北京大学-樊纲发展经济学8PPT教学课件
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• The key factor is the transportation cost.
• The other factors include the conditions for life.
2020/12/10
11
Equality of per capita income
This is the only equality achievable !
Y1 may always be bigger than Y2, but
Y1 ------------ = H1+ h2
Y2 -------------H2 – h2
• Developed country had enlarging disparity before their finish of industrialization (in terms of employment) and urbanization.
• So Karl Marx and Arthur Lewis no difference.
2020/12/10
4
China’s Income Disparities (Gini co)
55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20
2020/12/10
Gini
Gini_adj
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
百度文库
2020/12/10
10
4. Regional Disparity
• The geographic reallocation of recourses and population: immigration and migration.
• For a large continental county, the modernization must result in the reallocation of population.
Ch.13 Income Disparity and Regional Disparity in Development
2020/12/10
1
1. Income disparity as a general phenomenon: labor and capital
(including human capital)
2020/12/10
7
C. Because of political underdevelopment, more often the developing countries are ruled by dictatorship with concentration of wealth.
D. Welfare-catch-up leads to persistent disparity.
2020/12/10
8
3. Urbanization and Urban poverty
• Urbanization is the process that the poor gets into the cities.
• Urban poverty ( slums ) can be the poorest, as they are unemployed and have no any means of life.
47.9
49.1
47.4
5
International comparison (2005)
Gini coefficient： Brazil S. Africa Uruguay
0.601 0.583 0.580
2020/12/10
Hong Kong before tax 0.51 after tax 0.43
• And Kuznets Curve is valid for all for certain stages.
• Lucas: human capital differences
2020/12/10
2
Kuznets Curve: Gene coefficient
2020/12/10
3
Kuznets and Lewis
B. Greater greedy corruption – get rich in one generation and as rich as the riches in developed countries who accumulated that wealth in several generation.
• Private ownership of land and land concentration.
2020/12/10
9
A Non-replica case of China
• Household-leasing contract under non-sellable public land-ownership – you can transfer the leasing contact, but you cannot sell it out and become property-less.
6
2. Developing country specials
A. Tradable goods may get much higher returns as the foreign market is much bigger than domestic, and bigger than what in the history.
• “Land social security” before any other social security.
• As the result, China does not have much urban slums, compared to other developing countries.
• The other factors include the conditions for life.
2020/12/10
11
Equality of per capita income
This is the only equality achievable !
Y1 may always be bigger than Y2, but
Y1 ------------ = H1+ h2
Y2 -------------H2 – h2
• Developed country had enlarging disparity before their finish of industrialization (in terms of employment) and urbanization.
• So Karl Marx and Arthur Lewis no difference.
2020/12/10
4
China’s Income Disparities (Gini co)
55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20
2020/12/10
Gini
Gini_adj
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
百度文库
2020/12/10
10
4. Regional Disparity
• The geographic reallocation of recourses and population: immigration and migration.
• For a large continental county, the modernization must result in the reallocation of population.
Ch.13 Income Disparity and Regional Disparity in Development
2020/12/10
1
1. Income disparity as a general phenomenon: labor and capital
(including human capital)
2020/12/10
7
C. Because of political underdevelopment, more often the developing countries are ruled by dictatorship with concentration of wealth.
D. Welfare-catch-up leads to persistent disparity.
2020/12/10
8
3. Urbanization and Urban poverty
• Urbanization is the process that the poor gets into the cities.
• Urban poverty ( slums ) can be the poorest, as they are unemployed and have no any means of life.
47.9
49.1
47.4
5
International comparison (2005)
Gini coefficient： Brazil S. Africa Uruguay
0.601 0.583 0.580
2020/12/10
Hong Kong before tax 0.51 after tax 0.43
• And Kuznets Curve is valid for all for certain stages.
• Lucas: human capital differences
2020/12/10
2
Kuznets Curve: Gene coefficient
2020/12/10
3
Kuznets and Lewis
B. Greater greedy corruption – get rich in one generation and as rich as the riches in developed countries who accumulated that wealth in several generation.
• Private ownership of land and land concentration.
2020/12/10
9
A Non-replica case of China
• Household-leasing contract under non-sellable public land-ownership – you can transfer the leasing contact, but you cannot sell it out and become property-less.
6
2. Developing country specials
A. Tradable goods may get much higher returns as the foreign market is much bigger than domestic, and bigger than what in the history.
• “Land social security” before any other social security.
• As the result, China does not have much urban slums, compared to other developing countries.