的使用却很重要,也不易 把握。因此翻译中也是一个常常出麻烦的地方。 不定冠词a(n)在作“一”讲时翻译较为简单,只 是需要注意在英文中没有量词时需要在汉语译文 中加入量词(见例1, 例2)。不定冠词表示某一 类别时则可以不必译出(见例3)。 定冠词在多数情况下可以略去不翻译(见例4), 而在强调其特指意义时则需要译成“这”或者 “那”(见例5)

连 词
前面已经说过,英语重形合,是一种逐渐从综合型向分析 型发展的语言;而汉语则重意合,是以分析为主的语言。 所以英语使用连词的频率比汉语高得多。因此,我们在翻 译英语句子时,不一定把所有的连词都翻译出来,那样很 可能会译出“英语式的汉语”句,使句子读起来显得很别 扭,甚至会有画蛇添足之嫌。反之,在汉译英时,我们应 该把必要的连词补出来以使句子更有逻辑性。例如: 1)She was so excited that tears came to her eyes. 她激动得热泪盈眶。 试比较:她是那么地激动,以至于眼泪流出来了。 2)你不走我也不走。 If you don’t leave, I won’t leave either. 试比较:You don’t leave ,I won’t leave either.

Unit 2 英汉对比与翻译 (一)

Unit 2 英汉对比与翻译 (一)

U n i t2英汉对比与翻译(一)课时:2节教学目的要求:初步了解英语和汉语在词汇上的差别,并学习翻译时的处理办法。

教学重点:英语和汉语在词汇上的差别。

教学难点:翻译的策略。

教学内容:1)词的分类:一词多类现象:汉语:说明情况/关于本产品的使用说明;他心里很明白;我明白了您讲的道理;英语:plenty: n. 丰富adj.足够的full: adj. 满的adv.十分n. 全部round adj. 圆的adv.兜圈子prep.围绕v. 变圆n.圆形物Pay attention to core meanings: essential meaningYou need not take down whatever I said. (你们没必要记下我所说的一切)The stone rolled down the hill and hit the boy. (石头滚下山,砸着了孩子)介The terrorists downed two planes in Russia.We’ll share ups and downs with you.我们与你同甘共苦,风雨同舟。

He is not down yet. (adj.)2)词意A. 英汉两中语言中词义的宽窄往往不同:一对一:Kongfu, Laser, linguistics一对多:sister (姐妹), marry (嫁娶)没有完全对应:prey (被捕获的猎物)(在下一讲中更详细地讲)B. 以某语素为出发点,汉语组成一大堆词族:清白pure 清淡light 清贫poor 清凉cool and refreshing 清冷chilly 清爽fresh and cool 清幽quiet and beautiful 清瘦thin 清查check清官honest and upright officialsC.词义的误解:Blackbird: A blackbird is a common, fairly small European bird. The male has black feathers and a yellow beak, and the female has brown feathers.Black birdBlackboardBlack boardHot dogCats and dogs: It is raining cats and dogs.骨肉分离红茶Motorway为英国英语,指高速公路。

Unit two 英汉语言文化对比

Unit two 英汉语言文化对比
such structures.
Subject-prominent vs. Topicprominent
A subject-prominent language (eg English) is a language in which the grammatical units of subject and predicate (SV) are basic to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually have subject-predicate structure.
知己知彼,百战不殆
We can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.
P41 主语的转换(汉语主语是非名词) 采用新工艺大大降低了产品的成本。
The adoption of the new process has greatly cut the cost of production.
上外大学英语精读book3P2
Why do you teach? My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn’t want to be considered for an administration position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.

【VIP专享】第二单元 英汉对比

【VIP专享】第二单元 英汉对比

第二单元英汉对比2.1 英汉语言对比▪吕叔湘先生曾经指出:“只有比较才能看出各种语文表现法的共同之点和特异之点。

拿外语跟汉语进行比较,可以启发我们注意被我们忽略过去的现象。

”▪汉语和英语的对比研究,始于100年多前《马氏文通》,这是我国第一部汉语语法书,是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。

▪世界上每一种语言都有自己的语法,否则,人们就不能进行翻译实践和翻译理论的研究。

而通过分析和对比英汉两种语言,译员必将更加深刻地体会到译事之艰辛。

2.1.1 主语与主题▪中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为一”,反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。

