基因多态性与髋关节发育不良的相关性研究进展_侯华成
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收稿日期:2012-05-14修回日期:2012-08-22编辑:刘劲
基因多态性与髋关节发育不良的相关性研究进展
侯华成1,2△,史冬泉2(综述),蒋青2※(审校)
(1.南京大学医学院,南京210093;2.南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院关节中心,南京210008)
中图分类号:R684.2文献标识码:A文章编号:1006-2084(2013)02-0252-04 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2013.02.020
摘要:髋关节发育不良(DDH)是婴幼儿时期一种常见的骨科疾病,发病率为1ɢ 2ɢ。
其是由股骨头和(或)髋臼的大小、形态、取向和(或)组织构成异常导致,通常指关节囊松弛和(或)髋臼太浅。
DDH可导致膝关节不稳定、关节疼痛、步态异常及早发型骨性关节炎,因此早期预防、早期诊断和早期治疗显得尤为重要。
预防该病必须了解病因,而遗传因素是DDH的重要病因之一。
关键词:髋关节发育不良;基因多态性;病例对照研究
Research Progress in the Association between Gene Polymorphism and Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip HOU Hua-cheng1,2,SHI Dong-quan2,JIANG Qing2.(1.Medical School of Nanjing University,Nanjing210093,China;2.The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Joint Disease,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University,Nanjing210008,China)
Abstract:Developmental dysplasia of the hip(DDH)is a common skeletal disease during the period of infant and child,and its morbidity is nearly1ɢ-2ɢ.Hip dysplasia refers to an anomaly in the size,shape,o-rientation,or organization of the femoral head,acetabulum,or both.This disease usually comprises shallow ac-etabulum and/or lax joint capsule.Hip instability,joint pain,gait abnormalities and premature arthritis are common clinical signs.It is important to prevent,diagnose and treat DDH as early as possible.More about the etiopathogenesis should be learned for the prevention,and genetic factor is one of the most important etiologi-cal factors of the disease.
Key words:Developmental dysplasia of the hip;Gene polymorphism;Case-control study
髋关节发育不良(devel-opmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)表现为股骨头与髋臼的相对位置异常,主要原因为关节囊松弛和(或)髋臼太浅[1]。
危险因素很多,包括臀先露、女性、巨大儿、多胎妊娠、首次妊娠、羊水过少、襁褓的使用[2]和遗传因素[3]。
遗传学研究发现,DDH呈家族聚集倾向,双生子研究表明单卵双生同时发病率为41%,而双卵双生仅
为2.8%[4]。
明确病因不但可以恢复髋关节的功能,而且可以阻止早发的膝关节骨性关节炎的发生[5]。
基因多态性是指在一个生物群体中,同一基因位点可存在两种及以上的等位基因。
这种多态性可以分为单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)和可变数目串联重复序列两类。
