英文版文献综述范文英文文献综述写

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英文版文献综述范文英文文献综述写
文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文,它是科学文献的一种。

格式与写法
文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。

这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。

因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和 ___。

撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工。

前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。

主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。

可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方
向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。

总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解。

___虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。

因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。

因此,应认真对待。

___的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误。

关于 ___的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复。

文学太宽泛了,你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小,不然你写什么都不知道。

1. 去图书馆找所有与汤姆叔叔的小屋相关的所有英文资料,甚至是原文读本序言之类,也有你可以借鉴的句子。

2. 去电子阅览室,搜索所有与汤姆叔叔的小屋相关的论文评论,找到你觉得有用的拷下来。

3. 到网上搜索下相关词条,如wiki百科的英文相关词条
4. 最好浏览一遍原文,看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。

~ 实例,首先是开头,小说介绍性文字:
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American literature. Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is parable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58). (可以写个一两段)
然后,就你找到的文献,归类一下,分别说说他们讲了什么论点(顺便记下人名,书名,年份,页数)
最后,说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点,The paper will mainly focus on 。

这些都是名字的缩写,学位的缩写只有PhD,MD,BD啊,英文文献好像是不标学位的.
给你几个示范一下,都是根据国标写的。

作者. 文章名. 刊物类型. 刊物. 年度,期卷号:页码范围
[ ] Nikolaev Yu A, etc. Gas Detonation and its Application in Engineering and Technologies[J]. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, xx, 39(4): 382-410
[ ] L.C.Yang, P. H. Do. Key Parameters for Controlling of Function Reliability in “None1 Tube” Explosive Transfer System[C], 1999: AIAA99-31211
[ ] Peng Jinhua, Tang Mingjun. One of the Applications of Dust Explosions – Nonel System[J]. Archivum Combustionis, 1989(9): 223-229
[ ] Liu Dabin, Jiang Rongguang, Yang Dong. The Pressure Characteristics of Nonel Tube in Its Detonation Growth Process[J/OL]: 93-96
专科论文:英文谚语常用修辞手法赏析
与注重同义词运用的汉语谚语相比,英语谚语更注重的是词的重复。

如:
Let bygones be bygones.过去的就让它过去吧。

Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.三个和尚没水吃。

Such carpenters,such chips.什么木匠出什么活。

Grasp all,lose all.样样都要,全部失掉。

随着实践活动的增加和生活经验的积累,人们越来越多地认识到客观世界中存在着矛盾、对立的事物和
现象,如真与假、美与丑、善与恶等。

这些相对的事物和现象在英语谚语中也得以体现,那就是大量使
用数词、反义词等,形成鲜明的对比。

如:
It takes two to make aquarrel.一个巴掌拍不响。

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.一鸟在手胜于二鸟在林。

Great talkers are little doers.多言者必少行。

What soberness conceals,drunkenness reveals.酒后吐真言。

5个滑稽的英语谚语!
学习英语语法及词汇已经不容易,要试着理解英语俚语更有点___。

一些俚语很难理解,一些更似乎不知所云。

以下就有五条有趣的英语俚语你可以在日常生活中使用。

只要小心正确使用就行!“I’m happy as a clam.”想一想蛤蛎。

这和其他事物没任何关系啊。

它们只是躺在沙滩或在海滩无所事事。

它们可不需要工作。

当然听起来很高兴,不是吗?如果有人问,“你今天怎么样?”你就可以这么回答他们,告诉他们你的心情有多舒畅。

“I wouldn’t touch that (or him/her) with a ten-foot pole.”不喜欢某物吗?可能是垃圾或是发臭的食物那样恶心的东西。

又或是你不想交
朋友甚至不想多聊的某个人呢?呣,你非常的不喜欢某事物或某人,不想接触甚至不想*近他们-就算是十英尺以外也不行!“I think I went overboard.”如果你做事做过火了或是不够负责任的话,你就可以这么说。