▪因此在句子构造中,汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。

正如王力所说:“就句子结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。

法治的不管主语用得着用不着,总要呆板地求句子形式的一律,人治的用得着就用,用不着就不用,只要能使人听懂说话人的意思,就算了。

”▪正因为汉语缺乏主语,语言学家从语言类型学的角度出发,认为汉语是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言。

▪你能找出“千里寻亲”、“活到老,学到老”中的主语吗?为什么?你能找出其中的主题吗?▪试译以下这个简单的句子:A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.[参考译文1] 一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。

[参考译文2] 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。

虽然参考译文1在形式上与英语句子的主谓结构相对应,但并不符合汉语的表达习惯。

所以译者应善于将英语的“主语——谓语”结构转换成汉语的“主题——评论”结构。

(例句参考郭丽君、邓鹂鸣,2005)课内练习现在请大家通过翻译以下的简单句子熟练掌握这一技巧1.I would not believe what he said.2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.3.I know Mr. Wang.mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented.2. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.参考译文1. 月球离地球非常遥远,即使那边山上长着大树,有大象在跑来跑去,我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。

英汉语言文化对比及翻译方法技巧(课堂PPT)

英汉语言文化对比及翻译方法技巧(课堂PPT)

1. 直译(literal translation)即直接翻译,是既保 持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法。直 译可以完全保持原作的风格和特色。但直译必 须具有可读性 ,也就是说 ,译品不会引起读者的 误解 ,并且也不违反目标语言的规范。
2. 意译(free translation)也称为自由翻译 ,它是 只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式的翻译方法。 意译注重意义的准确传达,如果必要,可以不 顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分。
谈判期间,各国的利益变化不定,好象 万花筒似的,这就使人难以分辨出究竟 谁是“赢家”,谁是“输家”。
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3. 英汉句法对比
英汉语序的对比
英语从思维习惯上看,英语句子一般先 总提后分述,即先有判断和结论,后提 供事实和具体描述;先陈述结果后追叙 具体经过。
汉语造句突出动词,往往按时间顺序和逻 辑顺序来排列句子的结构成分,一般说来, 按照由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、 由事实到结论这样的顺序排列。
由于贵国政府的提议,才得以这样快地重 新进行这次访问,这使我感到特别高兴。
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翻译方法和策略
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一些翻译术语
直译和意译 (literal translation & free translation) 异化和归化 (foreignization & domestication)
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直译与意译
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异化:他们向安理会提出这一控 诉是以此为红鲱鱼来掩饰其罪行。
归化:他们向安理会提出这一控 诉是为了混淆视听,掩饰罪行。
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那个出租车司机黑着呢,他经 常宰顾客。
归化:This taxi driver is an old screw. He often overcharges.

W2 L2 英汉语言差异 W 2 English – Chinese Translation (Lecture 1) 英语笔译教学课件

W2 L2 英汉语言差异 W 2 English – Chinese Translation (Lecture 1) 英语笔译教学课件
2. 继续改善国内投资环境,保证引进外资的稳步增长。 We should continue to improve the domestic investment environment and maintain a steady increase in foreign investment.
(三)VERB/NOUN: 汉语重动词,英语重名词 汉语:可以连用几个动词,中间没有关联词语 英语:主语和谓语是句子的骨干,其他成分围绕主谓展 开。名词和介词使用较多。
(二)SUBJECT: 汉语无主句多,英语主语突出 Examples: 1. 实事求是地说,解决中国人的吃饭问题, 任务艰巨,
困难不少,但潜力很大,前景广阔。 Truly speaking, China has had great difficulty in solving her problem with food provision. But she also has great potential and prospects in having her people well fed.
3. The insect nibbles the green leaves. The toad eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves. The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green grass.
(四)汉语的四字词组 汉语四字词组使用率极高 固定(成语)+ 自由词组 Examples: 1. 忽闻有人在牡丹亭畔,长吁短叹。 Suddenly he heard a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply. 2. 我没想到他对同志们的批评充耳不闻。 I didn’t expect him to turn a deaf ear to the comrades’ criticism.

