linguistics (introduction) 大学英语语言学课件 大学二年级必用!!!
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2020/10/2
4. Displacement
This means language can be used to refer to things which may not be present.
5. Cultural transmission
It means language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.
2020/10/2
Language is a system
• Systematic---- rule-governed,
elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; can’t be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.
2020/10/2
Language is arbitrary
• Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection
between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
Language is human-specific
• Human-specific---- different from the
communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.
2020/10/2
Language is symbolic in nature
• Symbolic---- words are associated
with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare
2020/10/2
2020/10/2
Grading System:
1. Class attendance 10% 2. In-class performance 10% 3. After-class assignments 20% 4. Final exam 60%
2020/10/2
WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
2020/10/2
Design Features of Language
2020/10/2
1) Arbitrariness: This means that
there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
2020/10/2
2020/10/2
2020/10/2
1. What does “language” mean?
1.1. Language can mean what a person says or said; that is, it refers to the concrete act of speaking in a given situation, or the expression one uses in a speech.
2020/10/2
2020/10/2
Design Features
2. Productivity
It means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.
3. Duality
This means that language has two sets of structures, sounds and meanings.
2020/10/2
Language is primarily vocal
• Vocal---- the primary medium is sound
for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form.
2020/10/2
1.2. It refers to the whole of a person’s language, as in “Lu Xun’s language”, “Shakespeare’s Language”.
2020/10/2
1.3. “Language” also means a particular variety or level of speech or writing, as in “trade language”, “formal language”, “spoken language”,etc.
2020/10/2
Functions of language
1. Phatic function
1.4. It refers to everything in a language system (its pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etc) that makes it different from any other systems, as in “ the English language”, “the Chinese language”
1.5. It refers to the common features of all human languages. E.g. He studies language.
2020/10/2
Definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
4. Displacement
This means language can be used to refer to things which may not be present.
5. Cultural transmission
It means language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.
2020/10/2
Language is a system
• Systematic---- rule-governed,
elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; can’t be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.
2020/10/2
Language is arbitrary
• Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection
between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
Language is human-specific
• Human-specific---- different from the
communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.
2020/10/2
Language is symbolic in nature
• Symbolic---- words are associated
with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare
2020/10/2
2020/10/2
Grading System:
1. Class attendance 10% 2. In-class performance 10% 3. After-class assignments 20% 4. Final exam 60%
2020/10/2
WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
2020/10/2
Design Features of Language
2020/10/2
1) Arbitrariness: This means that
there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
2020/10/2
2020/10/2
2020/10/2
1. What does “language” mean?
1.1. Language can mean what a person says or said; that is, it refers to the concrete act of speaking in a given situation, or the expression one uses in a speech.
2020/10/2
2020/10/2
Design Features
2. Productivity
It means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.
3. Duality
This means that language has two sets of structures, sounds and meanings.
2020/10/2
Language is primarily vocal
• Vocal---- the primary medium is sound
for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form.
2020/10/2
1.2. It refers to the whole of a person’s language, as in “Lu Xun’s language”, “Shakespeare’s Language”.
2020/10/2
1.3. “Language” also means a particular variety or level of speech or writing, as in “trade language”, “formal language”, “spoken language”,etc.
2020/10/2
Functions of language
1. Phatic function
1.4. It refers to everything in a language system (its pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etc) that makes it different from any other systems, as in “ the English language”, “the Chinese language”
1.5. It refers to the common features of all human languages. E.g. He studies language.
2020/10/2
Definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.