演讲与辩论

over abstract
words 3.eliminate verbal clutter
1.use
familiar words
One of the biggest barriers to clear a speech using big, bloated words where short, sharp words ones will do the job better.
Diversity
• Be respectful of the different cultures and ethnic groups that make up the global community. • Avoid stereotypes based on age, race, gender, disability, and other factors.
Antithesis
• The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. • Eg. Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate. • Effect: produce a neatly turned phrase • give speeches a special touch of class
• A speaker’s meaning: 1.be immediately comprehensible 2.be so clear <no chance of misunderstanding>
• You can: 1.use familiar words 2.choose concrete words
2.choose
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concrete words
Concrete words refer to tangible objects---people, places and things. • E.g.: “carrot” “pencil” “nose” Abstract words refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributes. • E.g.: “humility” “science” “progress”
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Victory: success in a game, an election, a war, etc Accomplishment: an impressive thing that is done or achieved after a lot of work Success: the fact that you have achieved sth that you want and have been trying to do or get; the fact of becoming rich or famous or of getting a high social position
Alliteration
• Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. • Eg. Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for peace. • Effect: catch listeners’ attention make ideas easier to remember spruce up your speeches
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My cousin’s most important accomplishment this year was getting an A in calculus. Chen Xiaodan’s business success results from a combination of hard work and street smarts Yang Wei’s victory on the high bar give him the men’s individual all around gold medal in the
Using language vividly
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Use vivid, animated language: Several ways: 1.Imagery 2.rhythm
Imagery
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Three ways to generate imagery:
1.using 2.simile 3.metaphor
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Usually , the more specific a word, the more concrete it is.
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Physical activity abstract/general Sports Basketball NBA Yao Ming
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3.Eliminate
clutter
Biblioteka Baidu
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Synonyms:
victory accomplishment success • My cousin’s most important _____this year was getting an A in calculus.
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Chen Xiaodan’s business _____results from a combination of hard work and street smarts Yang Wei’s _____on the high bar give him the men’s individual
Repetition
• Reiterate the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. • Eg. We must imagine greatly, dare greatly, and act greatly. • Effect: repetition parallelism • unify a sequence of ideas, emphasize an idea by stating more than once, help create a strong emotional effect.
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Rhythm
• Language has a rhythm created by the choice and arrangement of words. • Speakers seek to exploit the rhythm of language to enhance the impact of their words.
Four parts:
• • • • Appropriateness to the occasion Appropriateness to the audience Appropriateness to the topic Appropriateness to the speaker
Using Language Inclusively
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At last, practice your speeches with a digital recorder.
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Be a better public speaker. Present ideas more effective meetings, conversations, and group discussions.
Using Language
Using Language accurately
Using language accurately speaker
vital
Using numbers accurately accountant
Example:
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Tiring :making you feel the need to sleep or rest E.g.: It had been a long tiring day. Shopping can be very tiring. Tiresome: making you feel annoyed <boring; annoying; dull; uninteresting> E.g.: Buying a house can be a very tiresome business
Clutter speech has become an international epidemic.
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When you make a speech, keep your language lean and lively. Beware of using several words where one or two will do. Avoid flabby phrases. Let your ideas emerge sharply and firmly. Above all, watch out for redundant adjectives and adverbs.
Metaphor
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Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. It doesn’t contain the word “like” “as” E.g.: Art is the torch of a nation’s spirit.
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Simile
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Simile is an explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. • It always contains the word “like” “as” • E.g.: Virtue, like a strong and hardy plant, take root in any place.
Parallelism
• The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. • Eg. The battle is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. • Effect: clear, consistent, and compelling. • strong, lucid, and harmonious statement.
Using Language Appropriately
• In addition to being accurate, clear, and vivid, language should be appropriate—to the occasion, to the audience, to the topic, and to the speaker.
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As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself instantly:
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What do I really want to say? What do I really mean? When in doubt: dictionary thesaurus
to make sure you have the best words to express your ideas.
concrete words
Concrete words
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Enhancing the clarity of your speech. The key to effective imaginary. Calling up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch, smell, and taste.