翻译技巧V

翻译技巧V

省译法和增译法

英译汉的省略

1. 代词的省略

英语的代词充当主语的情形较多。汉语中代词的使用频率比英语低，英译汉时需省略掉大量的代词。

E.1) If individuals are awakened each time they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.

译文：如果人每次都是一进入梦境就被叫醒，即使总睡眠量不少，也会烦躁不安。

E.2) He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.

译文：他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话也不说。

E.3) He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.

译文：他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。

2. 冠词的省略

汉语没有冠词，但冠词在英语中用得很普遍。一般情况下，英语不定冠词a或an如果不具有数词one的含义便可省去不译；不定冠词the如果不具有指代词this 或that, these, those 的含义，也可考虑省略不译。

E.1) The moon was slowly rising above the sea.

译文：月亮慢慢从海上升起。

E.2) Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.

译文：任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。

E.3）Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.

译文：冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽则树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的。

3. 介词的省略

英译句子中词与词、词组与词组之间的关系经常通过介词来表示，频繁使用介词是英语的特点之一。汉语中介词的使用频率比英语低，因为汉语句子成分之间的关系多依赖语序和逻辑体现出来。英译汉时，英语介词可以转译成动词或省略

不译。

E.1) Smoking is prohibitied in pubic places.

译文：公共场合不许吸烟。

E.2) The difference between the two machines consists in power. 译文：这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。

E.3) The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.

译文：彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。

4. 连词的省略

英语重形合，词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子之间的关系，主要通过连词表达。而汉语重意合，词与词之间的关系虽然常借助于连词来表达，但有时也可不用连词而依靠句序来体现。所以英译汉时，连词在一些情况下可以不必翻译出来。

E.1) Only after I had heard his explanation did I understand what it was all about.

译文：听了他的解释，我才知道究竟是怎么回事。

E.2) If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.

译文：早知如此，我就不参加了。

E.3) Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.

译文：同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。

5. 动词的省略

英语句子严格遵循主谓结构，而汉语句子常常没有主语，也可以省略谓语动词。在英译汉中，英语动词经常作必要的省略，以符合汉语的表达习惯。

E.1) When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 译文：气压低，沸点就低。

E.2) Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do.

译文：如同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。

E.3) For this reason television signals have a short range.

译文：因此，电视信号的传播距离很短。

6. 非人称代词it的省略

英语中的非人称代词it常常用来表示时间、天气或作句子的形式主语、形式宾语。英译汉时可省略作形式主语的代词it，使译文通顺、达意。

E.1) Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs.

译文：外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。

E.2) This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds.

译文：这一公式使得测定声音的波长变得容易了。

E.3) It was not until the 18th century that man realized that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind.

译文：直到18世纪人类才认识到，整个大脑都参与了思维活动。

7. 名词的省略

名词与名词性短语在英语中是必不可少的，有些起着补充的作用，但译成汉语，这些词不符合汉语的习惯，因此，可以省译。

E.1) The time-keeping devices of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones.

译文：电子表比机械表准确得多。

8. 省略冗词

英语原文中有些词、短语可能是不言而喻的，如果把这些词语全盘照译，会形成不必要的冗词。因此，根据汉语的修辞规范常常将这些词省略，使译文简洁洗练。