基因的突变导致基因多态性,位点突变和动态突变可能是遗传病的病因;反之,许多的多态性又是很好的遗传标志,可以在遗传病的研究中发挥作用。
1SNP与DDH
1.1生长分化因子5生长分化因子5(growth dif-ferentiate factor5,GDF5),即软骨细胞衍生的形成蛋白1,是转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)超家族中的一员,在骨与软骨及关节的形成中起重要作用[6]。
GDF5不但可以促进间充质细胞聚集,还可以增强间充质细胞向软骨细胞的分化[6]。
在关节形成过程中,GDF5主要影响肌腱、韧带和骨骼的形成。
小鼠模型中,GDF5基因的无义突变可导致骨骼结构和关节韧带的发育障碍[7]。
人类中,GDF5的突变可导致近端指(趾)关节粘连和C型短指(趾)畸形[8],C型短指(趾)畸形中一些患者可合并DDH[9]。
2007年,Miyamoto等[10]发现GDF5为膝关节骨性关节炎的易患基因。
通过病例对照研究发现该基因的5'-非翻译区的SNP(rs143383)与膝关节骨性关节炎有关。
该SNP位于GDF5的核心启动子区域,且影响启动子的功能。
同时体外实验证实软骨细胞株中,T等位基因可降低GDF5的转录活性。
Dai 等[11]猜想GDF5的rs143383也可能在DDH的发病机制中起重要作用,研究发现rs143383的T等位基因与DDH显著相关(OR1.40,95%CI1.11 1.75,P =0.0037)。
分层研究后,T等位基因与女性患者(OR1.46,95%CI1.21 1.91,P=0.0053)及髋关节不稳定(OR1.43,95%CI1.11 1.85,P=0.0078)相关。
同时,GDF5也是DDH的第一个被发现的易患基因。
紧接着,Rouault等[12]在高加索人群中进行了GDF5基因位点的SNP分析,得出了相同的结论。
1.2T型盒-4T型盒-4(T-box4,Tbx4)最初在小鼠中发现,在脊椎动物中保持高度同源性,调节着中胚层和身体轴向的生长[13]。
在脊椎动物胎生长过程中,Tbx4一直表达在四肢的间充质细胞中,对下肢的生长起重要的调节作用[14]。
在人类中,该基因的突变可引起小髌骨综合征[15]。
在Tbx4剔除的小鼠中出现骨盆、腓骨和股骨发育不全,轻微的近端指(趾)骨粘连,后肢与骨盆非关节联系[16]。
最近,Wang 等[17]对Tbx4基因上两个SNP位点(rs3744438、rs3744448)与DDH进行了关联性研究,发现rs3744438与该病无相关性。
分层研究后,男性rs3744448的G等位基因与DDH显著相关(OR 0.59,95%CI0.37 0.92,P=0.02),且具有显性遗传的特征(OR0.56,95%CI0.32 0.97,P=0.039)。
同时在显现遗传模式下,rs3744448与先天性髋关节全脱位相关(OR0.73,95%CI0.55 0.97,P= 0.03),认为Tbx4是先天髋关节发育不良的重要易患基因。
1.3妊娠相关血浆蛋白A
2
妊娠相关血浆蛋白A2是胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白5的特异性蛋白水解酶[18]。
胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白5调节体内胰岛素样生长因子的生物利用度,而胰岛素样生长因子在胚胎和婴幼儿时期可促进骨骼、软骨、肌肉和结缔组织的生长发育。
同时胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白5也表达于胚胎软骨成骨时期的软骨细胞上[19]。
此外,小鼠中胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白5的过表达可导致成骨细胞活性和骨密度下降[20]。
Jia等[21]利用病例对照研究分析妊娠相关血浆蛋白A2上的SNP(rs726252)与汉族人群中DDH之间的联系,证实rs726252中的T等位基因与该病显著相关(OR 1.830,95%CI1.329 2.518,P=0.001),且男性比女性的相关性更强(OR2.933,95%CI1.150 7.478,P=0.024)。
但后一结论有待进一步研究,该试验中男性患者仅为57例,男/女为1ʒ5。
由于患者中髋关节不稳定和髋关节半脱位的人数较少,未进行疾病严重性的分层研究。
1.4同源异形盒B9和Ⅰ型胶原α
1
同源异形盒B9为同源基因超家族中的一员,编码蛋白为一种序列特异性的转录因子,该因子影响细胞的增殖和分化。
同源异形盒B9是四肢的生长和形成的最基本要素[22]。
Ⅰ型胶原α1属于胶原基因超家族,编码Ⅰ型胶原α1链,影响组织的抗性和弹性。
