清华大学化学系有机化学课件01_Introduction

Organic Chemistry in the History
古埃及人利用有机化合物处理尸体
To make human body into a mummy,
formalin was often employed in ancient Egypt. Formalin aqueous solution of formaldehyde
有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程
1.3 Research fields in organic chemistry
有机化学研究领域 • Nature Product Chemistry 天然产物化学
In 1806, famous chemist, Berzelius J. first used the word “organic chemistry”, and states, organic compounds could not be produced without “vital force（生命力）”
有机化学研究领域
1.4 The methods to study organic chemistry and how to learn organic chemistry
有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程
1.1 Introduction and a brief history
有机化学历史简介
有机化学 ？
A.L. Lavoisier and Von Liebig J.F. invented the elemental analysis protocal. They found all organic compounds contain carbon, most contain hydrogen, many contain oxygen and nitrogen. 1865 Kekülé and Gmelin defined organic chemistry as “chemistry of carbonaceous compounds” 将“有机化合物”定义为“含碳的化合物”，则“有机化学”即为 “研究含碳化合物的化学” Of course, many carbonaceous compounds are not organic compounds
Schorlemmer’s definition 肖莱马的定义
Based on chemical structural theory, Schorlemmer defined organic compound as “ hydrocarbon and its derivatives”, and organic chemistry as “chemistry of hydrocarbon and its derivatives”. “碳氢化合物及其衍生物”
The demise of vitalism
1828, preparation of urea from inorganic compounds indicates the demise of “vitalism”.
By the 18th century, some pure organic compounds were obtained. Turtric acid was obtained from grape juice, citric acid was abstracted from lemon juice, and urea was purified from urine.
兴趣阅读：
See appendix file 0001: Letter between Wöhler and his adviser, Berzelius. See appendix file 0002: Wöhler’s paper on synthesis of urea
See appendix file 0003: Problems and answers on the urea synthetic paper
(NH4) NCO
+
-
H2N O
NH2
氰酸铵 Ammonium cyanate
The fact that organic compounds could be obtained from inorganic compounds without the help of organism was not accepted for a long time. In 1845 acetic acid and in 1854 ester were separately synthesized from inorganic compounds, indicating the final demise of vitalism.
稳定性不如无机物 Less stable 易燃 Inflammation 反应速度慢 Low reaction rate
物理性质 Physical Properties
Low melting point 熔点低 Low boiling point 沸点低 High volatility 挥发性大
副反应多 Frequent side reaction
有机化学A1
主讲教师：李艳梅 教授 清华大学化学系 E-mail: liym@tsinghua.edu.cn URL: http://chem.tsinghua.edu.cn/liym
Introduction
第一章
绪论
Organic Chemistry A (1) By Prof. Li Yan-Mei Tsinghua University
有机化合物 ？
Starch（淀粉）
Gasoline （汽油）
O O H * C R1 C N R2
H N
* n
CmHn
m value around 8
O OH O Owk.baidu.comCH3
乙酰水杨酸（阿斯匹林）
O OH O O CH3
O OH OH
H3C
C O
O
C O
CH3
Salicylic acid
Acetylsalicylic acid
(from Yale University)
A brief history
Friedrich Wöhler Synthesis of urea
1800
1900
2000
Important events on organic chemistry
1828 Synthesis of urea, indicating demise of vitalism
H3C C O OH
制醋
Dyeing has become am important industry before Zhou dynasty.
茜 草
染色
In ancient ages, mixtures of organic compounds were abstracted from natural products. Chinese traditional drug, dye, and perfume are of this kind.
Initiation of stereochemistry By J.H.Van’t Hoff
1917 1931
Initiation of stereochemistry By J.A.Le Bel Lewis acid and Lewis base theory Milestone of structural theory By Lewis Huckel rules The Frontier-orbital theory The principle of conservation of orbital symmetery
有机化合物的特性
1.3 Research fields in organic chemistry
有机化学研究领域
1.4 The methods to study organic chemistry and how to learn organic chemistry
有机化学研究方法及如何学习有机化学课程
Milestone of organic chemistry By Wöhler 1865 Bringing forward that carbon is quadrivalent Milestone of structural theory By A. Kekulé
1874
Saturated carbon atoms share tetrahedral topology
1.2 Character of organic compound 有机化合物的特性
结构上
1、碳通常以共价键与其它原子相连
C N C S C O C F C Cl C Br C I C P
2、自身成键能力强
C C C C C C
3、同分异构现象普遍存在
化学性质 Chemical Properties
Content
Part I Organic compounds and organic chemistry ------ History 第一部分 有机化合物与有机化学 －－ 历史简介
Part II Fundamental Knowledge
第二部分
● ● ● ●
基础知识
Structure, reaction & Classification Formulas Nomenclature NMR, IR, UV & MS
Hint
分类的关键：
“性质”！
而不是“组成”
H H
B N
H N B H
B N
H H
1. Organic compounds and organic chemistry 第一部分 有机化合物和有机化学
1.1 Introduction and a brief history
有机化学历史简介
1.2 Character of organic compound
Means of “Organic chemistry” “有机化学”的含义
1806 First citing 基于 “生命力”学说 Based on “vitalism”, Berzelius first cited this word, and deemed organic compounds could not be produced without the special power “vita force”. Definition 元素分析结果
有机化学历史简介
1.2 Character of organic compound
有机化合物的特性
1.3 Research fields in organic chemistry
有机化学研究领域
1.4 The methods to study organic chemistry and how to learn organic chemistry
O H H
甲醛
Wine was invented before Xia dynasty. By Zhou dynasty, wine has become very important in sacrifice events.
CH3CH2OH
制酒
« 周礼»
Vinegar production has already become an expect technology by Zhou dynasty.
Often insoluble 多数难溶于水
Density often lower than water 比重一般比水小
1. Organic compounds and organic chemistry 第一部分 有机化合物和有机化学
1.1 Introduction and a brief history
1. Organic compounds and organic chemistry 第一部分 有机化合物和有机化学
1.1 Introduction and a brief history
有机化学历史简介
1.2 Character of organic compound
有机化合物的特性
1.3 Research fields in organic chemistry