“Going overboard”字面上的意思从船上掉下来,但是,作为俚语的话,这是一种承认自己做了不该做的事的表达方式。

除此之外,类似的还有,“I’ve stepped over a line”和“I’ve gone too far.”你还可以使用它来表示某人犯了个错误。

“You don’t have a leg to stand on.”不不,这可不是告诉你某人没有腿。

意思是他们争论 ___不对。

他们没有站立的腿是因为他们没有支持他们论点的事实。

这个俚语是告诉某人他们不对的好方法。

“Break a leg!”真正的意思正好和字面上的相反。

如果你对某人说此话时,意思是在祝福他们好运!这个俚语于一个迷信之说,无论你大声说出什么,真实的结果都会和说的相反。

因为出处于剧院,这一说法通常用来祝福某些表现出色。

因此如果有人要作商务演示或是面试的话,你这么说别人听了就一定很开心。

文献综述就是 ___的一个大体概括,不需要将你论文中所引用的文献全部列出,但是要把各个方向的用得到的文献都写上几个。

这样就可以了
比如:【1】吕和发. 公示语的汉英翻译[J]. 中国科技翻译. xx, 1
【1】Munday, J. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications[M]. London and New York Routledge,xx:74.
Andre Maurois said that the motif used by most great writers is the passage from childhood to maturity and the disillusioning knowledge of truth. Charles Dickens uses
this motif in Great Expectations to show the main character Pip as a well-rounded and developed character. Great Expectations follows Pip from a simple childhood to a
lavish adulthood. He has a mysterious benefactor who helps him attain his rich lifestyle, and fills his head with hopes and dreams. When the benefactor turns out to be someone unexpected, he has trouble ing to grips with the harsh truth. As a real sign of maturity he then tries to make amends with those he had wronged.
Throughout much of the novel, Pip had reasons to believe that a recluse named Miss Havisham was his benefactor. That led him to believe that she intended for her adopted
daughter Es ___a to marry him. When it was discovered that the mystery person was actually a convict, Pip was faced with obstacles blocking his expectations. He was not really intended for Es ___a and the idea that a convict had given him so much money gave him shame. As a result, he pined away for a woman that he didn't have a chance with in the first place. He was not able to let go until a final confrontation in the end of the novel. Pip thought poorly of the convict, and wanted nothing to do with him. When he realized that the convict was more of a gentleman than he had been, he let the convict be closer to him rather than pushing him away.
When Pip became an adult he moved to London, which was supposed to help him bee both independent and a
'gentleman'. Even after that transition was achieved, he was still a child. He lived well beyond his means, spending large amounts on frivolous items such as extra clothes and furniture. The only good thing he did with his money was secretly supporting his friend and roommate Herbert. He reached a point where he began living frugally in attempt to pull out of debt. Pip had to reach a mature level of
thought to assess his situation and realize his spending habits were not healthy.
Among Pip's many false beliefs was the idea that his father figure Joe was simple and the opposite of a gentleman. Joe was a humble blacksmith, which contrasted to Pip's idea that gentlemen were rich socialites living the 'high life'. When Pip realized that his gentlemanly
lifestyle was spoiling him (creating debt and arrogance) he became aware that his image of the ideal gentleman was wrong. He then went home to visit Joe and ask for forgiveness.
'Maturity' is often used to describe a condition of full development and 'disillusion' means being freed from mistaken ideas. With these definitions in mind, it is easier to see how Maurois' idea is applicable to many works of literature. And it is more clear that his thought on motif is exemplified by Dickens'Great Expectations.
1) A bad beginning makes a bad ending.
不善始者不善终。