Lecture 2 英汉对比

Lecture 2 英汉对比

没有外力的作用,运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。
H
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树状与竹状
英汉语言对比
树状 竹状
汉语 英语
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Example:
The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.
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15. 晚年生活 Elderly in daily life
H
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16. 洗澡时间 Bathing hour
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17. 领导 The Boss
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18. 时尚 What’s trendy?
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19. 孩子 The child
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20. 心目中的彼此
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风俗习惯
英汉文化对比
他说的我不信。
➢ I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.
会上讨论了什么我一点都没记住。
➢ 王先生我认识。
I know Mr. Wang.
➢ 唱歌,他是最棒的。
He is the best singer.
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英汉语言对比
Asia? Four little tigers of
Asia!
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英汉文化对比
文化价值
英汉文化价值取向差异表
抽象问题
具体问题
时间 空间 观念 观念

Unit 2 英汉对比

Unit 2 英汉对比

For example:
Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
我有一个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗?
In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
人(若)不犯我,我(则)不犯人。〔语序) We will not attack unless we are attacked
.发展体育运动,增强人民体质。 Promote physical culture, and build up People’s health.
Each of the broadcasting companies is linked to approximately 200 affiliated stations to
Hypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.
Parataxis is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.
Cultural Differences between Western Countries and China
I. Different customs II. Different associations III. Different beliefs and values IV. Different etiquette

Unit 2 英汉语比较

Unit 2 英汉语比较

Unit 2 Macro-contrastive study of English and Chinese授课时间:Week 4授课类型:理论课、练习课授课题目:Unit 2 Macro-contrastive study of English and Chinese本授课单元教学目标:Students will be able to:1. become aware of the differences between English and Chinese from a lexical perspective.2. become aware of the differences between English and Chinese from a s yntactic perspective.3. become aware of the differences between English and Chinese from a c ultural perspective本授课单元教学重点和难点:Syntactic Differences between English and Chinese本授课单元教学过程设计:Warm-up Activities (15 m’)Group Discussion: What differences do you find between the Chinese version and the English version respectively? (10 minutes)Ss read quotations from classical Chinese literature and their corresponding version of English translation. T is to elicit from the students their understanding of the differences between English and Chinese.1.凤姐还欲问时,只听二门上传来云板,连叩四下,将凤姐惊醒。

英汉语言文化差异的对比

英汉语言文化差异的对比

英汉语言文化差异的对比第一篇:英汉语言文化差异的对比[摘要]翻译不只是两种语言的语法、句式、语义系统之间的语系转换,它更是两种文化之间的交际。

英汉两种语言之间有语句差异、思维差异与文化内涵上的差异 ,这些差异会对翻译造成一定影响。

语言是文化的载体,任何形式的语言都有某种文化内涵。

于是深富特定民族情感、内涵深厚的一种语言就会成为译者极难克服的对手。

有学者把英汉语言与中西思维方式、民族文化联系起来进行单向、双向或交叉对比研究 ,但“ 至今尚未取得突破性成果。

” [ 1 ]这始终是英汉互译困难的焦点所在。

因此,只有明晰两种语言所承载的文化差异,才能保证翻译的顺利进行。

一、英汉语句差异(一)英汉词汇现象对比.意义差异“ 英语是综合型语言 ,词化程度相当高,即在英语词汇中存在大量分析型语言(如汉语要用一个短语甚至一个句子才能表达单个词)。

” [ 2 ]译者熟练掌握英语的这种特点,就可以使译文简洁。

英语中有不少单个动词隐含着“make +宾语 +补语” 的意思,“v.+ adv” ,“v.+ like” “v.+with” 这些复杂的意思。

英语一个动词,汉语要用一个短语词组来表达。

如果在汉译英中正确运用这种动词,就简洁多了。

由于名词尤其是抽象名词大都是从动词或形容词派生来的,而很多动词或形容词都有自己习惯的主语或并与之搭配, 因此单个抽象名词隐含一个主谓或动宾结构的内容。

.词类差异“ 英汉语言的最大差异之一便是体现在动本论文由无忧论文网整理提供词的运用上” [ 3 ]。

汉语动词灵活多变 ,表现力极强。

沈家煊认为,汉语在句法上遵循时间顺序的相似原则,这是因为汉语缺乏形态变化而采用直接映照的方法。

[ 4 ]汉语句序体现认知次序 ,多述谓成分线性排列。

因此“ 汉语中动词使用频率远比英语为高。

” [ 5 ]在表达一些复杂的思想时 ,汉语往往借助动词 ,按时间顺序逐步交待、层层铺开 ,给人以舒缓明快的感觉。

从使用方法上来看,汉语动词的连用和叠用非常普遍,而在英语中习惯用非谓语动词形式。

英汉翻译教案 Unit 2 英汉对比与翻译 (二)

英汉翻译教案 Unit 2  英汉对比与翻译 (二)