胶原基因超家族与很多疾病相关,如Ehlers-Danlos综合征、成骨不全、软骨发育不全和低骨密度病[23]。
2009年,Rouault 等[24]选择了同源异形盒B9和Ⅰ型胶原α1中共10个SNP位点(同源异形盒B9:rs8844、rs2303486;Ⅰ型胶原α1:rs1061947、rs2586488、rs2075559、rs2857396、rs2696247、rs2141279、rs17639446、rs2075555),对高加索人群进行DDH的病例对照研究,经过统计学分析显示这些SNP与DDH无相关性。
1.5维生素D受体和雌激素受体1雌激素受体1和维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)基因编码的蛋白在信号转导中起重要作用,且它们都影响骨的代谢和生长[25]。
目前,VDR和雌激素受体1都被认为与骨性关节炎[26]和骨质疏松症[27]的发病相关。
Kapoor等[28]在两个基因中各找出两个多态性位点(三个SNP,一个可变数目串联重复序列)在高加索DDH人群中进行研究,结论为两者之间未见相关性。
2008年,Rubini等[29]利用家系连锁分析来了解VDR 与DDH的关系,但LOD值<-2,表明VDR不是DDH的易患基因。
早在2002年,有学者利用病例对照研究分析VDR上的SNP与高加索人群中DDH继发骨性关节炎之间的联系,也无阳性结果[30]。
1.6血管性血友病因子二聚体A血管性血友病因子二聚体A(double von willebrand factor A,DVWA)以前为未知基因,最近才被日本人用全基因组关联性研究发现。
DVWA编码的蛋白质在软骨上明显表达。
蛋白DVWA在体内主要与β微管蛋白相结合,而微管在细胞中用来运输蛋白,并有研究证实微管可调节软骨细胞的分化[31]。
结合的强弱与DVWA 基因上的两个SNP(rs7639618和rs11718863)有关,这一点已在骨性关节炎的研究中得到证实(P<7.3ˑ10-11,OR=1.43,95%CI1.28 1.59)[32]。
Zhu 等[33]对SNP与DDH进行病例对照研究发现DVWA 与DDH无相关性。
2可变数目串联重复序列与DDH
Asprorin是一种细胞外基质蛋白,属于富含亮氨酸的小分子蛋白家族,该类蛋白含有重复氨基酸序列[34]。
Asprorin蛋白主要与TGF-β1结合,阻断后者与TGF-βⅡ型受体结合,从而抑制TGF-β1介导的软骨形成[35]。
TGF-β1与骨形成蛋白2结合可以促进软骨膜细胞和成骨细胞的增殖和分化,进而促进骨骼生长[36]。
2005年,Kizawa等[35]描述了Asprorin基因上的一个冬氨酸(aspartic acid,D)重复多态性与骨性关节炎有关,其中等位基因D14在骨性关节炎患者中过度表达,功能试验证实D14较D13对TGF-β1活性的抑制作用更强。
随后,两篇文章报道该多态性与腰椎间盘突出及类风湿性关节炎有关[37]。
由于该多态性与许多骨科疾病明显相关,Shi等[38]研究了该多态性与DDH间的关系,检测了等位基因D11 18共8个等位基因,统计学分析发现D14(OR1.83,95%CI1.25 2.68,P=0.0016)和D13(OR0.67,95%CI0.55 0.82,P=0.00013)与DDH有强烈的相关性。
3结语
DDH是婴幼儿时期骨科常见疾病之一,可导致患者膝关节不稳定、关节疼痛、步态异常和早发型骨性关节炎。
目前,DDH的诊断和治疗已有长足的提高,但病因一直不明。
主流观点认为,该病病因包含机械因素、生物化学因素和遗传因素。
现就遗传因素中基因多态性方面分析DDH与已报道的9个候选基因的关系,其中GDF5、Tbx4、妊娠相关血浆蛋白A2和Asprorin基因是目前公认的该病的易患基因,其余的基因与该病未见明显相关性。
以上大多数候选基因都被证实与骨性关节炎相关,而从候选基因的选择上,两者既有重叠又有差异,DDH主要选择影响关节生长发育的基因;骨性关节炎主要选择影响关节结构或者参与炎性反应的基因。
为了发现更多的与DDH相关的易患基因,不同的研究方法或选择不同功能的候选基因可能是一个新的研究方向。
首先,尝试研究炎性因子的基因多态性与DDH间的联系,因为DDH可导致早发的骨性关节炎,炎性反应在这个过程中有一定的作用;有些炎性因子不仅参与炎性反应,还参与骨骼系统的生长发育[39-40]。
其次,骨性关节炎有很多易患基因,基本都是通过全基因组关联性研究证实的。
目前还无DDH这方面的研究报道,如果对DDH进行全基因组关联性研究,应该可得到更多的易患基因。
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收稿日期:2012-04-24修回日期:2012-07-17编辑:伊姗。