2) A bad thing never dies.
遗臭万年。

3) A bad workman always blames his tools.
不会撑船怪河弯。

4) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。

5) A boaster and a liar are cousins-german.
吹牛与说谎本是同宗。

6) A bully is always a coward.
色厉内荏。

7) A burden of one's choice is not felt.
爱挑的担子不嫌重。

8) A candle lights others and consumes itself.
蜡烛照亮别人,却毁灭了自己。

9) A cat has 9 lives.
猫有九条命。

10) A cat may look at a king.
人人平等。

11) A close mouth catches no flies.
病从口入。

12) A constant guest is never wele.
常客令人厌。

13) Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。

14) Adversity leads to prosperity.
穷则思变。

15) Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.
逆境出人才。

16) A fair death honors the whole life.
死得其所,流芳百世。

17) A faithful friend is hard to find.
知音难觅。

18) A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.
吃一堑,长一智。

19) A fox may grow gray, but never good.
江山易改,本性难移。

20) A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真情。

21) A friend is easier lost than found.
得朋友难,失朋友易。

22) A friend is never known till a man has need.
需要之时方知友。

23) A friend without faults will never be found.
没有十全十美的朋友。

24) "After you" is good manners.
“您先请”是礼貌。

25) A good beginning is half done.
良好的开端是成功的一半。

26) A good beginning makes a good ending.
善始者善终。

27) A good book is a good friend.
好书如挚友。

28) A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.
一本好书,相伴一生。

29) A good conscience is a soft pillow.
不做亏心事,不怕鬼叫门。

30) A good fame is better than a good face.
美名胜过美貌。

31) A good husband makes a good wife.
夫善则妻贤。

32) A good medicine tastes bitter.
良药苦口。

33) A good wife health is a man's best wealth.
妻贤身体好是男人最大的财富。

34) A great talker is a great liar.
说大话者多谎言。

35) A hedge between keeps friendship green.
君子之交淡如水。

36) A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend.
戏谑不能化敌为友,只能使人失去朋友。

37) A leopard cannot change its spots.
积习难改。

38) A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.
说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。

39) A light heart lives long.
静以修身。

40) A little body often harbors a great soul.
浓缩的都是精品。

41) A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
一知半解,自欺欺人。

42) A little pot is soon hot.
狗肚子盛不得四两油。

43) All are brave when the enemy flies.
敌人逃窜时,人人都成了勇士。

44) All good things e to an end.
天下没有不散的筵席。

45) All rivers run into sea.
海纳百川。

46) All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。

47) All that ends well is well.
结果好,就一切都好。

48) All that glitters is not gold.
闪光的不一定都是金子。

49) All things are difficult before they are easy.
凡事总是由难而易。

50) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
只会用功不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻
51) A man bees learned by asking questions.
不耻下问才能有学问。

52) A man can do no more than he can.
凡事都应量力而行。

53) A man cannot spin and reel at the same time.
一心不能二用。

54) A man is known by his friends.
什么人交什么朋友。

55) A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
光说空话不做事,犹如花园光长刺。

56) A man without money is no man at all.
一分钱难倒英雄汉。

57) A merry heart goes all the way.
心旷神怡,事事顺利。

58) A miss is as good as a mile.
失之毫厘,差之千里。

59) A mother's love never changes.
母爱永恒。

60) An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
一天一苹果,不用请医生。

61) A new broom sweeps clean.
新官上任三把火。

62) An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
以眼还眼,以牙还牙。

63) An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.
一日之计在于晨。

64) An old dog cannot learn new tricks.
老狗学不出新把戏。

65) An ounce of luck is better than a pound of wisdom.
聪明才智,不如运气。

66) An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.
预防为主,治疗为辅。

67) A rolling stone gathers no moss.
滚石不生苔,转业不聚财。

68) As a man sows, so he shall reap.
种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。

69) A single flower does not make a spring.
一花独放不是春,百花齐放春满园。

70) A snow year, a rich year.
瑞雪兆丰年。

71) A sound mind in a sound body.
健全的精神寓于健康的身体。

72) A still tongue makes a wise head.
寡言者智。

73) A stitch in time saves nine.
小洞不补,大洞吃苦。

74) A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.
身正不怕影子斜。

75) A wise head makes a close mouth.
真人不露相,露相非真人。

76) A word spoken is past recalling.
一言既出,驷马难追。

77) A year's plan starts with spring.
一年之计在于春。

78) A young idler, an old beggar.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

79) Bad news has wings.
好事不出门,坏事传千里。

80) Barking dogs seldom bite.
吠犬不咬人.
81) Beauty lies in the love's eyes.
情人眼里出西施。

82) Be swift to hear, slow to speak.
听宜敏捷,言宜缓行。

83) Better late than never.
不怕慢,单怕站。

84) Better to ask the way than go astray.
问路总比迷路好。

85) Between friends all is mon.
朋友之间不分彼此。

86) Birds of a feather flock together.
物以类聚,人以群分。

87) Blood is thicker than water.
血浓于水。

88) Blood will have blood.
血债血偿。

89) Books and friends should be few but good.
读书如交友,应求少而精。

90) Business is business.
公事公办。

91) Business is the salt of life.
事业是人生的第一需要。

92) By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.
读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

93) Cannot see the wood for the trees.
一叶障目,不见泰山。

94) Care and diligence bring luck.
谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。

95) Caution is the parent of safety.
小心驶得万年船。

96) Cheats never prosper.
骗人发不了财。

97) Children are what the mothers are.
耳濡目染,身教言传。

98) Choose an author as you choose a friend.
择书如择友。

99) Come what may, heaven won't fall.
做你的吧,天塌不下来。

100) Complacency is the enemy of study.
学习的敌人是自己的满足。

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