大自然为保护鲸,使它不致在北 冰洋受冻,便让它长了一曾厚厚 的脂肪,叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后, 把鲸脂剥下来熬油,这项工作有 的在船上进行,有的在岸上进行。
3)复合句顺序(短语顺序)
翻译下列句子,注意排列顺序的差异:
Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its centre roughly thirty miles above the ground.
Unit 3 英汉对比与翻译 (二)
英汉句法现象的对比 英汉句法现象的对比
A: People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one—which I take leave to one— doubt— doubt—then it is older people who create it,not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders. beings— There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is wherprove their point they scaled up a chicken to the size of Tyrannosaurus rex and found the giant chicken probably would not have been able to stand. 为了证明自己的观点,他们按比例把一 只鸡放大到暴龙族恐龙大小,结果发现 这只巨鸡可能站都站不住。

Unit 2 英汉差异

Unit 2 英汉差异

III What is the translation process?1、理解理解(comprehension)背景了解(Background)How’s this for a coincidence? Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln were born in the same year, on the same day: Feb. 12, 1809. As historical facts go, it amounts to little more than a footnote. Still, while it’s just a coincidence, it’s a coincidence that’s guaranteed to make you do a double take the first time you run across it. Everybody knows Darwin and Lincoln were near-mythic figures in the 19th century. The scientist and the politician each touched off a revolution that changed the world.Both men were private and guarded. Most of Darwin’s friendships were conducted through the mail, and after his five-year voyage on HMS Beagle as a young man, he rarely left his home in the English countryside.Lincoln, though a much more public man, carefully cultivated a bumpkin persona that encouraged both friends and enemies to underestimate his considerable, almost Machiavellian skill as a politician.语法分析、语义分析、语体分析和语篇分析(grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analysis)How’s this for a coincidence? Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln were born in the same year, on the same day: Feb. 12, 1809. As historical facts go, it amounts to little more than a footnote. Still, while it’s just a coincidence, it’s a coincidence that’sguaranteed to make you do a double take the first time you run across it. Everybody knows Darwin and Lincoln were near-mythic figures in the 19th century. The scientist and the politician each touched off a revolution that changed the world.Both men were private and guarded. Most of Darwin’s friendships were conducted through the mail, and after his five-year voyage on HMS Beagle as a young man, he rarely left his home in the English countryside. Lincoln, though a much more public man, carefully cultivated a bumpkin persona that encouraged both friends and enemies to underestimate his considerable, almost Machiavellian skill as a politician.权谋政治家Three years later, Qassem spent six months in a Jericho prison due to depicting Arafat in a book as a Machiavellian ruler who maintains control by pitting his underlings against oneanother.3年后,卡西姆在杰里科的一所监狱被关押了6个月,因为他在一本书中称阿拉法特是个玩弄权术的统治者,通过让手下的人互相争斗来维持自己的统治。

翻译课课件UNIT 2

翻译课课件UNIT 2

What will it be when the increase of yearly production is brought to a complete stop? Here is the vulnerable place, the heel of Achilles.
2. 恩格斯(Engels, Friedrich)在一篇文章中使用过Achilles’ heel 一词:
Analysis II
In other words, students do not have to pass a test to be admitted to a two-year institution. 换句话说,进两年制大学学习不用考试。(original S. omitted) European interest in MBA programs had to wait until the late 1950s. 直到20世纪50年代,欧洲人才开始对MBA 产生兴趣。 Courses were designed to integrate functional skills, and to emphasize international cultural and business learning. 课程的设置旨在将实用技能融会贯通,注重国际性文 化背景和商业知识的学习。

Questions
What
is the difference between the English and Chinese expressions? What do you think causes the difference? Viewpoint, sentence forming E: Hypotaxis: subject + predicate Ch: Parataxis: topic + statement Does Chinese topic function the same as English subject? What is a subject?

