第 1 章 原子结构和键合
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元素周期表(periodic Table of the Elements)
(P28
2-4)
元素( ):具有相同核电荷的同一类原子总称 元素(Element):具有相同核电荷的同一类原子总称,共116种,核电荷数是划分元 ):具有相同核电荷的同一类原子总称, 种 素的依据 同位素( ):具有相同的质子数和不同中子数的同一元素的原子 同位素(Isotope):具有相同的质子数和不同中子数的同一元素的原子 ): 元素有两种存在状态:游离态和化合态( 元素有两种存在状态:游离态和化合态(Free State& Combined Form) 7个横行(Horizontal rows)周期(period)按原子序数(Atomic Number)递增的顺序 个横行( 周期( 个横行 周期 )按原子序数( 递增的顺序 从左至右排列 18个纵行(column)16族(Group), 个主族、7个副族、1个Ⅷ族、1个零族(Inert 个纵行( ),7个主族 个副族、 个 个零族( 个纵行 ) 族 ), 个主族、 个副族 个零族 Gases)最外层的电子数相同,按电子壳层数递增的顺序从上而下排列。 )最外层的电子数相同,按电子壳层数递增的顺序从上而下排列。
C12,C13,C14 6 6 6
原子序数= 周期序数= 原子序数=核电荷数 周期序数=电子壳层数 主族序数= 零族元素最外层电子数为8(氦为2) 主族序数=最 外 层 电 子 数 零族元素最外层电子数为 (氦为 ) 价电子数(Valence electron) )
核电荷 ,原子半径 ↑ ↓ 同周期元素: 右, → 同周期元素:左 右,金属性 ,非金属性 ↓ ↑ 电离能 ,失电子能力 ,得电子能力 ↑ ↓ ↑ 最外层电子数相同,电子层数 ,原子半径 最外层电子数相同, ↑ ↑ 同主族元素: →下, 同主族元素:上 下,金属性 ,非金属性 ↑ ↓ 电离能 ,失电子能力 ,得电子能力 ↓ ↑ ↓
Name (Hydrogen); symbol (H);
Atomic number; Atomic masses; Electron configuration; Melting point; Boiling point; Density; Electronegativity; Structure; Atomic radius.
The types of bonding between the atoms
金属键( bonding) 金属键(Metallic bonding) 化学键( bonding) 离子键( bonding) 价键primary 化学键(Chemical bonding) 离子键(Ionic bonding) 主价键primary interatomic bonds 共价键(covalent bonding) bonding) 共价键( 物理键( bonding) 次价键( bonding) 亦称Van ing), 物理键(physical bonding),次价键(Secondary bonding),亦称Van der Waals bonding 氢键(Hydrogen - bonding) 介于化学键和范德华力之间 氢键(
第一章 固体材料的结构 Chapter 1. The Structures of Materials
本章要讨论的主要问题是: (1) 为什么原子能结合成固体? (2) 材料中存在哪几种键合方式? (3) 决定键合方式的主要因素有哪些? (4) 材料的哪些性能和其键合方式有密切 的关系?
Questions for Chapter 1 What is crystal structure? What is crystal lattice? How many types of bonding between atoms? What are the most important factors in determining the types of bonds? What is the relationship between bonds and properties of materials? How to describe the atom arrangement in crystalline? What are the most metal’s crystal structures?
Atoms are the basic structural unit of all engineering materials.
Atoms consist primarily of three basic subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.
特点:以离子而不是以原子为结合单元,要求正负离子相间排列 性质:熔点和硬度均较高,良好电绝缘体且无方向性,无饱和性 C 共价键(covalent bonding) 亚金属(C、Si、Sn、 Ge),聚合物和无机非金属材料 实质:由二个或多个电负性相差不大的原子间通过共用电子对而成
金属结合示意图
金属变形时,由金属键结合的原子可变换相对位置,因而 金属具有良好的延性
将电压作用于金属时,电子云中的电子很容易运 动并传送电流
B 离子键(Ionic bonding) 多数盐类、碱类和金属氧化物
实质:
e
金属原子பைடு நூலகம்非金属原子
带正电的正离子(Cation) 电 力 子 静 引 离 键 带负电的负离子(anion)
There are four important mechanisms by which atoms are boned in engineering materials.
These are: 1. metallic bond; 2. covalent bond; 3. ionic bond; 4. van der waals bond.
A 金属键(Metallic bonding) 金属键( )
典型金属原子结构:最外层电子数很少, 典型金属原子结构:最外层电子数很少,即 价电子( 价电子(valence electron)极易 ) 挣脱原子核之束缚而成为自由电子( 挣脱原子核之束缚而成为自由电子(Free electron),形成电子云(electron ),形成电子云 ),形成电子云( cloud)金属中自由电子与金属正离子之 ) 间构成键合称为金属键 特点:电子共有化, 特点:电子共有化,既无饱和性又无方向 性,形成低能量密堆结构 性质:良好导电、导热性能, 性质:良好导电、导热性能,延展性好
Solids composed primarily of electropositive elements containing three or fewer valence electrons are generally held together by metallic bonds. The electropositive elements can obtain a stable electron configuration by “giving up” their valence electrons. Since there are no electronegative atoms present to receive the “extra” electrons, they are instead donated to the structure in general. That is, they are shared by all of the atoms in the compound.
The two major classes of atomic bonds are primary and secondary bonds. Primary bonds are generally one or more orders of magnitude stronger than secondary bonds. All primary bonds involve either the transfer of electrons from one atom to another or the sharing of electrons between atoms.
A 金属键 metallic bonding
The metallic elements have more electropositive atoms that donate their valence electrons to form a “sea” of electrons surrounding the atoms.
物质(Substances)是由原子(atom)组成 在材料科学中,最为关心原子的电子结构 原子的电子结构—原子间键合本质 决定材料分类:金属 陶瓷 高分子 材料性能:物理 化学 力学
The types of atoms present
The structure of the atom
An atom is composed of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus contains neutrons and positively charged protons and carries a net positive charge. The negatively charged electrons are held the nucleus by an electrostatic attraction.
Types of atomic bonds
Chemical bonding between atoms occurs since there is a net decrease in the potential energy of atoms in the bonded state. In general, chemical bonds between atoms can be divided into two groups: primary (or strong bonds) and secondary (or weak bonds).
材料的微观结构 (Microstructures of Materials)
决定材料性质最为本质的内在因素:组成 材料各元素原子结构,原子间相互作用, 相互结合,原子或分子在空间的排列,运 动规律,以及原子集合体的形貌特征
1、原子之间的键合 、 The types of bonds
Atomic scale structure: By atomic structure we mean (1) The types of atoms present; (2) The types of bonding between the atoms; (3) The way the atoms are packed together.
1-1 几何晶体学的基本知识 Sec.1.1 The Fundamentals of Geometric Crystallology
The most important aspect of any engineering material is its structure, because its properties are closely related to this feature. To be successful, a materials engineer must have a good understanding of this relationship between structure and properties.