词汇学笔记整理
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it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.
Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book,
a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.
adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to
represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do
double duty or work together in combination.
Classification of Words (本课的一个重点, 年年考试都考)
What is the classification of words? How to classify words in
linguistics?
Three criteria :
1) By use of frequency
,you
What are the characteristics of basic word stock?
1) All national character
2) Stability
3) Productivity
4) Polysemy
5) Collocability
要把握住‘All national character’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词
稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？
e.g. man, woman , fire, water …
e.g. machine, video, telephone …
e.g. bow, chariot , knight
Stability is relative, not absolute.
Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e.
stability
According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考试必考) the nine
functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will
e.g. wilt (will)
7) Neologisms
e.g. email ( Neologisms )
beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic difference
Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content
e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)
外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。
What is vocabulary?
Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but
2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly
than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far
apart.
第一讲：
1.考试题形式分为：
Ⅰ.选择题(30分)：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是 ‘Theory’和 ‘Example’ 的结合。
Ⅱ.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考简单的‘Examples﹑Theory’而是考‘
Exceptions’ .
Ⅲ.（10分） 考试内容：
ⅰ.Types of meaning changes: 词意变化的种类
enriching the English vocabulary.
要记住以上四句话中的关键词：
1) influenced by Romans
2) Pronunciation changed
3) early scribes
4) borrowing
你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？
e.g. dog. cat
2)The relationship between them is conventional.
3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by
different sounds.
What is relationship between sound and form?
2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English
3)With the development of the language, more and more differences
occur between the two.
2) By notion
3) By origin
By use of frequency 可划分为：
1) The basic word stock
2) Nonbasic word
1) Content word
2) Functional word
1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of
the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral
form, such as English language.
Ⅵ. 简答题 (12分)：
ⅰ.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说‘概念意义与联想意
义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。
ⅱ.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题， 如:Affected Meaning 名词
解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为： What is Affected Meaning,
Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称)
Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. (
Functional words 的别称)
根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic
vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？
1) Terminology
e.g. sonata, algebra
2) Jargon
e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon )
3) Slang
e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang )
4) Argot
e.g. persuader
5) Dialectal words
e.g. station ( AusE = ranch )
bluid ( ScotE= blood)
6) Archaisms
briefly exemplify it.
ⅲ.Optional: 可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子
Ⅶ.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。
二. 串讲内容：
Introduction 部分：
Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支:
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.
e.g. wife
纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？
Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization
第一章部分：
What is word ?
词具有哪些特点？
词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;
management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment
misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune
blackmail 次划分为black 和 mail
What is the relationship between sound and meaning?
1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.
2) A sound unity or a given sound ;
3) a unit of meaning;
4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.
以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释
词的分类（classification of a word）
词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？
1) simple words 2) complex words
单音节词例子：
e.g. Man and fine are simple
多音节词例子：
e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail
What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or
irregularity between sound and form?
1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was
ⅱ.Types of meaning : 词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。
ⅲ.Languages branches :语系与语族, 语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语
系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。
ⅳ. Feathers of idioms: 习语的特点
Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:
1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography
研究lexicology 的两大方法:
1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学
2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学
3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the
early scribes.
4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of
Ⅳ.(10分) 考试内容：
ⅰ.Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘着词素的种类
ⅱ.Types of Word Formations: 构词法的种类
ⅲ.Types of Meaning: 词义的种类
ⅳ.Types of Meaning of Idioms:习语涵义的种类
Ⅴ. 名词解释 (10分)：
Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book,
a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.
adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to
represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do
double duty or work together in combination.
Classification of Words (本课的一个重点, 年年考试都考)
What is the classification of words? How to classify words in
linguistics?
Three criteria :
1) By use of frequency
,you
What are the characteristics of basic word stock?
1) All national character
2) Stability
3) Productivity
4) Polysemy
5) Collocability
要把握住‘All national character’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词
稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？
e.g. man, woman , fire, water …
e.g. machine, video, telephone …
e.g. bow, chariot , knight
Stability is relative, not absolute.
Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e.
stability
According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考试必考) the nine
functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will
e.g. wilt (will)
7) Neologisms
e.g. email ( Neologisms )
beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic difference
Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content
e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)
外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。
What is vocabulary?
Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but
2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly
than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far
apart.
第一讲：
1.考试题形式分为：
Ⅰ.选择题(30分)：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是 ‘Theory’和 ‘Example’ 的结合。
Ⅱ.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考简单的‘Examples﹑Theory’而是考‘
Exceptions’ .
Ⅲ.（10分） 考试内容：
ⅰ.Types of meaning changes: 词意变化的种类
enriching the English vocabulary.
要记住以上四句话中的关键词：
1) influenced by Romans
2) Pronunciation changed
3) early scribes
4) borrowing
你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？
e.g. dog. cat
2)The relationship between them is conventional.
3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by
different sounds.
What is relationship between sound and form?
2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English
3)With the development of the language, more and more differences
occur between the two.
2) By notion
3) By origin
By use of frequency 可划分为：
1) The basic word stock
2) Nonbasic word
1) Content word
2) Functional word
1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of
the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral
form, such as English language.
Ⅵ. 简答题 (12分)：
ⅰ.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说‘概念意义与联想意
义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。
ⅱ.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题， 如:Affected Meaning 名词
解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为： What is Affected Meaning,
Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称)
Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. (
Functional words 的别称)
根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic
vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？
1) Terminology
e.g. sonata, algebra
2) Jargon
e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon )
3) Slang
e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang )
4) Argot
e.g. persuader
5) Dialectal words
e.g. station ( AusE = ranch )
bluid ( ScotE= blood)
6) Archaisms
briefly exemplify it.
ⅲ.Optional: 可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子
Ⅶ.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。
二. 串讲内容：
Introduction 部分：
Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支:
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.
e.g. wife
纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？
Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization
第一章部分：
What is word ?
词具有哪些特点？
词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;
management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment
misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune
blackmail 次划分为black 和 mail
What is the relationship between sound and meaning?
1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.
2) A sound unity or a given sound ;
3) a unit of meaning;
4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.
以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释
词的分类（classification of a word）
词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？
1) simple words 2) complex words
单音节词例子：
e.g. Man and fine are simple
多音节词例子：
e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail
What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or
irregularity between sound and form?
1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was
ⅱ.Types of meaning : 词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。
ⅲ.Languages branches :语系与语族, 语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语
系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。
ⅳ. Feathers of idioms: 习语的特点
Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:
1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography
研究lexicology 的两大方法:
1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学
2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学
3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the
early scribes.
4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of
Ⅳ.(10分) 考试内容：
ⅰ.Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘着词素的种类
ⅱ.Types of Word Formations: 构词法的种类
ⅲ.Types of Meaning: 词义的种类
ⅳ.Types of Meaning of Idioms:习语涵义的种类
Ⅴ. 名词解释 (10分)：