失眠的5种类型

Insomnia breakthrough: Scientists identify 5 types

失眠研究的突破：科学家确定5种类型的失眠

There are five types of insomnia, each with its own distinct features, according to a recent study.

最新研究表明，失眠有5种类型，每一种均具有自身显著的特征。

Scientists at the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience studied thousands of people who had voluntarily signed up to an online sleep registry.

荷兰神经科学研究所的科学家通过在线注册睡眠登记研究了数千名志愿者。

They concluded that insomnia has five subtypes that differ by personality traits, risk for depression, brain activity, and response to treatment.

他们得出结论，失眠有五种亚型，这些亚型因人格特征，抑郁风险，大脑活动和对治疗的反应而不同。

The team suggests that the findings will likely speed up research on insomnia and lead to better, more personalized treatments.

该团队表示，这些研究结果可能会加快对失眠的研究，并带来更好，更个性化的治疗方法。The Lancet Psychiatry journal has now published a paper on the study.

《柳叶刀精神病学》杂志现已发表一篇关于这项研究的论文。

"While we have always considered insomnia to be one disorder," says Tessa Blanken of the Department of Sleep and Cognition, "it actually represents five different disorders."

睡眠与认知系的Tessa Blanken说，“虽然我们一直认为失眠是一种疾病，它实际上代表了五种不同的疾病。”

She likens progress in insomnia research to that of dementia, which has uncovered subtypes with marked differences in underlying brain mechanisms.

她将失眠症研究的进展比作痴呆症的进展，痴呆症已经发现了潜在的脑机制明显不同的亚型。Dementia research progressed much faster after scientists identified its various types, which include Alzheimer's disease, frontal temporal dementia, and vascular dementia.

科学家们在确定了痴呆的不同类型的，痴呆研究进展也得更快。其中包括阿尔茨海默病，额颞叶痴呆和血管性痴呆。

Insomnia and consequences

失眠及其影响

Insomnia is one of the "most common complaints" that people raise with their doctors. The main symptoms include insufficient and poor-quality sleep and finding it difficult to fall and stay asleep.

失眠是“最常见的抱怨（主诉症状）”之一。主要症状包括睡眠不足和睡眠质量差，发现难以入睡并维持睡眠状态。

Individuals with insomnia often experience considerable distress and disruption of daily functioning.

患有失眠症的人经常遭受相当大的痛苦和日常功能的破坏。

They rarely wake up feeling refreshed and often feel sleepy and tired for the rest of the day. They can also feel depressed, anxious, and irritable.

他们很少醒来后感觉精神焕发，经常在日间感到困倦和疲倦。他们也会感到情绪低落，焦虑和易激惹。

The condition thwarts efforts to do well at work and school, as it undermines a person's ability to focus, pay attention, remember, and learn.

这种状态影响人的专注，注意，记忆和学习的能力，降低了工作和学习效率。

Acute, or short-term, insomnia lasts for a few days or weeks. This often results from traumatic events or pressure from family and work situations. Other people have the ongoing or chronic form of insomnia that lasts for months and longer.

急性或短期失眠一般持续数天或数周。这通常是由创伤事件或来自家庭和工作环境的压力造成的。而持续或慢性失眠症患者，失眠常持续数月或更长时间。

While scientists have attempted to study the brain mechanisms of insomnia, their findings have been mostly inconsistent.

虽然科学家们试图研究失眠的大脑机制，但他们的研究结果大多不一致。

There is a similar pattern with treatment effectiveness: it works for some, but not for others.

Blanken and her colleagues suggest that this lack of consistency could be because "subtypes of this disease remain unrecognized."

5 types of insomnia

So, the researchers decided to investigate further with a study in three parts.

First, they analyzed the results of up to 34 different questionnaires that 4,322 volunteers in the Netherlands Sleep Registry had filled in.

The questionnaires measured personality traits that scientists have linked to differences in brain function and structure.

Using a method called "latent class analyses" on the questionnaire data, the researchers identified five types of insomnia, as follows:

Type 1 "highly distressed": Scores high on distressing personality traits, such as neuroticism and "feeling down or tense."

Type 2 "moderately distressed but reward-sensitive": Scores indicate that responses to "pleasurable emotions" are intact.

Type 3 "moderately distressed and reward-insensitive."

Type 4 "slightly distressed with high reactivity": Insomnia symptoms vary with "environment and life events."

Type 5 "slightly distressed with low reactivity."

They then confirmed their findings in the second part of the study by evaluating a "second, non-overlapping cohort" of 251 volunteers that they had recruited from new members of the sleep registry.

Finally, 5 years later, in the third part of the study, the team re-evaluated 215 volunteers from the first sample.

These results revealed that individuals had mostly conserved their type of insomnia from 5 years earlier "indicating a high stability of the classification."

Other differences among types of insomnia

Further examination also uncovered other measurable differences in the five types of insomnia.