英语国家概况 第2章 英国的起源
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They were farming folk who kept animals and grew crops.
大约在公元前3000年的新石器时代，这些身材 矮小、黑皮肤、长脸庞的人来到英国，他们很可 能来自伊比利亚半岛，即现在的西班牙。
作为农民他们饲养动物、种植庄稼。
At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland 大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人从现在的荷兰
Roman influence
on Britain so
limited?
3） The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶级以及属民来对待 。 四百年中，罗马人从不和不列颠人通婚。
此岛，直至罗马人入侵
名词
解释
▲ 他们可能源自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国、比利
时和德国南部
第二节 罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年—公元410年）
1.英国被罗马人的占
British recorded For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.
In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany, settled in East Anglia, Mercia （which covered the Midlands and the Welsh borders） and Northumbria, which reached to the Scottish border.
居住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔、农 耕的朱特人首先到达不列颠。它们于公元5世纪
成立了肯特郡王国。
2）撒克逊人 the Saxons 5世纪末至6世纪初
Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established 后来5世纪末至6世纪初，从德国北部来的使用
Empire.
区作战。
① Caster and Chester means camp. （Lancaster, Winchester
and Chester）
①Caster和 Chester“营地”的意思。（Lancaster, Winchester和
a. Network of
Chester）
3.成就
They may originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium（ [ˈbɛldʒəm]比利时） and southern Germany.
凯尔特人比先前抵达的种族更高、更漂亮，他们
于公元前500年开始迁入，并于此后不断迁居到
b. In 829, Egbert, King of Wessex, became an overlord of all the English. 公元829年，威塞克斯的国王埃格伯特成了整个英国的最高君主。（传统被认为是英格兰王 国第一个国王。）
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain.
AD 306.
督教已被人们所广泛接受。
5.为什么罗马对不列 1） The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.
颠人的影响却极为
有限？ Why was the
2） Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry.
small kingdoms in about 6th century. These kingdoms were constantly at war with 格鲁-撒克逊建立了七个小王国。这些部落之间 名词
one another, each trying to get the upper hand, so that the kingdoms were often 不断交战，彼此都想占上风，因此王国总是分了 解释
6世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部把自己的名字 给了英国人的安格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚 （包括中部及威尔士边境）以及诺森伯利亚定 居，诺森伯利亚到达苏格兰边境。
2.七国时代 Heptarchy
The Heptarchy was the period in English history when Anglo-Saxon set up seven 七国时代是英国历史上的一个时期，在6世纪安
Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation 第二章 英国的起源
第一节早期居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年） Early Settlers （5000 BC—55 BC）
Britain was originally a part of the European continent. When the last Ice Age ended 7,000 years ago, melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea, and turning Britain into an island.
这一民族得名于他们所用的特殊钟形宽口饮酒容 器，这种陶器是陪葬品，分别埋在单独的墓穴 里，墓的主人呈蹲伏姿势。
They brought with them the art of pottery(陶器) making, the ability to fashion bronze(青铜) tools and the custom of individual burial.
and the Rhineland.
和莱茵兰地区来到这里。
2.宽口陶器人 (The Beaker Folk)
2000 BC
These people took their name from their distinctive bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they were buried in crouching positions in individual graves.
first by indirect means, probably brought by traders and soldiers, and was quite 很可能是由商人和士兵间接传入的。公元306年
well-established before the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in 第一位基督教皇帝，君士坦丁大帝登基之前，基
towns and roads. ② Capital: London （Londinium）②首都：伦敦 城镇和道路网
Achievement
③ Two cities: York had been created as a northern
③两个城市：约克被建为北方要塞，而巴斯城因
stronghold; Bath rapidly developed because of its waters.
罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。
第 1 页，共 5 页
第三节 安格鲁-撒克逊人（446—871）The Anglo-Saxons （446-871）
1.三个日耳曼部落
1.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came 5世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和安格鲁人开始
领近400年
英国有记栽的历史开始于罗马人的入侵。英国被罗马人的占领近四百年。
2.并非完全占领的原
因
a. some parts of the country resist; 一些地区进行了抵抗；
Reasons for untotal
occupation:
b. Roman troops were often withdraw from Britain to fight in other parts of Roman 罗马军队经常撤离不列颠，到罗马帝国的其他地
their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the 短剑的撒克逊人在塞克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯
beginning of the 6th century.
建立了王国。
3）安格鲁人 the Angles 6世纪后半叶
broken up and often pieced together again.
合，合了又分。
3.七国时代的战争 Wars among Heptarchy
a. By the end of the eighth century, Offa, King of Mercia, built the great earthwork known as Offa’s Dyke（奥法大堤）, control for a long time virtually all central, eastern and southeastern England. 到8世纪末，麦西亚国王奥法修建了著名的防御工事——奥法大堤，实际上奥法统治了整个 英格兰中部、西部和东南部很长一段时间。
不列颠原是欧洲大陆的一部分。7000年前的冰 川时代结束时，融冰淹没了低地，形成了英吉利 海峡和北海，不列颠变成了岛屿。
1.伊比利亚人 (Iberians) 3000 BC
（所知道的最早的 英国居民）
At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula([pəˈnɪnsjələ]半岛）, now Spain.
to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.
入侵不列颠。这是三个日耳曼部落。
1）朱特人 The Jutes 公元5世纪
The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland （now southern Denmark）, came to Britain first. They established a kingdom in Kent in the 5th century.
他们还带来了制陶工艺、制造青铜工具的技术及 单独安葬的习俗。
3.凯尔特人 （The Celts）
500BC
The Celts, a taller and fairer race than the people who had come before, began to arrive about 500 BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.
其水域而发展迅速。
b. Make use of Britain’s natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery.
利用英国的自然资源，开发铅矿、铁矿和锡矿， 并生产陶器。
4.宗教 Religion
The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. This came at 罗马人还把基督教这一新宗教带到不列颠。最初
大约在公元前3000年的新石器时代，这些身材 矮小、黑皮肤、长脸庞的人来到英国，他们很可 能来自伊比利亚半岛，即现在的西班牙。
作为农民他们饲养动物、种植庄稼。
At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland 大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人从现在的荷兰
Roman influence
on Britain so
limited?
3） The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶级以及属民来对待 。 四百年中，罗马人从不和不列颠人通婚。
此岛，直至罗马人入侵
名词
解释
▲ 他们可能源自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国、比利
时和德国南部
第二节 罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年—公元410年）
1.英国被罗马人的占
British recorded For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation.
In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany, settled in East Anglia, Mercia （which covered the Midlands and the Welsh borders） and Northumbria, which reached to the Scottish border.
居住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔、农 耕的朱特人首先到达不列颠。它们于公元5世纪
成立了肯特郡王国。
2）撒克逊人 the Saxons 5世纪末至6世纪初
Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established 后来5世纪末至6世纪初，从德国北部来的使用
Empire.
区作战。
① Caster and Chester means camp. （Lancaster, Winchester
and Chester）
①Caster和 Chester“营地”的意思。（Lancaster, Winchester和
a. Network of
Chester）
3.成就
They may originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium（ [ˈbɛldʒəm]比利时） and southern Germany.
凯尔特人比先前抵达的种族更高、更漂亮，他们
于公元前500年开始迁入，并于此后不断迁居到
b. In 829, Egbert, King of Wessex, became an overlord of all the English. 公元829年，威塞克斯的国王埃格伯特成了整个英国的最高君主。（传统被认为是英格兰王 国第一个国王。）
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain.
AD 306.
督教已被人们所广泛接受。
5.为什么罗马对不列 1） The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.
