名词解释2

名词解释
1.Inflection:it is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.
2.Suprasegmental feature：The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. the main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.
3.Speech variety：It is a term sometimes used instead of language, dialect, sociolect, pidgin, creole,etc. because it is concered more neutral than such terms. It may also be used for different varieties if one language, e.g. American English, Australian English, Indian English.
4.Standard language：It is also called standard variety. It is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.
5.Predication：Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. It is the basic unit in the semantic analysis of the a sentence. A predication consist of argument and predicate.
6.Deep structure：It is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence--an underlying level of structural organization which specifies or the facters governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.
7.Semantics：It is the study of meaning communicated through language. The basic task in semantics is to show how people communicate meanings with pieces of language.
8.Euphemism：It is a mild, indirect or less offensive words or expression that replace a taboo word.
9.Bound morpheme：It is a morpheme which can not stand by itself as a complete utterance. It must appear with at lest one other morpheme,free or bound , like un-?? in unhappy, past tense morpheme in worked.
10.Slang：It refers to casual, very informal speech, using expressive but informal words and expressions.
11.Conceptualism：It is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather , in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the medaition of concepts in the mind.
12.Phonic medium of language：the limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e. the speech sounds
nguage acquisition device (LAD)：A hypothetical innate mechanism every normal human child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language
14.Universal Grammar：It is the genetically endowed information consisting of principles and parameters that enable the child to deduce a grammar from the primary linguistic data.
15.Diachronic linguistics：It is a study of a language through the course of its history; therfore, it is also called historcial linguistics.
16.Apocope：It is known as a process in which final vowels may be lost. For example, the Old English word helpe developed into help in Modern English.
17.Truth condition：It is the fact that would have to obtain in reality to make a proposition true or false.
18.Displacement：It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
19.Voicing：It is a phonetic feature of some sounds. It is is caused by the viberation of the vocal cords.
20.Sentence meaning：It refers to a sentence and is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract , intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.
21. Registers：language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. Registers are also called situational dialects
22. Performatives：They are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are not verifiable, in other words, performatives are utterances that prefome an act —"do things".
24. universal grammar：it is system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind of a normal humanbeing. It consists of a set of general conditions, or general principles, that generate phrases and sentences.
26. Morpheme：the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
28. Minimal pair：When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position in the string, the two forms are said two form a minimal pair.
31. Morpheme：the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
32. Design features：Design features refers to defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any other animal system of communication. They are arbitrariness, productivity, duality, displacement, cultural transimission
34. Telegraphic speech：Children's telegraphic speech: Children's early multiword speech that contains content words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemesthat contains content words and lacks function words and inflectional morphemes.
35. Semantic shift：It means that the meaning of a word takes a departure from its original domain as a result of its metaphorical usage. For example, the meaning of teeth has a semantic shift when it is used in the phrase the teeth of a comb.
36. synonymy：It refers to the samesness or close similarity of meaning.The relation between lorry and truck, room and chamber are examples of synonymy.
37. Illocutionary act：It is using a sentence to perform a function. for example,shoot the snake may be intended as an order or a piece of advice
39. Componential analysis：a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning., which believe that the meaning of a word can be further divided into smaller units called semantic features.
40.Voicing：It is a phonetic feature of some sounds. It is is caused by the viberation of the vocal cords.
41. Diachronic linguistics：It is a study of a language through the course of its history; therfore, it is also called historcial linguistics.
43.Slang：It refers to casual, very informal speech, using expressive but informal words and expressions.
44. Narrow transcriptio n：the transcription with help of the diacritics, so that they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for the purpose of the phonetic research. 45. Inflection：it is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.
46. Critical Period Hypothesis：The hypothesis that the time span between early childhood and puberty is the critical period for language acquisition, during which children can acquire language without formal instruction successfully and effortlessly.
47. Epenthesis：It is a process in which a vowel or consonant may be inserted to the middle of a word. For example, by insertion of /p/, Old English word glims changed into glimpse.
48. Move-α：It is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any costituent movement.
49. Performatives：They are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are not verifiable, in other words, performatives are utterances that prefome an act —"do things".
50. Reference：It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.
51.Semantic field:It is an organizational principle which thinks of the lexicon and groups of words in the lexicon can be semantically related, rather than a listing of words as in a published dictionary.
52.Utterance meaning:It is the meaning a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context situation.
53.Taboo:Words known to speakers but avoided in some contexts of speech for reasons of religion, politeness etc.
54.Syntactic category:It is a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as the subject or object.
55.vowel:A vowel is a sound in forming which the air that comes from the lungs meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth.
56.Entailment:This a logic relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.
57.Pitch:Pitch is a suprasegmental feature, whose domain of application is the syllable. Different rates of vibration produce what is known as different frequencies, and in auditory terms as different pitches. Pitch variations may be dinstinctive like phoneme, that is, when they may contribute to distinguish between different words. In this function, pitch variations are called tones.。