高中英语名词讲解及练习
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名词
一、名词的分类
专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称,如Beijing,China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。
专有名词
抽象名词不可数名词
物质名词
普通名词
集体名词
个体名词可数名词
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。
Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称
Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans; English; May; New Year’s Day
注意:专有名词的第一个字母要大写
Common Nouns:一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词
1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西
可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments
也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream
2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体
Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public
集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看。一般来说,视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。
His family _____ not large.
His family ______ all music lovers.
有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.
Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.
个别集体名词则多作复数看待。
Eg: The police are looking for him.
3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质。
Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil
一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:
1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”
Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份)
Three beers, please. (三杯) It was a special tea. (一种)
2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。
Eg: rains (雨季) sands (沙滩) snows (积雪) waters(海域)…
4.Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念
Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.
多数情况下,这种名词常用于单数形式,不加任何冠词。
Eg: He’s learning French for fun.
I wish you good luck.
抽象名词转化为可数名词。
Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概念)
As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者,失败者,可数)
二、名词的数不可数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如:health, advice, glass, wood, English, America
不可数名词作主语,谓语动词须用单数形式。
可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种:
情况加法例词
一般情况加-s brothers; schools
以s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词加-es buses; watches; dishes
以辅音+y结尾的词去y加-ies ladies; countries
以f或fe结尾的词把f/fe改成ves halves; leaves
Notes:
1. stomach -- stomachs
2. 以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词,直接在词尾加-s. Eg: boys; toys; Henrys
3. 以-o 结尾的名词+ es在课本中出现的有hero, potato, tomato;其余以-o结尾的词+ s: (photo, piano, radio, bamboo ,zoo…)
4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词:proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; beliefs; chiefs
handkerchief(手帕,手绢)的复数形式两者都可以。
不规则变化:
变内部元音:foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen
词尾加-en或ren:ox-oxen, child-children
ouse – ice:mouse-mice; louse-lice(虱子)
有些外来词的不规则复数形式:Eg: analys i s-analys e s; bas i s-bas e s; thes i s-thes e s; cris i s-
cris e s
criteri on-criteri a; phenomen on-phenomen a; medi um-medi a
单复数相同的情况:sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese; Japanese
以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu
只有复数形式的情况:trousers(裤子); glasses(眼镜); compasses(圆规) a pair of thanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle
“某国人”的复数形式:
•单、复数相同Chinese, Japanese, Swiss,…
•词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians,……
•变man为men Englishman---Englishmen, Frenchman---Frenchmen
但:German---Germans
复合名词的复数形式:1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law → fathers-in-law, passer-by →passers-by,
looker-on→lookers-on, editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief
2.无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如:grown-ups, good-for-nothings(无用的人),go-betweens (中间人),look-outs(守望者)
3.由man, woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers
•boyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students
有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。