动词的时与体

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一般将来

2.be going to+不定式 这种结构多用于口语中,表示打算、计划、安排、准备 要做的事或肯定要发生的事。如:
How are you going to spend your weekend? We’re going to have a class meeting next Monday.
动词的时和体
时 Tense 体 Aspect
过 去 past
现 在 present 进行 progressive
完 成 perfect
主 动 active 被 动 passive

Voice 式 Mood
陈述 indicative 祈使 imperative 虚拟 Subjunctive
一般现在
(做完功课再看电视。)(命令)
You’re not to tell him anything about our plans.
(你不可把我们的计划透露给他。)(禁止)
The President of America is to visit China next month.
(美国总统下个月将访问中国。)(宣布官方的决定)
He was forever complaining about something. He was always trying out new ideas.

4.代替过去将来时 某些表示位置转移的动词(如go.come,arrive等),可以用其过去进 行时代替过去将来时。如:
He said the plane was arriving(=would arrive)soon. He was leaving the following day.
构成
一般现在时通常用动词原形表示,但在第三 人称单数后要加词尾-s或-es be和have有特殊的人称形式(is,am,are ; has,have)。

用 法
1.表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态
常与usually,often.always,sometimes, everyday,once a week等时间状语连用;有 时也可不加这类状语。如:
2.表示过去经常、习惯性或反复发生的动作(注 意与一般现在的区别) 这时它常与often,usually,seldom等表示频度 的副词连用。如:

When she was in Shanghai,she often came to see
me. We often played ping-pong together when we were in college.




3.用来代替过去将来时 在时间、条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。 如:
He said he would not go if it rained. They told us that they would not leave until she came back.

2.表示客观事实或普遍真理
Light travels more quickly than sound. The earth moves around the sun. Japan is to the east of China.
用 法

3.表示按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的事 这通常限于表示“运动”的动词,如go,come, leave。start,begin,arrive,take off等,其后常 跟有表示将来的时间状语。在这种情况下,一般 现在时的意义与一般将来时的意义相同。
一般将来

1.will/shall+动词原形 它表示将来要发生的动作或状态。这时它常与 tomorrow,next week,in the future等表示将来的时间状 语连用。如:
I will/shall return you the book as soon as possible. He will help his sister with her lessons.
He was just falling asleep when there was a loud knock at the door. Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out.

3.表达褒贬等感情色彩 和现在进行时一样(只是时间不同),过去进行时也可以和always, forever等频度副词连用,表示说话人的一定感情色彩。如:
I’m looking for a pair of black shoes.

2.表示现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定在进行的 动作
They are working in a factory these days. I’ m writing a book about English grammar. They are visiting Beijing this week.




1.表示过去某时发生的动作或情况 这时它常与yesterday,last week/month/year, in 1949,a few days/weeks/months / ago等 表示明确的过去的时间状语连用。如:
I met him in the street yesterday. The students went to the Great Wall last Sunday. That happened many years ago.
The delegation arriyes in Beijing this afternoon. The plane takes off at 9: 20 a .m.
The summer holidays begin next week.
4.代替将来时 在由连词when,as soon as,before,until,if等 引导的表示未来行为的时间和条件状语从句中,常 用一般现在时代替一般将来时,这是英语的习惯表 达法。但应注意,主句的谓语动词要用某种形式的 将来时。如:
现在完成
பைடு நூலகம்
构 成

现在完成时由助动词have / has + -ed形式构 成。
用 法
1.表示在说话之前已经完成的事态 用现在完成时表示的这种事态通常发生在不确定的 过去时间并与“现在”有联系,即侧重该事态对现 在的影响,一般与already和yet 这两个副词连用。 如:

I have been to Beijing many times.
What were you doing last night? At that time,he was working in a university.

在含有时间状语从句的复合句中,延续时间较长的动作用过 去进行时,另一个短暂动作用一般过去时。如:
My pen dropped on the ground when I was walking in the park. When I entered the room,she was sitting at her desk.
I’ve got a letter from my aunt.
Peter has had a bad car accident. I have already finished my homework.
4.表示“虚拟语气” 这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型,表示现在或将来的非 真实情况、主观意图或愿望等。
If only I had a better memory.(如果我有好的记忆力就好了。) If it snowed tomorrow,the match would be put off. It’s high/about time we went.(我们该走了。) Don’t come tomorrow.I'd rather you came next weekend.
here until August. He is flying to Beijing early tomorrow morning.
过去进行
构 成

一般过去时由规则或不规则动词的过去式表 示;
动词be第一、三人称单数用was,其余用were; 动词have一律用had;
用 法


1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动 作 这时句子中往往带有表示过去某一时间的状语。如:
用 法
3.表达褒贬等感情色彩

现在进行时常与always,continually, constantly,forever等频度副词连用,表示赞 叹、厌烦等感情色彩。如:
She is always asking such questions.(她总是
问这样一些问题。) They are forever quarrelling about something.(他们总是为某事争论不休。) John is always helping people.(约翰总是帮助 别人。)

如果表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时进行,而不考虑 动作的先后长短,则主句和从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。 如:
The students were reading while the teacher was grading their
homework.
用 法

2.用来提供背景 在口语或记叙文中,可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景,以 此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。如:
一般将来
5.用现在进行时表示 有些表示位置转移的动词。如come.go, leave。start.arrive,fly等(非延续性动词: 注意与现在进行之间的比较)的ing形式可表 示按计划或安排将要发生的动作,常与表示 将来的时间状语连用。如:

He is coming here next week and is staying

这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象。认为 某事即将发生或肯定会发生。如:
Look at the black clouds.It’s going to rain. Mary is going to have a baby.
一般将来


3.be about to+不定式 它表示即将发生的动作。它一般不与表示时间的状语连用。如:
Autumn harvest is about to start.(秋收就要开始了。) The ship is about to sail.(轮船马上就要启航。)

4.be to+不定式 它表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要做的事。如:
You’re to do your homework before you watch TV.
Father always reads newspapers after supper.
We always care for each other and help each other. We usually go to school at seven o’clock in the morning.
现在进行
构 成
现在进行时用助动词be的人称形式(is,am,
are)加动词的-ing形式构成。
思考:动词有要求吗?
用 法
1.表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作 这时句中可以不用时间状语,也可以和now,at present,at the moment等时间状语连用。如:

We are having our English class now.

When you come next time,bring me some
magazines. We’ll set off as soon as he gets ready.
一般过去
构 成
一般过去时由规则或不规则动词的过去式表 示; 词be第一、三人称单数用was,其余用were; 动词have一律用had;
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