皮亚杰 VS 乔姆斯基的理论比较

• formal operational stage: 11-16以上 (形 式运算阶段) − can think logically about abstract propos来自百度文库tions and test hypotheses systematically − becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems
• preoperational stage: 2-7 (前运算阶段) − learns to use language − classifies objects by a single feature − can not use logical thinking − is still egocentric • concrete operational stage: 7-11 (具体运算 阶段 )
Schema
• A schema (pl. schemata) is the mental framework that is created as children interact with their physical and social environments. • Piaget (1953) described three kinds of intellectual structures: 1. behavioural schemata 2. symbolic schemata 3. operational schemata
Piaget’s Contributions
– His description of broad sequences of intellectual development provides a reasonably accurate overview of how children of different ages think. – Piaget’s ideas have had a major influence on thinking about social and emotional development as well as many practical implications for educators. – Piaget asked important questions and drew literally thousands of researchers to the study of cognitive development.
• Two major principles guide intellectual growth and biological development: • Organization is the process by which children combine existing schemes into new and more complex intellectual structures. • Adaptation is an inborn tendency to adjust to the demands of the environment.
• The goal of adaptation is to adjust to the environment; this occurs through: • Assimilation is the process of interpreting new experiences by incorporating them into existing schemes. • Accommodation is the process of modifying existing schemes in order to incorporate or adapt to new experiences.
The debate
• Piaget’s theory • Chomsky’s theory
哲学
• • • • 格式塔心理学gestalt psychology 先验论Transzendentalismus 超验主义(transcendentalism) 笛卡尔
Piaget’s theory
• Genetic epistemology 发生认识论 • The Theory of Cognitive Development 认知发展理论 • Schema • Adaptation: assimilation and accommodation
Challenges to Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory:
• Underestimated developing minds/
Children's Abilities
• Failed to distinguish competence from performance • It is believed by some that Cognitive development does not evolve in a qualitative and stage like manner- it tends to develop gradually
• example of assimilation: an infant would suck on everything in its reach. • example of accommodation: the infants would pick up actual objects and put them in their mouths.(eg. pacifier.橡皮奶嘴) • To balance the two and achieve intellectual growth
•
Four aspects of Piaget’s Cognitive Processes
explain how we gain knowledge
• Schema 图式 • Organization • Adaptation： assimilation and accommodation • Equilibrium
Chomsky’s theory
• • • • • • • • Generative grammar Syntactic Structure Universal grammar The innateness hypothesis Language acquisition device Competence and performance… TGG Chomsky’s influence
Features
• 1. invariant sequence 2. universal (not culturally specific) 3. related to cognitive development 4. generalizable to other functions 5. stages are logically organized wholes 6. stages represent qualitative differences in modes of thinking, not merely quantitative differences 7.One stage must be accomplished before the next can occur
Provides a vague explanation on cognitive maturation Devoted little attention to social and cultural influences unrepresentative sample of his own three children and other children all from welleducated professionals of high socioeconomic status---- difficult to generalize his findings to a larger population.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget#Genetic_epistemology
The Theory of Cognitive Development
• sensorimotor stage : 0-2 （感知运动阶段） 1. experiences the world through movement and senses 2. differentiates self from objects 3. recognises self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally 4. understands object permanence物体守恒 5. is extremely egocentric自我中心的
• An Evaluation
Genetic epistemology
发生认识论
• "attempts to explain knowledge, and in particular scientific knowledge, on the basis of its history, its sociogenesis, and especially the psychological origins of the notions and operations upon which it is based". • His theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology".
An Evaluation of Piaget’s Theory
• Piaget’s Contributions
– Founded the discipline we know today as cognitive development. – Convinced us that children are curious, active explorers who play an important role in their own development. – His theory was one of the first to explain, and not just describe, the process of development.
– can think logically about objects and events – achieve conservation of number, mass, weight – classify objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size – are no longer egocentric
• Behavioural schemata: organized patterns of behaviour that are used to represent and respond to objects and experiences. • Symbolic schemata: internal mental symbols (such as images or verbal codes) that one uses to represent aspects of experience. • Operational schemata: internal mental activity that one performs on objects of thought.