英汉互译unit two

英汉互译unit two
Literary translation; authoritative statements translation权威文本翻 译; specialized translation 专门翻 译(technical translation技术翻译+ institutional translation公文翻译) ----Peter NewmБайду номын сангаасrk
冷漠体:诸位来宾请即刻举步缘梯上楼 正式体:来宾们请立即上楼 商量体:请你们马上上楼好吗? 随便体:现在你们都该上楼了 亲密体:伙计们,上楼去!
Status of Pragmatic Translation
Social situation Scope of PT Characteristics of PT
Characteristics of PT
Pragmatic value 实用性 Intentional action 目的性 Specialized translation 专业性 Anonymous text 匿名性 Commercial profits 商业性
上海SFECO拥有5个控股子公司 Shanghai SFECO Group is a holding company of 5 subsidiary companies. Shanghai SFECO Group holds shares of 5 subsidiary companies.
Scope of PT
Social Situation
Globalization Poor quality Corporeal/material vs. incorporeal/spiritual
峨眉山,天下名山
*Emei Mount,NO.1 mountain under the sun

《中西文化对比》第二章 第一讲 汉英文化比较

《中西文化对比》第二章 第一讲  汉英文化比较
“第二种文化”、”广义的文化”、“普通文化”、“交际文化”
Culture as a set of traits (胡文仲)
文化语言学的分类法
物质文化(material culture) 制度文化(institutional culture)
精神文化( mental culture):心理文化和观念

中英思维方式对比
中国人注重伦理(ethics),英美人注重认知(cognition)。 中国人重整体(integrity)、偏重综合性(synthetic)思维,英美
人重个体(individuality)、偏重分析性(analytic)思维。
中国人重直觉(intuition),英美人重实证(evidence)。