颠人的影响却极为
有限？ Why was the
2） Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry.
small kingdoms in about 6th century. These kingdoms were constantly at war with 格鲁-撒克逊建立了七个小王国。这些部落之间 名词
one another, each trying to get the upper hand, so that the kingdoms were often 不断交战，彼此都想占上风，因此王国总是分了 解释
6世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部把自己的名字 给了英国人的安格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚 （包括中部及威尔士边境）以及诺森伯利亚定 居，诺森伯利亚到达苏格兰边境。
2.七国时代 Heptarchy
The Heptarchy was the period in English history when Anglo-Saxon set up seven 七国时代是英国历史上的一个时期，在6世纪安
Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation 第二章 英国的起源
第一节早期居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年） Early Settlers （5000 BC—55 BC）
Britain was originally a part of the European continent. When the last Ice Age ended 7,000 years ago, melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea, and turning Britain into an island.
这一民族得名于他们所用的特殊钟形宽口饮酒容 器，这种陶器是陪葬品，分别埋在单独的墓穴 里，墓的主人呈蹲伏姿势。
They brought with them the art of pottery(陶器) making, the ability to fashion bronze(青铜) tools and the custom of individual burial.
and the Rhineland.
和莱茵兰地区来到这里。
2.宽口陶器人 (The Beaker Folk)
2000 BC
These people took their name from their distinctive bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they were buried in crouching positions in individual graves.
first by indirect means, probably brought by traders and soldiers, and was quite 很可能是由商人和士兵间接传入的。公元306年
well-established before the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in 第一位基督教皇帝，君士坦丁大帝登基之前，基
towns and roads. ② Capital: London （Londinium）②首都：伦敦 城镇和道路网
Achievement
③ Two cities: York had been created as a northern
③两个城市：约克被建为北方要塞，而巴斯城因
stronghold; Bath rapidly developed because of its waters.
罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。
第 1 页，共 5 页
第三节 安格鲁-撒克逊人（446—871）The Anglo-Saxons （446-871）
1.三个日耳曼部落
1.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came 5世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和安格鲁人开始
领近400年
英国有记栽的历史开始于罗马人的入侵。英国被罗马人的占领近四百年。
2.并非完全占领的原
因
a. some parts of the country resist; 一些地区进行了抵抗；
Reasons for untotal
occupation:
b. Roman troops were often withdraw from Britain to fight in other parts of Roman 罗马军队经常撤离不列颠，到罗马帝国的其他地
their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the 短剑的撒克逊人在塞克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯
beginning of the 6th century.
建立了王国。
3）安格鲁人 the Angles 6世纪后半叶
broken up and often pieced together again.
合，合了又分。
3.七国时代的战争 Wars among Heptarchy
a. By the end of the eighth century, Offa, King of Mercia, built the great earthwork known as Offa’s Dyke（奥法大堤）, control for a long time virtually all central, eastern and southeastern England. 到8世纪末，麦西亚国王奥法修建了著名的防御工事——奥法大堤，实际上奥法统治了整个 英格兰中部、西部和东南部很长一段时间。
不列颠原是欧洲大陆的一部分。7000年前的冰 川时代结束时，融冰淹没了低地，形成了英吉利 海峡和北海，不列颠变成了岛屿。
1.伊比利亚人 (Iberians) 3000 BC
（所知道的最早的 英国居民）
At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula([pəˈnɪnsjələ]半岛）, now Spain.
to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.
入侵不列颠。这是三个日耳曼部落。
1）朱特人 The Jutes 公元5世纪
The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland （now southern Denmark）, came to Britain first. They established a kingdom in Kent in the 5th century.
他们还带来了制陶工艺、制造青铜工具的技术及 单独安葬的习俗。
3.凯尔特人 （The Celts）
500BC
The Celts, a taller and fairer race than the people who had come before, began to arrive about 500 BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.
其水域而发展迅速。
b. Make use of Britain’s natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery.
利用英国的自然资源，开发铅矿、铁矿和锡矿， 并生产陶器。
4.宗教 Religion
The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. This came at 罗马人还把基督教这一新宗教带到不列颠。最初