柏拉图 Vs 孔子 柏拉图被喻为西方的孔子: 孔子建立了以仁和礼为核心的哲学思想体系,柏 拉图建立了以理念为核心的哲学思想体系。孔子对中 国传统文化发展有极其深远的影响,而柏拉图对西方 文化发展也有极其深远的影响。 文化渊源的不同导致中西文化在诸多方面的差异。 其中最明显的差异是伦理道德观的差别。中国伦理学 五种基本观念“ 仁 义 礼 智 信 ”是儒家学说的主 要内容,对中国人的道德模式产生深远影响。中国人 把道德置于一切价值之上。而西方人则不然,“民主 自我”是西方的价值核心。
.显然, Sunley认为,人之初,不是性本善,而是性本恶。西方人对人性的认识之所
以与东方人截然相反,与各自的宗教信仰不无关系。东方人尤其中国人深受儒教和佛 教虔心向善说的影响,而西方人则受基督教“原罪说”影响至深。对“sin”的理解各 不
价值观念有别
The Oxford Dictionary of English 对“individualism‖一词的解释是:
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Unit two 英汉语言文化对比 (译论专题)
合肥工业大学《英汉翻译技巧》
英汉语言对比
英语属于印欧语系(Indo-European Family ),是 一种拼音文字,单词没有四声,但句子可以有 不同的声调;而汉语属于汉藏语系(SinoTibetan Family ),是一种表意文字,音节有四 声变化,语调也很丰富; 1.三个人品字式坐下,随便谈了几句。(茅盾: 《子夜》) The three men sat down facing each other and began casually chatting.
In Chinese “品字式” is a vividly figurative expression indicating the sitting position of the three men. But due to the morphological differences between Chinese and English, we have to abandon the unique image when we transfer it into English.
在翻译此类英语句子时,要将英语句中的主语翻译 成合适的状语成分,这样才更符合汉语的表达习惯 和逻辑。
三英汉词汇差异 1.名词 英汉语中都有名词,使用和翻译也相对比较简单。 但是,英语中的名词有性,格,数的区别。如: waiter一词,若是多个服务员就要用waiters, 若是女 服务员则要用waitress.再如custom指“风俗,习 惯”,而其复数customs则是“海关”。 2.动词 英文中的动词形态很复杂,有人称,数,时态和语 态的变化;而汉语中的动词则相对简单。英语中时 态的不同在汉语中主要靠跟其后的助词(主要是 “着,了,过”)来体现。如:
英语是一种形合(hypotaxis)的语言,而汉语是一 种意合(parataxis)的语言;形合的语言是指该语 言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义 (格,数,时等)。所谓“意合”主要是靠句子 内部逻辑联系。 She is doing her homework.她正在做作业。 She has done her homework.她已经做了作业。 She did her homework yesterday.她昨天做了作业。
介词表达及于人的某一部位 He has been shot in the chest.他胸膛挨了一 枪。 He patted me on the should.他拍拍我肩膀。 I pulled her by the arm.我拉住她的胳膊。 She struck the scoundrel across the face. 她甩了流氓一巴掌。 所以在英译汉时,要特别注意,如将以上例句 改为in my chest, on my should, by her arm, across his face就显得累赘,不合英语习惯了。
著名汉语语言学家王力教授说过:“西洋语法是硬的,没有 弹性;中国语法是软的,富有弹性。 所以中国语法以达意为 主”,“英国人写文章往往化零为整,而中国人写文章往往 化整为零。”
一 英汉句子结构差异 1.严谨与简洁 英语的句子结构十分严谨,无论多长的句子也只有 一个主句,一个从句或若干从句,一环套一环。主 句与从句之间,从句与从句之间必须有连词,关系 代词或关系副词联结。汉语则十分简洁。句子没有 主句与从句之分,句子之间也不需要连词。句子可 以没有动词,也可以没有名词,更不需要介词,但 意义十分明确。所以,有人指出:“The English are proud of the preciseness of their language, while we Chinese are proud of the conciseness of our mother tongue.”
由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,农村社会与外 界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而 变得更加严重。
2.前重心与后重心 英语主句为主要部分,一般放在句首,即重心在前; 而汉语一般按照逻辑和时间顺序,将主要部分放在 句尾,即重心在后。 时间顺序: Nothing has happened since we parted.自从我们别 后未发生任何事情。 逻辑顺序: The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms, and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. 小国人民只要敢于奋起斗争,敢于拿起 武器并将国家的命运掌握在自己 手中, 就一定能击败大国的侵略。
Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. 此句属于主谓结构,句中只有一个谓语动词“runs”, 但通过七个不同的介词,把六个名词串起来使句子 扩展开来。 卡莱尔大街往西伸展,越过一座黑色大桥,爬下山 岗又爬上去,经过许多小铺和肉市,又经过一些平 房,最后突然中止在一大片绿色草地前。 在翻译时还应注意英语和汉语中介词搭配的习惯。 如:”在阳光下“应译为”in the sun”而不是 “under the sun” , ”在床上“是”in bed”,而不是 “on bed”.
3.介词 汉语中的介词不多,而英语中则有大量的介词, 使用和翻译都不容易,所以要重视和掌握介词 的翻译技巧,练好基本功。 一般而言,英语中表示时间和地点的介词常可 以略去不译。 含有动作意味的介词通常转化为相应的动词。 They belong to him, for his use, to his purpose. 它们属于他,归他所用,服务于他的目的。 He proposed to establish a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. 他主张建立一个民有﹑民治﹑民享的政府。
其次,英语动词有不定式,动名词,分词等多 种非谓语动词形式;而汉语动词则没有这些 变化。但在汉语中,一句话可以有一个以上 的动词,英语中每句话只有一个谓语动词。 请看下列句子: I want to go out for a walk.我想出去散散步。 Being a teacher, he should love his students. 作为一名老师,他应该热爱自己的学生。 Given more money and time, he would succeed.如果有更多的钱和时间,他会成功 的。
留得青山在,不怕没柴烧
英语表达复杂思想时,往往是开门见山,然后 借助英语特有词汇关系代词进行空间搭架,把 各个子句有机地结合起来,构成一串葡萄似的 句子。主干可能很短,上面却果实累累。
The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 这是一个典型的英语句子。看起来似乎很长, 实际上是个简单句。只有一个主语,一个谓 语。全句共有n a rat is seen running across the street, everyone calls “kill it”. 过街老鼠,人人喊打。 As long as the green mountains are there, one should not worry about firewood.
2.假使订婚戒指是落入圈套的象征,纽扣也是扣留 不放的预兆。 (《围城》) If the engagement ring were a symbol of the trap one had fallen into, button sewing was likewise an omen of being tied down. In Chinese, “扣” is a homonym. If it is used as a noun, it means “a button”; if it is a verb, it refers to “chain, lock up, or bind up”. But due to the differences of two language systems, the humorous effect created by Ch’ien’s creative use of homonyms is lost.
合汉语的表达习惯。
2.用“it”作主语 It never occurred to me that he was a dishonest man. 我从没想到他是一个不诚实的人。 It took him 50 minutes to get to the airport. 他花了五十分钟才到机场。 3.用时间作主语 Sunday morning found him still unwell. The 1980’s saw the long-term resolution of Hongkong’s future in the successful conclusion of the Sino-British Joint Declaration.
八十年代中英联合声明的成功签订,使香港的前途问题得 到了长远的解决。
4.主语是为了说明原因 The quarrel led to our breaking off our friendly relations. 我们的友好关系因争吵而破裂。 Shortage of suitable land in the urban areas has made it necessary to build most new public housing in the suburbs. 由于市区缺乏适合的土地,大部分公共房屋 必须在郊区兴建。
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